Natural resource and ecological potential of the Samara region. "Natural wealth of the Samara region
Posted Sun, 24/05/2015 - 08:58 by Cap
The most significant tributaries of the river. The Volga, flowing through the territory of the Samara region, are the rivers Samara, Sok, Chagra, Chapaevka, Bezenchuk, Big Irgiz and Usa.
Water reserves in all rivers are on average 6 km3, rising in high-water years to 18.9 km3 and decreasing in dry years to 0.5 km3 and below.
This indicates a relatively weak development of the river network and the relative poverty of the territory of the region with water resources.
The hydrography of the Samara region has changed in connection with the creation of the Kuibyshev and Saratov reservoirs. Within the region, the regulated part of the river. The Volga has a length of 324 km.
As a result of the flooding of the river The catchment areas of the Volga and some of its tributaries have decreased, watercourses have become shorter, their places of confluence have changed; tributaries of the II and III order became tributaries of reservoirs, small bays appeared (flooded mouth sections of large watercourses). Below we give a brief description of some rivers of the Middle Volga basin, the habitat conditions of biota in which are the most typical for the rivers of the forest-steppe and steppe zones of the Samara region.
The rivers of the Samara region can be divided into two groups: the first group includes those that are formed far outside the region, without the influence of its physical, geographical and climatic factors, the second - the rivers of local flow that form in the Middle Volga under the influence of its physical and geographical and climatic factors. climatic conditions.
The first group of rivers includes the Volga, which carries its waters through our region. The rivers of the second group are located on a large territory and form the river network of Samara and neighboring regions.
In the total runoff of the Volga, local runoff is only about 2.8%, while the catchment area of the region's rivers is about 8% of the total area of the Volga basin. Consequently, almost 3 times less water flows into the river network from each unit of the area of our region than from the areas that feed the Volga beyond its borders (in the upper sections), which indicates the relative poverty of our region in water resources.
The Volga River - Novodevichye The length of the Volga within the region is about 340 km. Together with r. The Bolshoi Irgiz (flowing into the Volga outside the region and flowing along it for 194 km) has a total length of the main rivers of our region - 2382 km.
Thus, for every kilometer of the Volga, there are about 6 km of the length of its main tributaries, while for the upper Volga this value reaches 33 km.
This indicates a relatively weak development of the river network, especially in the southern regions of the region. The uneven distribution of tributaries depends on the general nature of the structure of the land and the main orographic features of the area under consideration.
Like all rivers flowing from north to south, the Volga has an elevated and steep right bank and a low left bank.
The relatively high right bank of the Volga passes into the Zhiguli Mountains in the middle part. Going around these mountains, the Volga forms the Samara Bend, the base of which, like a bowstring, is the lower section of the Usa River, which flows into the Volga in the northern part of the Zhiguli. In the southern part of the Samarskaya Luka, near the village of Perevoloki, the Usa and the Volga are so close that this section serves as a transshipment point from the Volga to the Usa in the famous water tourist route - the Zhiguli Round the World.
A clearly expressed and periodically flooded floodplain with a width of several kilometers to tens of kilometers is open in places, but mostly overgrown with shrubs and woody vegetation, cut by the Volga oxbows and channels. Old dead Volozhkas and channels on the territory of the floodplain formed many lakes and reservoirs. The total number of reservoirs on the floodplain can reach twenty per square kilometer with a water surface area of up to 20% of the total floodplain area. By autumn, these values are significantly reduced.
The Volga carries a huge amount of water through the Samara region. On average, the flow of the Volga is 244 cubic meters per year. km. In a high-water year, this value reaches 362 cubic meters. km, dropping into shallow water up to 137 cubic meters. km. The bulk of the water flows into spring period. The distribution of runoff by season for an average year (as a percentage of the annual value) is: in spring - 64.69, in summer - 18.36, in autumn - 7.18 and in winter - 9.77.
Rivers of the Samara region 
The spring flood of the Volga is accompanied by a sharp increase in the mass of flowing water and horizons, which, after reaching their maximum, fall more smoothly. The maximum intensity of the rise reaches 1.6 m and decline to 0.8 m per day. As the river enters the floodplain, this intensity decreases.
In addition to the spring rises of the horizons, a number of summer and autumn relatively low rises are observed on the Volga. Only in some years, the maximum autumn horizons can reach the minimum spring floods. Autumn and summer rises usually occur within the main river channel. Most spring floods go to the floodplain. Depending on the height of the rise of spring horizons, the area of flooding and the duration of water standing on the floodplain change. At the same time, the higher the surface of the floodplain relative to the water horizon, the less it is flooded and the less it is under water. The Volga River - Novodevichy
The vast area of the floodplain, its peculiar physical, geographical and climatic features, which compare favorably with similar features of the surrounding area, create all the conditions for the use of the floodplain for agricultural purposes. Currently, there are a lot of small individual plots, farms. Rivers of the Samara region 
The greatest turbidity in the Volga is observed during the period of snow water inflow. On the decline, it decreases, becoming more or less constant in the low water. The decrease in turbidity during the decline is explained by the weakening of erosion processes as a result of a decrease in spring runoff. During the period of the spring flood, 65-71% of the annual liquid and 90-93% of the solid runoff passes. During the year, the Volga carries from 14 to 30 million tons of sediment.
During high waters usually there is an alluvium of rifts, during low - their erosion. At the same time, the river bed often changes noticeably within one year or even several months.
The Volga has huge water resources. However, the latter are unevenly distributed in time, which makes it difficult to use the river naturally, especially navigation at a low water level at the end of summer.
The built dams on the Upper Volga, and in particular the construction of the largest dams of the Zhigulevskaya and Volgograd hydroelectric power stations, radically improve the use of the river and its water resources.
The water regime of rivers of local flow depends on climatic conditions and other physical and geographical features of their basins. Since these features worsen in the Samara region with the advance to the south, more favorable conditions for the feeding of rivers located in the north are created compared to the rivers of the southern part of the region. The smallest northern rivers still have a year-round flow, while even the largest rivers in the south have no flow in most cases in summer and winter.
All the rivers of the region are fed mainly by winter snow reserves. Summer precipitation almost completely evaporates, and groundwater nutrition does not exceed 20-25% of the annual runoff.
In hydrological terms, the territory of the Samara region can be divided into a number of characteristic regions. The main ones are: Cheremshanskoe Zavolzhie, Vysokoe Zavolzhie, Syrtovoe Zavolzhie and the Right Bank.
It originates 50 kilometers northwest of Orenburg, on the treeless slope of the Syrta-Uval, and flows into the Volga near the city of Samara.
Its total length is 592 kilometers.
The upper part of Samara, about 290 kilometers long, is located within the Orenburg region.
The main tributaries of Samara are the Tok (304 kilometers), Bolshoi Kinel (441 kilometers), Buzuluk (250 kilometers), Borovka, Big Uranus, Small Uranus.
The length of Samara is about 600 km, the basin area is about 47 thousand square meters. km. .jpg)
The floodplain of Samara is wooded, the main trees are alder, oak, pine and birch.
In the upper reaches, Samara resembles a large stream, its maximum width is 10 meters. After the Buzuluk, Borovka and Tok tributaries flow into Samara, the situation changes noticeably: the river is distributed up to 3 kilometers wide.
In the lower reaches of Samara is quite wide and full of water, here and there there are bays and islets.
The following types of fish are found in the river: silver bream, roach, pike perch, asp, bream, crucian carp, ide, perch, pike.
As a rule, Buzuluk is rafted to Utevka, where the most beautiful and stunning places, and even there are rifts, already below Utevka, the forests end and the village begins. Rivers of the Samara region .jpg)
There are several opinions about the origin of the name Samara:
Samur (Iranian) - beaver, otter.
Samar, Samr (Tatar, Chuvash, Kalmyk) - bag.
Samar (Mongolian) - walnut, walnut.
Semar (Hungarian) - desert, steppe, steppe river.
Samura, samaura (Mongolian) - stir up, mix.
Himself - the son of Noah, who owned these lands.
According to the geoinformation system for water management zoning of the territory of the Russian Federation prepared by the Federal Agency for Water Resources:
Code water body 11010000412112100004728.
Type of water body River.
Location KAS/VOLGA/1551.
It flows into 1551 km from the mouth.
Basin District Nizhnevolzhsky Basin District (11) .
The Volga river basin from the upper reaches of the Kuibyshev reservoir to the confluence with the Caspian (1).
River sub-basin no (0).
Bolshoy Cheremshan water management area from source to mouth (4)
The length of the watercourse is 336 km.
The catchment area is 11,500 km².
Code for hydrological knowledge 112100472.
GI volume number 12
GI issue 1.
The rivers flow (km from the mouth) - tributaries:
2 km: B. AVRAL river
20 km: river Tia
33 km: Pismir river
45 km: Small Cheremshan river
The Bolshoi Cheremshan River - originates on the western slope of the Bugulmino-Belebeevskaya Upland from springs. It flows into the Kuibyshev reservoir. The length is 336 km, the area of the basin is 11500 km2, the total fall is 174 m, the average height of the catchment area is 134 m. The river valley is well developed, with an asymmetric structure. The width of the valley is 1-3 km in the upper reaches and 6-8 km in the lower reaches. The height of the right slope is 20-505 m, the steepness is 10-20º. The left slope is gentle. The slopes are cut by ravines and gullies. The river bed is slightly winding, deformed during the flood period. Outside the backwater zone, it is an alternation of wide and deep (up to 3 m) rifts overgrown with macrophytes, shallow ones with a rocky, clay or sandy bottom, and whirlpools with a circular current with a depth of up to 5 m. The main part of the channel is composed of sand and clay. Width from 8-12 m - in the upper reaches and up to 100 m - in the lower reaches; on rifts up to 5-10 m. The average depth on the reaches is 2-4 m, on the rifts 0.5-0.7 m. The banks are moderately steep or steep (15-16º), steep in places, their average height is 1-3 m ( the largest - 8 m), are composed of loamy soils. The bottom is sandy-silty, sometimes sandy with pebbles.
The river is characterized muddy water. The river is fed mainly by snow. The average duration of the flood is 40 days. The average long-term water consumption is 23 m3/sec. The water of the river has a rather high (550-631 mg/l) mineralization during the low water period and low (235 mg/l) - during the flood period. By chemical composition water belongs to the bicarbonate class of the calcium group. An increased content of hydrocarbonate ions (up to 384 kg/l) is characteristic. The oxygen regime during the year is satisfactory. Close to large settlements high content enters the river organic matter, from 15.0 to 47.0 mg/l (according to COD), BOD5 - up to 6.33 mg/l. The maximum concentrations of pollutants during the study period were: copper compounds - 0.008 mg/l, oil products - 0.6 mg/l, phenols 0.005 mg/l, nitrite nitrogen - 0.04 mg/l, Ptot. - 152 mcg / l.
The river is mainly used for economic and domestic water supply. natural mode River changed due to the construction of ponds near the source and near the village of Cheremshansk (50-60 km from the source). The mouth section of the river is located in the zone of backwater by the waters of the Kuibyshev reservoir.
The Samara River is a tributary of the Saratov reservoir. It originates on the northern slopes of the Common Syrt. Flowing in an area of low moisture, it is quite high-water. The river valley is asymmetric and reaches 10-16 km wide. WITH right side it is limited by hills, and on the left, gentle slopes stretch along its entire length. The mineralization of water varies from 503.7 to 839.0 mg/l. Water belongs to the hydrocarbonate class, calcium group, but has a high content of sulfate ions. pH is 7.6. The waters of the river are moderately polluted. The main pollutants in different years of research are nitrites, phenols, oil products, organochlorine pesticides. The maximum concentrations of pollutants during the study period near Buzuluk were: Ptot. - 588 µg/l, oil products - 0.12 mg/l, phenols - 0.003 mg/l, copper - 8.2 µg/l.
It receives a number of tributaries, of which the Bolshoi Kinel is the largest.
The Bolshoi Kinel River is a right-bank tributary of the river. Samara. The river valley is asymmetrical. The right root bank is steep, some of its heights reach 180 m above the river level. The left bank is lower, gradually turning into a river valley in the form of gentle slopes. It receives 196 large and small tributaries, of which the largest are the Maly Kinel, Bolshoi Tolkai, Kutuluk, Sarbai. All these rivers, like the main river, have an increased mineralization and are hydrocarbonate-calcium in chemical composition. The water is hard. Rivers are fed by precipitation.
The Tok River is a tributary of the river. Samara in its upper reaches. The water of the river has an increased mineralization. Bicarbonates predominate - 207.5-302.0 mg/l. During the flood period, an increased content of sulfate ions is observed. Among the cations, the main role belongs to calcium ions - 67.3-126.6 mg / l.
Usa river.
The Usa basin is located within the Volga Upland, a forest-steppe physiographic region of the Russian Plain. It originates from springs located in a narrow, steep, densely populated valley on the Volga-Sviyazhsky watershed. The relief of the catchment area is undulating, crossed in places by steep and steep ravines. The river valley is floodplain, up to 3-4 km wide. The slopes of the valley with a height of 20-30 m are gentle, sandy, dissected by ravines, open. The right slope is high - 30-90 m, in places it drops to 10-20 m. The left one is lower - 10-30 m. The floodplain is two-sided, (2.5-3 km wide), flat: covered with shrubs; the right bank is open, partially occupied by gardens and built up, it begins to flood at a water level of 310 cm. There are many springs in the valley. The catchment area is 1940 km2. The river bed is moderately winding, slightly deformable, overgrown with aquatic vegetation. At a distance of 23 km from the mouth, there is an outflow of groundwater. IN last years at a distance of 22 km from the mouth, the river is blocked by an earthen dam. During the growing season, average water temperatures range from 2.1º in May to 4.8º in October. The maximum water temperature in July is 18.7º. The river is used for economic and domestic water supply. The Muranka River is a right tributary of the Kuibyshev reservoir, flows into the Usinsky Bay. Length - 18 km. It flows through densely populated areas. The predominant soils are silt, soil, sand, clay. The territory of the basin is composed in the lower reaches of upper Quaternary loams, sands, sandy loams, on average - middle Quaternary sands, sandy loams; in the upper - Upper Cretaceous (chalk, marls, clays).
The Taidakov River is a right-bank tributary of the Kuibyshev reservoir. It originates 1.5 km above the village of Gorbunovka. The length is 17 km, the width of the stream does not exceed 5 m, the maximum depth is 1 m. The river valley is composed of Upper Cretaceous marls, chalk, and clays. In the middle course of the river, sediments of the Neogene system - clays, sandstones, sands - come to the surface. The flow velocity in summer during the observation period did not exceed 0.5 m/s, water flow - from 0.05 to 0.65 m3/s.
Thus, the hydrographic network of the Samara region is characterized by rivers various types and the level of anthropogenic load. Small unpolluted rivers of the forest-steppe zone and the Volga Upland are characterized by fast flow, high water transparency and high oxygen content. The reason for the eutrophication of the rivers of the steppe zone is their regulation almost along their entire length, as well as the increased load per unit surface of incoming biogenic elements, primarily phosphorus and nitrogen. IN lowland rivers In the forest-steppe and steppe zones of the Samara region, an excessive content of pollutants in water and bottom sediments was registered. Their low flow in combination with eutrophication and excessive pollution is accompanied by significant change in flora and fauna.
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SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads
http://smallrivers.narod.ru/volga.htm
Website of the Administration of the Samara Region
http://samara.boom.ru/
Russian Geography Textbook.
http://www.geografia.ru/
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WATER
Samara is impossible to imagine without the Volga. This main street of Russia is not only the basis of life and activity for the inhabitants of the region, but also largely shapes their mentality. The Volga in the Zhiguli region is hardly the most beautiful place along its entire path.
On the territory of the region there are Kuibyshev and Saratov reservoirs. The width of the first reaches 27 km. Reservoirs supply the bulk of the population of the Samara region drinking water. Their reserves are also used for irrigation of farmland.
The largest tributaries of the Volga within the region are Samara, Bolshoi Irgiz, Sok, Chapaevka, Usa, Bezenchuk, Bolshoi Cheremshan and Syzran. These rivers with their tributaries form the river network of the region.
The Samara River is the most abundant tributary of the Volga in the middle reaches. Of its total length, equal to 575 km, 236 km are located within the boundaries of the region.
There are lakes, ponds, springs and reservoirs on the territory of the region.
THE GROUNDWATER
The region is fully provided with reserves groundwater to meet the needs of the population in domestic and drinking water - the forecast operational resources are 8.78 million cubic meters / day. 27 deposits of fresh underground waters have been explored, exploitation is carried out at 15 deposits (30 sites).
Mineral waters are popular: "Rameno", "Borskaya mineral water", "Palace" and many others, as well as the resort of Sergievsky mineral waters.
CLIMATE
The climate of the Samara region is temperate, inland. Winters are cold and long, summers are hot with frequent droughts, with large temperature fluctuations and weather instability. Autumn and spring are long and well expressed. Snow cover and ice cover on water bodies is established in the second or third decade of November. Snowmelt and river breakup usually occur in the first ten days of April. About 400 mm of precipitation falls annually.
Program "Development of the water management complex of the Samara region in 2013 - 2020"
The program was developed with the aim of participating in the competition for the provision of subsidies from the federal budget for co-financing of regional targeted programs for the implementation of activities in the field of use and protection water bodies(within the framework of the federal target program "Development of the water management complex Russian Federation in 2012-2020). The document defines the main activities of the Government of the Samara Region and local authorities to ensure the protection of the population of the region and economic facilities from floods and other negative impacts of water. One of the main tasks of the Program is to increase the operational reliability of hydraulic structures, including ownerless ones.
The total amount of funding for the program is 9 billion 342 million rubles.
The program provides:
- overhaul of 22 and reconstruction of 26 hydraulic structures;
- construction of 26 engineering protection structures and bank protection facilities;
- bank protection works with a length of 68.9 km;
- organization of work on clearing 33 surface water facilities in sections with a total length of 85.17 km and with total area 0.1945 sq. km.;
- reduction in the number of ownerless emergency-dangerous hydraulic structures, etc.
The program activities include objects of the programs currently in force - the regional target program "Ensuring the safety of hydraulic structures when using water resources and implementing hydroprotective measures in urban districts and municipal districts of the Samara Region" for 2010-2016 and the departmental target program "Clearing surface water bodies in the Samara Region" for 2011-2013, as well as new measures to develop the water management system of the Samara Region - GTS, which pose a particular danger. In this regard, as of 01.01.2013, these programs will be declared invalid.
As a result of the program, 332 thousand residents of the region will be protected from floods.
Samara Region- a subject of the Federation in the European part of Russia. The region is located in the southeast of the East European Plain, along the middle reaches of the Volga, where it forms a sharp bend - Samarskaya Luka. It is divided into right-bank and left-bank parts. The right bank is occupied by the Volga Upland, heavily crossed by ravines and gullies. In the northern part of the Samarskaya Luka there are the Zhiguli Mountains, steeply ending towards the Volga and gently sloping to the south. In the left bank in the north-west there is the Low Trans-Volga region, in the north-east there is a hilly High Trans-Volga region - the Bugulma-Belebeevskaya upland, including the Soksky, Sokoly, Kinelsky Yars. In the south there is a gently undulating plain, turning in the southeastern part of the region into the Common Syrt Upland. narrow space between the Zhiguli mountains and Sokolii Yars, cut through by the Volga valley, is called the Zhiguli Gate.
Samara Oblast is part of the Volga Federal District. The administrative center is the city of Samara.
The territory of the region is 53,565 km2, the population (as of January 1, 2017) is 3,203,679 people.
Surface water resources
Water bodies of the Samara region belong to the catchment area of the Caspian Sea - the basin of the Lower Volga.
The river network of the Samara region is represented by 220 rivers more than 10 km long with a total length of more than 6.5 thousand km and many smaller rivers. The total length of the river network is about 16.28 thousand km (the density of the river network is 0.3 km / km 2), most of the rivers belong to small rivers and streams. The river network of the region is poorly developed, especially in the southern regions. The rivers of the Samara region are characterized by predominantly snow feeding (up to 96%). The most full-flowing are the rivers of the northern part of the region, the most shallow - the southern rivers. Most of the rivers, mainly the right bank of the Volga and the northern part of the region, are characterized by the Eastern European type of water regime with spring floods and stable summer-autumn low water, during which many rivers in the south of the region dry up. The rivers freeze in November - early December, and break up in April. The largest rivers in the region, in addition to the Volga, are its left tributaries: Samara, Sok, Big Irgiz, Big Cheremshan; tributary of the Samara Bolshoi Kinel and other rivers.
Functions for the provision of public services and the management of federal property in the field of water resources in the region are carried out by the Department of Water Resources of the Nizhne-Volzhsky BVU for the Samara Region.
Powers in the field of water relations transferred to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, functions for the provision of public services and the management of regional property in the field of water resources in the region are carried out by the Ministry of Forestry, Protection environment and environmental management of the Samara region.
On the territory of the region, the State program "Development of the water management complex of the Samara region in 2014-2020" is being implemented - a regional program aimed at improving the operational reliability of hydraulic structures, construction and reconstruction of engineering protection structures and bank protection structures, restoration and environmental rehabilitation of water bodies, carrying out water protection measures in relation to water bodies in the territory of the Samara region.
In preparing the material, data from the State reports "On the state and protection of the environment of the Russian Federation in 2015", "On the state and use of water resources of the Russian Federation in 2015", "On the state and use of land in the Russian Federation in 2015", collection “Regions of Russia. Socio-economic indicators. 2016". The ratings of regions in terms of surface and underground water resources do not take into account the indicators of cities of federal significance -
Big Irgiz (Irgiz) - a river in the Samara and Saratov regions, the left tributary of the Volga. The length of the river is 675 km, the area of its drainage basin is 24,000 km². The average annual water flow in the lower reaches is about 23 m³/s. Used for irrigation. High water in March - April (30 days, 86% of the annual flow). Snow food. Freeze from November to April (in some places it freezes to the bottom), spring ice drift is about 7 days. Sometimes it dries up in summer. The flow is regulated by numerous dams. It feeds the Saratov irrigation canal. The sources are on the spurs of the General Syrt, it flows, strongly winding, along a wide valley among the plowed steppe; snow food. It flows into the Volgograd reservoir below the city of Balakovo. There are 2 large reservoirs on the river: Sulakskoye (water surface area - 20 km², volume - 0.115 km³) and Pugachevskoye (10 km² and 0.06 km³, respectively).
Bolshoi Cheremshan - a river in the Ulyanovsk region, Tatarstan, Samara region, before filling the Kuibyshev reservoir was the left tributary of the Volga. Length - 336 km, basin area - 11,500 km², average consumption water at the mouth - 36.1 cubic meters. m/s. The source is on the Bugulma-Belebeevskaya Upland. Snow food. In spring, the river consumes 60-70% of the annual flow. The main tributaries: on the left - Tarkhanka, Karmala, Bol. April; on the right - Charles, Bolshaya Sulcha, Temerlin, Small Cheremshan, Tiya. The sandy banks of the river are almost entirely covered with coniferous and mixed forests. There are frequent islands, rifts, shoals and fishing stabs in the riverbed. The lower reaches of the river were flooded during the construction of the Kuibyshev reservoir to the city of Dimitrovgrad.
The Mocha River (or Chapaevka) - a river in the Samara region, the left tributary of the Volga, takes on the spurs of the General Syrt. The length of the Mocha River is about 293 kilometers, the width is up to 50 meters, and the depth is up to 3 meters. The shores are populated. There are meadows on the Mocha only near the mouth, and in other places they are covered with solonetzes. The largest tributaries are Petrushka, Vetlyanka and Vyazovka (all left). The river is not raftable. The Mocha River flows into the Saratov reservoir.
The Padovka River is a river in Russia, flows in the Samara region. The mouth of the river is located 45 km along the right bank of the Chernenkaya River. The length of the river is 13 km. The water management section of the Volga River from the Kuibyshev hydroelectric complex to the Saratov hydroelectric complex, without the rivers Sok, Chapaevka, Maly Irgiz, Samara and Syzranka.
Kondurcha is a river in Russia. It flows along the southwestern outskirts of the Bugulma-Belebeevskaya upland in the territory of the Samara region and Tatarstan. Right tributary of the river Sok. Kondurcha freezes in November, opens in April, has mainly snow supply. The source of Kondurcha is located in the vicinity of the village of Staraya Shentala, the river flows mainly to the west, reaching Tatarstan east of Nurlat. Already a few kilometers from Nurlat, Kondurcha again flows through the Samara region. It flows into the Sok River on the territory of Krasny Yar. It has tributaries: Sludge, Lipovka, Chesnokovka, Kandabulak, Buyan.
The Vetlyanka River is a river in Russia, flows through the territory of the Samara region. Vetlyanka is a right-bank tributary of the Sarbai River, its mouth is located 21 kilometers from the mouth of the Sarbai River. The total length of the Vetlyanka River is 20 kilometers. The water of the Vetlyanka River will eventually end up in Samara, a tributary of the Volga, and onward to the Caspian Sea. Vetlyanka has a left tributary - the Khilkovo River (flows 5.3 km from the mouth in the vicinity of the village of Cherry Orchard). The banks of the Vetlyanka River, covered with a variety of trees, shrubs and herbs. Inhabits: carp, crucian carp, tench, pike, perch, roach.
The Kuibyshev reservoir (its lower part is often called the Zhiguli Sea) is the largest reservoir on the Volga River. It arose in 1955-1957. after the completion of the construction of the dam of the Zhiguli hydroelectric power station, which blocked the Volga valley in the Zhiguli near the city of Stavropol (now Togliatti). It is the third largest reservoir in the world in terms of area. The length of the reservoir is more than 500 km, the largest width at the mouth of the Kama is 35-40 km, the area of the water mirror is 6.45 thousand km² (among rivers it is the second largest in the world), the total volume of water is 58 km³, of which 34 km³ is useful. The backwater level at the dam is 29 m, it extends along the Volga to the city of Novocheboksarsk, along the Kama River to the city of Naberezhnye Chelny. The reservoir forms large bays along the valleys of the Kama, Sviyaga, Kazanka and other rivers. The reservoir in the spring near Togliatti The main purpose of the reservoir is ...
The Saratov reservoir is a large reservoir on the Volga River, formed by the dam of the Saratov hydroelectric power station in the Saratov, Samara and Ulyanovsk regions of Russia. The filling took place in 1967-1968. The right bank of the reservoir is located in the forest-steppe, the left bank is in the steppe. The rivers Sok, Samara, Chapaevka, Chagra, Maly Irgiz flow into the reservoir from the left bank. There are several point sources of pollution in the discharge areas Wastewater the cities of Zhigulevsk, Togliatti, Samara, Syzran, Balakovo. The area of the Saratov reservoir is 1831 km². Volume - 12.9 km³. Length - 357 km. The greatest width is 25 km. The average depth is 7 m. The reservoir carries out daily and weekly regulation of the flow of the Volga and its tributaries; the level fluctuates between 0.5-1 m. The reservoir was created for the purposes of energy and water transport, ...
The Volga is a river in the European part of Russia. A small part of the Volga delta, outside the main channel of the river, is located on the territory of Kazakhstan. One of the largest rivers on Earth and the largest in Europe. The length is 3530 km (before the construction of reservoirs - 3690 km), the area of \u200b\u200bits drainage basin is 1,361,000 km². The Volga originates on the Valdai Upland (at an altitude of 228 m), flows into Caspian Sea. The mouth lies 28 m below sea level. The total fall is 256 m. The Volga is the world's largest river of internal flow, that is, it does not flow into the world ocean. The river system of the Volga basin includes 151 thousand watercourses with a total length of 574 thousand km. The Volga receives about 200 tributaries. The left tributaries are more numerous and more abundant than the right ones. There are no significant tributaries after Kamyshin. The Volga basin occupies about 1/3 of the European territory of Russia and extends from ...
Samara is a river in the Orenburg and Samara regions of Russia, the left tributary of the Volga. The length is 594 km, the basin area is 46.5 thousand km². The average annual water flow is 50 m³ / s in the middle. The city of Samara is located at the mouth of the river. The main tributaries of Samara are the Tok (304 kilometers), Big Kinel (441 kilometers), Buzuluk (250 kilometers), Borovka, Big Uran, Small Uran. On the left side of the river - the slopes are quite gentle, and on the right - hills. The floodplain of Samara is wooded, the main trees are alder, oak, pine and birch. In the upper reaches, Samara resembles a large stream, its maximum width is 10 meters. After the Buzuluk, Borovka and Tok tributaries flow into Samara, the situation changes noticeably: the river is distributed up to 3 kilometers wide. In the lower reaches of Samara is quite wide and full of water, here and there there are bays and islets. The following types of fish are found in the river: ...
Parts of the river
Source- the beginning of the river
channel- a depression through which a river flows.
mouth- a place where a river flows into another river, lake or sea
tributary- small rivers, and flowing into the main river.
On the tops of the mountains, snow and glaciers begin to melt with the advent of spring. At this time, the temperature rises significantly. This forms water streams that flow down the slopes. A little lower the small streams join together. Having united, small streams gain strength and flow faster, dragging particles of earth and fragments of rocks with them. There is a mountain stream. Having reached the valley, that is, more flat terrain, and then a gently sloping plain, the flow slows down. It turns into a river.
Water wealth of your region
Water resources of the Moscow region
The territory of the region is included in the watersheds of the Volga and Oka. The region is distinguished by a dense river network and an abundance of lakes - there are more than 2 thousand rivers with a total length of almost 10 thousand km.
In the north of the region, the rivers Lama, Yakhroma, Dubna, Sestra are tributaries of the Volga River. The most important water arteries are: the Oka River with tributaries - Protva, Nara, Lopasnya, Tsna, Sturgeon; the Moscow river with tributaries Ruza, Istra, Yauza, Pakhra and the Klyazma river with tributaries - Vorya, Sherna. Reservoirs have been built on the Moskva River and the canal - Mozhayskoye, Ruzskoye, Ozerninskoye, Istrinskoye, Klyazminskoye, Uchinskoye and others. More than 350 large lakes. The most important of them are: Trostenskoe, Nerskoe, Krugloye - on the Moscow Upland and Chernoye, Velikoye, Svyatoe, Oak - are located among the upland and transitional swamps of the Meshchera lowland.
The northwestern and western regions of the region are rich in groundwater. The Ruzsko-Zvenigorodskoye and Sestrinsko-Istra water deposits play the largest water resource role. Underground sources provide 85% of the districts' water needs.
Water resources of the Khabarovsk Territory
The Khabarovsk Territory is washed by the waters of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan from the east. Our region is one of the regions well-provided with surface water resources. On the territory of the Khabarovsk Territory there are rivers and lakes. There are more than 200 thousand rivers with a total length of more than 550 thousand km and about 58 thousand lakes in the region. The main water artery of the region - the Amur River - is one of the ten largest rivers in the world and is one of the most significant rivers of the Russian Federation, ranking third among them in length and fourth in terms of basin area. The main tributaries of the Amur River in the region are the Bureya River, the Ussuri River, the Amgun River, the Gur River, the Gorin River, the Silinka River, and the Berezovaya River.
Water resources of the Chelyabinsk region
The region is located on the watershed of three river basins - the Volga, the Urals, the Tobol, which are the main sources of water supply for the national economy. The rivers are mostly shallow. Of the 3602 rivers flowing through the region, with a total length of 17926 km, 90% of the rivers are very small, less than 10 km long. The rivers of the Volga basin flow here: Ufa, Ai, Yuryuzan, Sim with their tributaries. One of the sources of replenishment of water resources are reservoirs. Particularly large reservoirs are Argazinskoye, Shershnevskoye, Verkhneuralskoye, Magnitogorskoye, Nyazepetrovskoye. The territory of the region is rich in lakes, there are about 1300 of them. The largest of them are Turgoyak, Chebarkul, Irtyash, Arakul, Sugomak, Itkul, Sinara, Sungul, Kirety, Bolshie Kasli, Bolshaya Akulya, Zyuratkul. Mineral springs have been discovered in a number of areas. In Chebarkulsky, Kasli and some other districts there are radon sources, in the Nyazepetrovsky region, ferruginous springs were found, and in the Plast region, outcrops of arsenic waters are known.
Water wealth Tula region
The largest and most widely known rivers in the region are the Oka, Upa, Don, Krasivaya Mecha and Nepryadva. The Oka is the largest river in the region. It is the second largest tributary of the Volga and the seventh river in terms of length and vastness of the basin in Eastern Europe.
There are few lakes in the Tula region. Most of the lakes are karst. They arose as a result of the dissolution of gypsum and limestone and the filling of dips with groundwater and interstratal waters.
On the territory of the region, artificial reservoirs are more common: ponds and reservoirs. Ponds in the Tula region have been built for a long time. Large ponds - reservoirs in the XVII - XVIII centuries. were built at metallurgical plants. Of the surviving to this day - Dubensky pond, which is over 250 years old. Ponds were an indispensable attribute of the landscape of landowners' estates. Some of them stood out for their size and beauty, and were surrounded by parks. An example is the Big Pond in Bogoroditsk on the estate of Count Bobrinsky. Currently, there are 652 ponds in the Tula region.
The largest reservoirs in the region are reservoirs, which were created mainly for water supply to industrial enterprises. Lyubovskoye Reservoir, Pronskoye Reservoir, Cherepetskoye Reservoir, Shatskoye Reservoir, Shchekinskoye Reservoir.
The territory of the Tula region is exceptionally rich in mineral waters. The Krajina calcium sulfate and sulfide waters and therapeutic mud are widely known, on the basis of which the resort "Krainka" of the Suvorov region operates. The main healing factors of the resort are mineral waters and peat mud.
Water resources of the Samara region
The water wealth of the Samara region is represented by the Volga River and its tributaries. Within the region, the river is represented by the Kuibyshev and Saratov reservoirs. The length of the Volga River within the Samara region is 364 km. There are more than 220 rivers and small streams with a total length of more than 6.5 thousand km, more than 1000 reservoirs and ponds.
The largest rivers: Samara, Sok, Chapaevka, Big Kinel, Usa, Chagra, Big Irgiz. Almost all rivers of the region are fed mainly by precipitation.
Water resources of the Perm Territory
The water resources of the Perm Territory are very significant. By the number of natural and artificial reservoirs, in terms of water and hydropower resources, the Perm Territory ranks first in the Urals. The rivers belong to the basin of one river - the Kama, the largest left tributary of the Volga. The length of the Kama (1805 km) is the sixth river in Europe. The longest and most abundant rivers in the Perm Territory are: Chusovaya, Sylva, Vishera, Kolva, Yayva. The main source of nutrition for the rivers of the Western Urals is melt water. There are large reservoirs in the region - reservoirs created in connection with the construction of hydroelectric power stations: Kamskoye and Votkinskoye on the Kama, Shirokovskoye on Kosva. In terms of the number of lakes, the Kama region is inferior to other Ural regions. The largest lakes are located in the north of the Perm Territory: Chusovskoye, Bolshoi Kumikush, Novozhilovo. swamps in Perm region widely distributed, both upland and lowland.
Water resources of the Sverdlovsk region
Water wealth is represented by the basins of seven main rivers crossing the border of the region: Tavda, Tura, Pyshma, Iset, Chusovaya, Ufa, Sylva. In the nutrition of rivers, melted snow waters are of primary importance, the share of which is 65-75%. The largest reservoirs in the Sverdlovsk region are the Beloyarskoye reservoir and the Reftinskoye reservoir. In total, there are 18,414 rivers in the region with a total length of 68 thousand km, 135 reservoirs, more than 1200 ponds, 2500 lakes. The region has rather large potential groundwater resources. The largest groundwater basins in the region (Tagilsky, Ivdelsko-Toshemsky, Sosvinsky, etc.)
Water resources of the Kirov region
The Kirov region has significant water resources. There are 19,753 rivers in the region with a total length of 66.6 thousand km. The main water artery of the region is the river. Vyatka with a total length of 1314 km. The largest tributaries of the Vyatka: on the right - Belaya, Cobra, Letka, Velikaya, Moloma, Pizhma, Shoshma; on the left - Cap, Bystritsa, Voya, Kilmez. Large rivers flowing within the region are also Luza, Yug, Vetluga, Bolshaya Kokshaga, Nemda, Yaran and others. There are 4.5 thousand lakes in the region. The largest lakes are Akshuben, Orlovskoye, Muserskoye. Most deep water area Lezhninsky lake - 36.6 m deep. In the Urzhum region there is a unique lake Shaitan.
There are 3 large reservoirs on the territory of the region: Belokholunitskoye, Omutninskoye, Bolshoye Kirsinskoye.
