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Elements of intonation

INTONATION AND ITS ROLE IN A SENTENCE. punctuation marks at the end of a sentence (Grade XI)

Objectives: the formation of skills: 1) to recognize the sentence as the main unit of the language, the unit of communication, as a means of expressing thoughts, feelings, experiences; 2) correctly place punctuation marks at the end of sentences; 3) use in speech sentences that are different in purpose of statements, intonations; 4) improve the skills of expressive reading.

During the classes.

Introduction by the teacher.

Today we will talk about a sentence as a means of expressing thoughts, about punctuation marks that separate sentences from each other. We will combine exercises on the use of punctuation marks at the end of sentences with work on expressive reading. Along the way, we will repeat the spelling of the unstressed vowels being checked at the root of the word.

Write down the topic of the lesson - “Intonation and its role in a sentence. Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence. II. Generalization, systematization of students' knowledge on the topic of the lesson.

With a sentence, punctuation marks that are placed at the end of the sentence

zheniya, you met back in primary school. Then, with each class, your knowledge about the sentence, about punctuation marks, about the role of intonation, logical stress was enriched. Let's recall the theoretical information that directly relates to today's topic of the lesson.

I. What is called a proposal? List the salient features of the proposal.

A sentence is a word or combination of words that is grammatically designed and expresses a message, question or motivation.

The main means of expressing grammatical meaning are the grammatical categories of the verb-predicate: mood, tense, person. For example: The hare sniffed, licked Listopadnichka, put him to sleep in a warm nest. (S o k o l o v - M i k i t o v). This sentence informs that the actions are committed: 1) in fact; 2) in the past tense; 3) a certain person.

In a sentence where the predicate is not expressed by the verb, the content is conceived as real, referring to the present.

time. For example: 1) The sky is blue today. 2) Paris is the capital of France.

2. What is called intonation? What is the role of intonation in a sentence?

Intonation is the rhythmic-melodic side of oral speech, which serves to express the meaning of the statement, as well as the feelings and mood of the speaker. Elements of intonation - pauses, logical stress (highlighting the main semantic element of the sentence with the voice). Types of intonation: narrative, exclamatory, enumerative, incentive, interrogative. Competent possession of intonation is a sign of understanding the text and correct, expressive reading.

3. What are the proposals for the purpose of the statement and emotional coloring?

According to the purpose of the statement, simple and complex sentences are divided into declarative, interrogative and incentive. By emotional coloring, sentences are exclamatory.

4. Clarify the rules for using punctuation marks at the end of sentences.

End-of-sentence signs - end-of-sentence signs - dot, question mark, exclamation point, ellipsis. Combinations of signs can be observed: interrogative and exclamatory, interrogative and ellipsis, exclamation and ellipsis. The choice of one of the signs is determined by the meaning and intonation of the sentence.

A period is placed at the end of declarative sentences whose purpose is a message. For example: 1) In a foreign land, they value their homeland even more. (Afghan proverb). 2) They love their homeland not because it is great, but because it is their own. (Seneca).

The question mark is additional means framing a question in a letter and is put in the following cases: In a simple sentence containing a question. For example: Do you like to read poetry about nature? (The sentence is read with a rising tone at the end.)

If the question is addressed not to a person (not to an animate person), then such a sentence is not an interrogative one, despite the fact that a question mark is used in the letter. Such questions are called rhetorical (not requiring an answer). On the-

example: What is the coming day preparing for me? (P u sh k and n).

When reading a sentence with a rhetorical question, the rise in tone towards the end of the sentence is insignificant.

In a compound sentence in which both parts or only the last are interrogative sentences. For example: 1) What is it? Is the water gurgling, are the black grouse muttering, or are the frogs purring? (Pr and w v and n). 2) Russia can do without each of us, but who among us can do without Russia?

In a complex sentence that includes an interrogative sentence. For example: I) Do you think that a thought does not need a heart? (Goncharov). 2) Is it really never possible to look at the originals and be dumb with horror that you are standing in front of the work of Michelangelo, Titian and trampling the soil of Rome? (Goncharov).

At the end of a sentence that contains an indirect question, a question mark is not put. For example: I am often asked how I became a writer.

In a non-union complex sentence, if both parts (or only the last one) are interrogative sentences. For example: 1) You drove labor out of life: what does it look like? (Goncharov). 2) Look at me, think about my existence: can you love me, do you love me? (Goncharov).

An exclamation mark will convey a special intonation in writing, which can express admiration, joy, anger, an order, a shout, etc., and can be placed at the end of any sentence in terms of purpose and structure, if feeling is additionally expressed in it. For example: My God, how pretty she is! There are such things in the world! This whiteness, these eyes, where, as in the abyss, it is dark and something glitters together, the soul must be! (Goncharov).

An ellipsis is placed at the end of a sentence if it is necessary to show the excitement of speech or its incompleteness. take a long break if necessary. For example: They sat down and disappeared in a cloud of dust ... I walked in it for a long time and watched the cart disappear in the distance, taking away the old people who had traveled many thousands of miles to pray for a little girl who made them love themselves ... (M. Bitter).

If there are ellipsis and question or exclamation marks nearby, then the corresponding sign and two dots are put. For example: To dream is not to live. We need feats, feats / .. (M. Gorky).

Terminating punctuation separates sentences from each other in the text, making each sentence complete, so omitting such a punctuation associated with articulation writing to offers is considered a gross error. A mistake in choosing a punctuation mark is not rude.

Let's get down to practical work. Let's do some tasks.

Practical work. Task 1. Write down the sentences, explain the punctuation marks. describe the proposals.

1) Historical meaning every Russian person is measured by his merits to the motherland, his human dignity - by the strength of his patriotism. (Chernyshevsky). 2) If you are superfluous at home, will you become your own among strangers? (Kyrgyz proverb). 3) Oh Rus' - a crimson field and a blue that fell into the river ... (Yesen n and n). 4) Ring, ring, golden Rus', worry, irrepressible wind! (Yesse n and n).

(The first sentence is declarative, non-exclamatory. A full stop is put at the end. The second sentence is complex, in which the main part contains a question, so a question mark is placed at the end. The third sentence ends with an ellipsis, which indicates the excitement of speech. The statement is not completed, implies reflections of the lyrical hero The exclamation point in the fourth sentence indicates a special intonation: an expression of a feeling of admiration, joy.)

Explain the spelling of the underlined spellings.

Explain the meaning of the first or second sentence.

Task 2. Determine which punctuation marks should be placed at the end of the sentence. Justify your choice.

1. I think: how beautiful is the earth and the person on it (E s n and n). 2. The best remedy to instill in children a love for the fatherland consists in having this love at the trappings (Montesquieu). 3. Like, you've never seen sea water 4. Who, having left their homeland, will be able to run away from themselves (Mountain). A. Point.

B. Question mark.

B. Exclamation point.

D. Question and exclamation marks.

(Answers: I B; 2 A; 3 D; 4 b.)

Read the sentences, following the setting of the logical stress.

Task 3. Expressively read the text. Describe the intonation features of the sentences. Determine the sentences according to the purpose of the statement.

What a blessing it is that you can go to the lo..zds for a day, two, a week, ten days, and outside the window everyone will be t..nugs l..sa, lakes, m..rya, steppes, deserts, taiga - and this is tv..i r..on this page! What happiness that you are, listening to the music of Glinka, Tchaikovsky. Rachmaninoff, Scriabin, Shostakovich - composers loved by all countries, you can call these great musicians yours! After all, one has only to imagine that all this has been taken away from you, that these and..rya, these endless l..sa are not TV..and that you cannot name Pushkin. Lermontov, Dostoevsky and Tolstoy as writers of tv..her str..na, then you have neither Moscow with its Kremlin, nor Leningrad, that there is neither the Neva nor the Volga, that all this great str..na is its great culture, great language not yours... What will you have left then? Ties? Nylon socks? And all? What then are you to be proud of? A man without a motherland of reapers. He is nobody. And vice versa: even in the most chest moments, a person is given strength by the thought that he is the son of a great country. (S. M i Khalkov).

Formulate and write down the topic and main idea of the text. Express your attitude to the read text.

How do you explain the repetition of exclamatory and interrogative sentences in the text?

Explain the role of the ellipsis.

What stylistic devices does the author use?

What is the role of syntactic parallelism and rhetorical questions?

Write down the words with missing spellings. Explain their spelling.

Sentences that begin with the words how, what, what, are usually exclamatory. Find such sentences in the text, read them expressively. What feelings does the tone of these sentences express?

Compose and write separate offers or text-op

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KOROTKOVA NADEZHDA VLADIMIROVNA - 2012

The word intonation is translated from Latin as "to pronounce loudly." It plays an important role in speech, it helps to change the meaning of the sentence depending on the chosen timbre of the voice. Speech intonation is a rhythmic-melodic part of a sentence that performs syntactic and emotional functions during pronunciation.

Intonation is a necessary condition for oral speech, in writing it is conveyed by punctuation. In linguistics, intonation is used in the sense of changing the tone of voice in a syllable, word, and sentence. Intonation components are an integral part of human speech.

The components of intonation are divided into:

Timbre of speech. The timbre of speech helps to express the emotions and feelings of a person. Speech delivered in an emotional outburst changes depending on the experienced emotions or experiences.
Intensity. The intensity of speech is articulatory and depends on the degree of effort in pronunciation. The intensity of speech depends on the work and direction of the muscles.
Pause. The pause helps to highlight phrases and syntagms in speech. This is a stop in sound.
Melodica. This is the movement of the main tone, its increase or decrease.

The main elements of intonation are used in a combined form and are considered separately for study purposes only. The expressiveness and diversity of speech is manifested through skillful verbal expression, its ability to change depending on intonation. Intonation plays an important role in language structuring. There are the following intonation functions:

The division of speech into intonational and semantic parts of syntagmas.
Creation of a syntactic structure in a sentence, intonational constructions are involved in the design of sentence types.
Intonation helps a person to express emotions, feelings, experiences.
The semantic function serves to distinguish lexical elements between sentences.
There are functions of the intonation of the phrase - this is the modality of the phrase, its narrative, exclamatory and interrogative differences.

Intonation is the main component not only in Russian, but also in any oral speech. In writing, intonation is distinguished by punctuation: ellipsis, comma, question mark and exclamation mark. How Russian speech sounded many centuries ago is no longer known for certain. Types of intonation in the Russian language are very diverse. There are 16 of them in total. But there are intonations that are equally used in all countries of the world.

What are the suggestions for the purpose of the statement:

Narrative.

The last syllable of the utterance is pronounced with a raised tone. Narrative utterances contain an intonational high and an intonational low. The intonational peak is a high tone, and the intonation decrease is a low one. If a word or phrase is combined in a narrative form, then part of the phrase is pronounced in a raised or lowered intonation. The most common use of demotion is during an enumeration.

Interrogative.

Interrogative types of intonation are used in two cases:

When the question touched the whole statement. In this case, the voice is raised to the extreme syllable of the interrogative utterance.
When raising the voice is applied only to the words to which the question is addressed. Its intonation pattern depends on the location of the word in the sentence.

Exclamation point.

This type of human speech is divided into the exclamatory type itself, where the intonation is higher in tone than in the narration, but lower than in the question. As well as an incentive intonation, in which there is a request or order.

All types of intonation are combined in one concept - logical intonation. It is intonation that determines the characteristics of the expression, while remaining the opposite of emotional pronunciation.

Depending on the life situations people talk to each other in different ways, from tongue twisters and poems to a business speech. Intonation has an individual character, it is impossible to find the same timbre of voice and manner of pronunciation of a word.

There are also unfinished sentences for intonation:

Oppositions. The opposition is found in complex sentences. In a letter, its punctuation or dash highlights it.
Warning. The warning intonation breaks the sentence into two parts with a long pause. The divided part of the sentence is pronounced with a raised tone.
Introductory. In the introductory intonation there are no pauses between words, stress. She has a fast pace of speech.
Enumerations. The enumeration is characterized by a pause between homogeneous members of the sentence. When listing words in a sentence, a logical stress is placed. If there is a generalizing word before the enumeration, then it is highlighted during pronunciation.
Isolation. Isolation is separated in a sentence by a pause and emphasized. The first pause is long, the second is shorter.

Musical intonation

Musical intonation has theoretical and aesthetic meanings that are closely interconnected. It represents the organization of sound in music, their sequential arrangement. Musical and speech intonations are not interconnected and differ in sound in pitch and location in the system of sounds. Intonation in music is also called the music of the word. But it differs from the word in that the musical or singing intonation does not contain any meaning.

The expression of intonation in music follows from speech intonation. Listening to a conversation in a foreign language, one can understand not only the gender and age of the speaker, but also their attitude towards each other, the nature of the conversation between them, emotional condition- joy, hatred, sympathy.

It is this connection with speech that is used consciously and sometimes unconsciously by musicians. The intonation of human speech transfers the character, feelings, psychological subtleties of communication, which are then expressed in a piece of music.

Music with the help of intonation is able to convey and reproduce:

gestures;
body movement;
harmony of speech;
emotional condition;
person's character.

Intonational musical expressions have a rich centuries-old history. Simple intonation evolved over time into numerous musical genres and styles. An example, arias of sorrow, lamentation, written in the Baroque era. Tense or disturbing ballads, lyrical plays, solemn anthem are easily identified. Each composer has a unique musical and intonational handwriting and style.

Emphasis on intonation

Stress in intonation plays an important role, since the whole meaning of the statement depends on its setting. Stress involves highlighting a word with the help of basic phonetic elements. Word stress is not the only type in Russian. In addition to verbal stress, there are other types:

Syntagmatic. Syntagmatic or clock stress highlights in the sentence the main semantic words in the speech tact of the syntagma. Syntagma singles out a single syllable, parts of a text or words from the entire speech stream. Semantic groups that have a syntactic meaning are obtained.
Boolean. Logical stress helps to highlight important words from the statement, in a particular situation, using the main means of intonation. In logical stress, any words from the sentence are highlighted.

Example, “Who was there? “I was here”

It arises when using intonation, the main role is played by the melody along with an increase in verbal stress.

Emphatic. The phenomenon of emphatic stress was introduced and discovered by the Russian linguist L. V. Shcherba. It is used to express the emotional coloring of words and expressions, highlighting the state of the speaker during communication. Emphatic stress differs from logical emphatic stress in its emotional coloring of the word. In Russian, such an accent lengthens the stressed vowel: wonderful person, most beautiful day.

Working with intonation

Fast flow of speech, monotonous text, spoken too loudly or softly, it is not interesting to listen, strangers he even repulses. Such a boring dialogue can only be observed between close people. In order to be heard and understood, it is not necessary to speak loudly, it is enough to learn to speak expressively, observing the rules of intonation.

People who work with a large number of listeners have to speak expressively, so the speech must be correct and interesting. Communication at home between relatives or friends should be built correctly using appropriate intonation. The development of intonation is of great importance for human speech. Utterances containing the wrong tone lead to conflict situations and disagreements.

Exercises and techniques for intonation setting have been developed:

Reading aloud.

Read the poem aloud, with expression, record the voice on the recorder and listen to what happened. It is very important to hear the voice from the outside, so it is easier to find speech and intonation errors, as well as to find out what its melody is. Reading exercises are designed to develop the timbre of speech and melody, the poem is read loudly, the intonation and pace of speech change. When reading a poem, pay attention to the main phrases and words that are used there. Highlight them from the text with the necessary intonation.

Relaxation exercises.

We read the text with a pen in our mouth, moving our jaws. We choose any text, when performing the exercise, it will also be remembered. Gymnastics is aimed at developing speech pronunciation and diction.

During a conversation or reading a book, focus on positive, joyful intonations.

Use mostly joyful and positive expressions in speech, as they are more difficult than others. It is necessary to talk as simply as possible, more naturally, enjoying the voice and intonation.

When doing exercises or talking with an interlocutor, use gestures.

They help to decorate speech, add emotional coloring. But gestures are used in moderation, knowing the meaning. Excessive gestures will give the intonation an uncertain or inappropriate look.

Having worked out the rules in communication, it is worth practicing intonation exercises in life, not embarrassed to show skill. A delivered speech with the correct intonation will interest the interlocutor, the main thing is to monitor pronunciation when communicating with colleagues and relatives, improving speech every day.

>>Russian language Grade 5 >>Russian language: Meaning and intonation of a complex sentence

MEANING AND INTONATION OF A COMPLEX SENTENCE

Theory A

A complex sentence consists of two or more grammatical bases (simple sentences). Simple sentences are connected into complex ones with the help of intonation and conjunctions: Andrei knows that the Russian names of the months are derived from the Latin ones. December, January and February are the winter months; March, April, May - spring; June, July, August - summer; September, October, November - autumn.

Practice A

1. Find complex sentences. Determine their means of communication.

The Russian names of the months are derived from the Latin ones. Latin was spoken in ancient Rome.

The Romans began the year on the first day of March. This month was named after Mars, who was originally considered the god of agriculture and cattle breeding. The second month is called April, Aprilis in Latin means "to open". This month, the buds on the trees open. The third month (May) was dedicated to Maya, the goddess of the earth. The fourth (June) was dedicated to the goddess Juno, she was considered the patroness of women. The fifth (July) is named after Julius Caesar, and August - the Emperor Augustus. The names of the following months were associated with their position in the calendar: September - the seventh, October - the eighth, November - the ninth, December - the tenth. The name of January is associated with the name of the god Janus, and February - with the name of the god of the underworld Fubrus
(From the calendar)

Theory B

A comma is usually placed between parts (simple sentences) of a complex sentence.

Practice B

2. Explain the placement of commas in the poem.

August, August!
vegetable marrow
Lie down on the bed on a barrel,
And the bull lay down in the shade,
And the clouds are running somewhere far away,
And the river winds
But something is very unfortunate.
(S. Kozlov)

3. Put the missing punctuation marks and answer the question.

The fields are empty, the earth is getting wet with rain. When does it happen?

4. Translate the highlighted words and expressions into Russian. Explain punctuation marks.

Mi zvikli, what is summer repent of the first worm. ale for the astronomical calendar it won't get pink in three days, but for phenological* - then, if winter wheat is eared, see the color of the buzok, write to bloom viburnum, shipshina, white acacia.

The top of summer is the time for linden blossoms.

*Phenological calendar- vegetable calendar.

Reference: pochinaєtsya - begins, zakolositsya - zakolositsya.

N.F. Baladina, K.V. Degtyareva, S.A. Lebedenko. Russian language grade 5

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Introduction

One of the means of expressing syntactic meanings and emotionally expressive coloring of syntactic units is intonation. The constituent elements of intonation are the melody of speech, rhythm, tempo, logical stress, which highlights the informative center in the sentence. In addition, intonation is an essential feature of a sentence, since it is one of the indicators of completeness, the integrity of sentences in oral speech; intonation forms the types of simple sentences distinguished by the purpose of the statement, gives them an emotional coloring, expresses syntactic connections and relations between the members of the sentence, between the parts of the complex sentence, etc.

Thanks to intonation, not only word combinations, but also individual words can acquire the meaning of a sentence, for example: The Karamzin Salon. Outside the windows is the Summer Garden in misty spring greenery. Twilight. Neva shining with sunset (Paustovsky); - Comrades! - Pavel's voice rang out, sonorous and strong (Bitter); The only word, in which all feelings were enclosed, was repeated unanswerably in her head: - Really? Really ... (Fedin).

Intonation occupies a special place among the properties of a sentence, and it is difficult to qualify it as a structural or semantic feature, since it not only shapes the sentence and its varieties, but also is a means of highlighting the semantic center of the sentence, and in speech it often makes up for what is not sufficiently expressed in the lexicon. - the grammatical composition of the sentence. For example: A river... Taiga... A village behind a hillock... Again a taiga... Here is a strip of stubble... Here is Iverka... Here is the Izhmerka station... Here is my river shining... (Fedorov). The author's dots at the end of nominative (nominative) sentences convey the writer's excitement when meeting with his native places, which is expressed in intonation in oral speech.

The purpose of the work is to determine the features and intonational constructions simple sentence.

analyze the structure of a simple sentence;

determine intonational features in the construction of sentences;

identify the relationship between the semantics of the sentence and its intonation scheme;

The subject of the study is intonation as a sign of a sentence.

Object - simple sentences in the syntax of the Russian language.

1. Theoretical part

1.1 What is intonation?

The sentence is the basic unit of syntax. A sentence is the main means of expressing and communicating thoughts. Its function in the language is communicative, that is, the function of communication, messages.

Sun is up; Are you getting up?; You are happy; You have seven Fridays in a week; Sun!; Let's hit the road!; Get up!; Bon Voyage!

One of the specific features of the sentence, which distinguishes it from other units, including the phrase, is the intonation of the message.

The intonation of a sentence has a closed structure - beginning, development, completion. Without these elements of intonation, it is impossible to build a real sentence. So, in the sentence Cores roll, bullets whistle, cold bayonets hang (P.) - three predicative parts; however, if you reproduce any of them with the intonation that is inherent in it as part of a complex one, they do not form independent sentences. On the contrary, even a formally incomplete construction, uttered with the intonation of a message, functions as a complete sentence: Tonight, for example, can be perceived as an incomplete situational replica of the dialogue (When are you going? - Tonight).

What is intonation? What are its features? Why do we use intonation in our speech?

Intonation is a complex phonetic phenomenon. It is associated with the linear nature of the proposal, i.e. with the consecutive pronunciation of its constituent words. The linear arrangement of words and their pronunciation correspond to their syntactic and semantic role in the sentence. The structure of intonation includes the main acoustic indicators: voice power (dynamics), pitch (melody), as well as the rate of speech, the presence, place and duration of pauses, the timbre color of the voice. intonation specific proposal is a set of changes (modulations) of strength, pitch, tempo and timbre. However, each of these aspects can be analyzed separately. In this case, they talk about the dynamic structure, the melodic structure of the sentence, etc. For example, in the sentence So this is the beauty of flying into the sky! (M.G.) with the greatest force(loudly) is pronounced here, then the volume decreases; highest altitude tones on the word charm (melodic peak), ascending-descending melody; the pace of speech is slow at the beginning, speeds up towards the end of the sentence; a pause after the word charm is insignificant; timbre coloration is characterized by elevated tones that convey an emotional attitude - surprise, irony.

Intonation, along with the individual characteristics of the pronunciation of a particular sentence, contains typical structural elements characteristic of a particular type of sentence. The Russian language has a certain structure of narrative, interrogative, motivating intonation, specific features of exclamatory intonation. Nominative, infinitive, inarticulate sentences, etc. have a special structure of intonation.

1.2 From the history of the study of intonation

Intonation has interested the theorists of oratory since ancient times. The speaker must be able to speak clearly, clearly, so that everyone understands what he is talking about. In addition, the speaker must influence not only the mind, but also the feelings of the listeners, must be able to win their sympathy, win over to his side, and cause the reaction he needs. He must know how to do this, what means of sounding speech must be used for this. That's why speakers Ancient Greece And ancient rome, laying the foundations of oratory, wrote about intonation.

In their works that have come down to us, a speech melody is described, its difference from a musical one is determined, rhythm, tempo, pauses are characterized, and the importance of dividing the flow of speech into semantic parts is said. Indeed, one can say that intonation has been of interest since the time of the legendary Romulus, who founded Rome.

The problem of intonation attracted theorists of public speech in the Middle Ages as well. It was at this time that the main theoretical provisions oratory, which remain relevant today. One of these theorists was M.V. Lomonosov. Part four of his "Concise Guide to Rhetoric" is called "On Pronunciation." He writes that pronunciation "has great power" and the need to "observe the following rules."

What are they? M.V. Lomonosov advises:

The word must be pronounced in a clear, continuous voice, not coarse, medium, i.e. not very loud or very low, equal, i.e., it is not necessary to cry out suddenly very loudly and suddenly sink downwards, and, on the contrary, it is indecent to pronounce it in one tone, without any increase or decrease, but, as the spoken mind requires, moderately increase and you should also lower your voice. In questions, in exclamations, and in other strong figures, it must be exalted with some aspiration and detachment. In interpretation and in gentle figures, one should speak more evenly and somewhat lower; joyful matter cheerful, sad deplorable, pleading touching, lofty magnificent and proud, angry to pronounce with an angry tone. And in a word, the rhetor must control his voice according to the state and properties of the proposed matter.

Using the term voice, M.V. Lomonosov means intonation. He draws the speaker's attention to the change in tone, its rise or fall, to the strength of the sound, writes about the peculiarities of the intonation of interrogative and exclamatory sentences, about the timbre when conveying various emotions. In the next paragraph, we are talking about the division of the statement into semantic segments, about the pauses that shape this division, and finally, about the pace of speech. Let us quote M. V. Lomonosov:

Each period should be pronounced separately from the others, i.e., with colons and commas, separated by a small change of voice and a barely perceptible stop; to pronounce each speech, phrase, and letter purely and clearly, and in one breath it is unnecessary not to capture, for this often forces one to stop in an obscene place or, without finishing several sentences, to skip. It is not necessary to be in a hurry or use excessive prolongation, so that the first word is indistinct to the listeners, and boring from the second.

1.3 Functions and meaning of intonation, its components

Most researchers believe that the main function of intonation is to convey the emotional-modal attitude of the speaker to the message. And when they say that a sentence was uttered "without any intonation", this means in the first case that it was said with a monotonous intonation, and in the second - that the intonation was not expressive enough.

Intonation performs various functions:

shows the end of the phrase;

indicates the completeness or incompleteness of the sentence;

what type of sentence is it, does it contain a question, exclamation or narration;

expresses the modal shades of the sentence;

expresses the emotional side of the speaker's speech;

affects the feelings of the listener.

It is widely believed (even in linguistic circles) that intonation is a subjective thing, that each person has his own intonation. At the same time, they often refer to the fact that different artists read the same text differently and that the difference in reading can be very significant. The fact is undeniable, observed very often. However, different readings are by no means indifferent to the understanding of the text. Different intonation of the same text is a consequence of different understanding of it by different readers. The same sentence can be pronounced with different intonation. But will it really remain the same sentence, that is, with the same intellectual and emotional content? Of course no. It will be different each time.

Recognizing that intonation is subjective would be tantamount to denying its linguistic function, since the subjective, the socially unconditioned, cannot have a linguistic meaning. It is quite obvious that it is impossible to deny the linguistic meaning of intonation, since this contradicts the objective state of things. If the melody were subjective, then it would be incomprehensible. And since we understand it, i.e. we associate a certain meaning with it, which means that it has an objective linguistic meaning.

In intonation, two aspects should be distinguished: one that can be called communicative, since intonation tells whether the statement is complete or incomplete, whether it contains a question, an answer, etc. Another, which could be called emotional, is that a certain emotion is contained in intonation, which always reflects the emotional state of the speaker, and sometimes his intention (however, not always realized by him) to influence the listener in a certain way.

When, for example, we lower our voice towards the end of a sentence, we can say that this is done precisely in order to show that we are finishing it. When we say "kindly" or "angrily", we want to show the listener our attitude towards him in connection with the content of the statement.

The emotional aspect of intonation is not necessarily related to the semantic content of the utterance. Whether the sentence “Petrov has returned” is said with joy or with regret, it will remain a message about the same fact of objective reality, in other words, it will have the same denotative meaning. This will not affect the syntactic structure of the sentence either.

In its communicative aspect, intonation has the following meanings:

Intonation is a means of dividing speech into sentences. This is especially important in reading, which in our time, thanks to the development of radio and television, plays a huge role. Hence the importance of the connection between punctuation in writing and intonation.

Intonation is involved in distinguishing communicative types of sentences, being sometimes the only means of the so-called general question (cf.: “Peter is going home.” and “Peter is going home?”).

The same can be said about the actual division of the sentence. Thus, depending on whether the word “Peter” or the word “home” is emphasized with logical stress, respectively, one or another of them will denote a new (rheme) that is reported on this (topic). Therefore, in the first case, the sentence will mean that it is Peter, and not anyone else, who is going home, and in the second case, that he is going home, and not somewhere else.

Only intonation divides into syntagmas, which is determined by the meaning and is associated with the expression of one or another member of the sentence. If, for example, in the sentence: "I entertained him with my brother's poems" put the boundary of the first syntagma after the word "his", then it will be a direct object; if you put it after the word “verses”, then the direct complement will be “my brother”.

Intonation marks whether a given segment of speech is a final or non-final syntagma (cf.: “He returns home” and “He returns home when evening comes”).

There is no single term for the intonational unit, just as there is no generally accepted definition of it. It is called both intonation contour and intonation construction.

Here is the definition of intonation we find in the explanatory dictionary.

Intonation

Sound means of the language that make out the statement: tone, timbre, intensity and duration of sound.

The manner of pronunciation, reflecting some kind of. speaker's feeling, tone.

The accuracy of the sound of a musical instrument when played or voice when singing.

We consider in the work the first two meanings of intonation.

The number of intonational units for the Russian language, different authors establish a different number of them. So, A.M. Peshkovsky, one can count more than 20 such units in the Russian language. E.A. Bryzgunova distinguishes only 7 main intonational structures. In general, it can be said that the question of intonation units remains theoretically undeveloped, therefore there are no clear criteria for distinguishing them.

For example, the same intonation contour can be used in Russian for both the declarative sentence “Peter is going home” and the interrogative “When will Peter go home?”

1.4 Components of intonation

Intonation is made up of several components:

2) intensity (dynamic component);

3) duration or pace (temporal, temporal component);

5) timbre.

All components of intonation, except for a pause, are necessarily present in an utterance, because no element of it can be pronounced without some kind of pitch, and so on. Therefore, all components of intonation closely interact with each other.

What are the components of intonation?

Before answering the question, let's remember what the sound of human speech is.

Sound as an acoustic unit also includes signs of height, strength, timbre and duration. Pitch is the amount of vibration of the vocal cords. It is measured in hertz per second: the more hertz per second, the higher the sound. The strength of the sound, its intensity depends on the amplitude of the vibrations of the vocal cords and is measured in decibels. Timbre is a combination of fundamental tone and overtones. Overtones (different frequency vibrations of air particles) are formed in the oral cavity. Their difference depends on the shape and volume of the mouth, which change during the articulation of sounds. The duration of a sound is determined by the amount of time it takes to pronounce the sound.

It should be emphasized that sounds and intonation consist of the same acoustic components. This is explained by the fact that the formation of sounds and intonation is a single articulatory-acoustic process.

Now consider the acoustic components of intonation.

The term tone comes from the Greek word tonos (literally, "stretched rope, tension, tension").

When talking about the tone of speech sounds, they mean the height of vowels, sonorous and voiced noisy consonants. Tone is formed as air passes through the pharynx, vocal cords, mouth and nose. As a result of the oscillation of the vocal cords, the main tone of the sound arises, the most important component of speech intonation.

Acoustically, the melodic characteristics of speech correlate with the time-varying frequency of the lowest component in the sound spectrum - the frequency of the fundamental tone. In speech sounds, the first period of oscillation corresponds to the full cycle of the vocal cords. The unit of measurement for the frequency of oscillations is Hertz, equal to one oscillation per second.

Scientists have calculated that men speak at a frequency of 85-200 Hz, and women - 160-340 Hz. This is the average tone of speech.

In speech, the frequency of the fundamental tone of vowels and consonants varies over a very wide range - from 50 Hz (low tone of a low male voice) to 500 Hz (high tone of a high female or child's voice). Typical average speech pitch frequencies determined on a group of speakers are 132 Hz for men, 223 Hz for women, and 264 Hz for children.

By changing the tone, a melodic pattern of speech is created. Not only speakers, but also everyone who seeks to convey their thoughts to the listener, must be able to tone speech, give it a melodic variety.

Monotony is considered a big disadvantage. It occurs when the pitch of the sound remains the same throughout the speech.

The pitch is determined by the state of the speaker, his attitude to speech, to the interlocutors. Emotional people, enthusiastic and energetic, most often speak in a raised tone. So do angry people or arguing among themselves. Timid, passive speak, on the contrary, in a low tone.

Along with the general direction of the melody, the form of tonal movement also acts as a distinctive means (for example, the rise can be realized as a convex and as a concave curve), and, most importantly, the distribution of the general melodic pattern over the syllables of the segmental basis of the utterance. So, in Russian, a rise with a high and a rise with a low position of the stressed syllable are distinguished (the third and fourth intonation structures (IK-3, IK-4) according to the classification of E.A. Bryzgunova, shaping, for example, different types questions: "Will he come? - Yes. - And Vanya?"

Sound intensity

The intensity of the sound depends on the intensity and amplitude of the vibration of the vocal cords. The larger the vibration amplitude, the more intense the sound.

Listen to the level of intensity. It comes in low, medium and high. The level of sound strength may not change (even, calm voice), but most often the direction and nature of the intensity changes: it increases or decreases, and this can happen abruptly or smoothly.

The interaction of tone and intensity enhances the loudness of speech.

The life situation, the mental state of a person, his upbringing, respectful attitude towards others determine the tone in which he will make a speech, conduct a conversation.

The rate of speech (Italian tempro, from Latin (tempus - time) - the speed of pronunciation of speech elements. The rate of speech is measured in two ways: the number of sounds (or syllables) pronounced per unit of time (for example, per second), or the average duration of the sound ( syllable). The duration of sounds is generally measured in thousandths of a second - milliseconds (ms). The rate of speech of each individual can vary widely - from 60-70 ms for fluent speech to 150-200 ms for slow speech. There is also a dependence of the tempo on the personality of the speaker.

The normal speech rate of Russians is about 120 words per minute. One page of typewritten text printed at 1 1/2 intervals should be read in two or two and a half minutes.

The pace of speech may change. It depends on the content of the statement, the emotional mood of the speaker, the life situation.

It is not difficult, for example, to determine what determines the rate of pronunciation of sentences:

Let's run to the forest!

He walks slowly, his legs intertwining.

Crawls like a turtle.

What a long and cloudy day today!

Speech rate in this case determined by the content of the proposals. The first calls for a quick reaction, for quick action, so the pronunciation speeds up. The second and third sentences characterize the delayed action. To emphasize this, the speaker stretches out the pronunciation of sounds, the pace of speech slows down. In the last sentence, the emphasis falls on the words long and cloudy. The slowing down of speech during pronunciation allows you to depict the subject, as it were, to emphasize its length intonation.

1.5 The meaning of intonation in oral speech

intonation plays significant role in oral speech.

Literary critic, master of oral storytelling, I. Andronikov wrote:

Intonation ... not only clearly expresses the attitude of the speaker to what is being discussed, but with the same words can give completely various shades, infinitely expand their semantic capacity. To the extent that the word will acquire a direct opposite meaning. Let's say a person broke something, spilled it, got it dirty, and they say to him: "Well done!" He was late, and he was greeted with the words “You would have come even later!” But the irritated-ironic intonation or mockingly good-natured rethinks these words< ... >a simple word "hello" can be said maliciously, abruptly, affably, dryly, gloomily, affectionately, indifferently, ingratiatingly, arrogantly. This simple word can be pronounced in a thousand different ways. What about writing? To do this, you need a few words of commentary for one “hello”, how exactly this word was pronounced.

The range of intonations that expand the semantic meaning of speech can be considered unlimited. It would not be a mistake to say that the true meaning of what was said is constantly not in the words themselves, but in the intonations with which they are pronounced.

Intonation conveys the semantic and emotional differences of statements, reflects the state and mood of the speakers, their attitude to the subject of the conversation or to each other.

Let us turn to the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina". The first conversation between Stiva Oblonsky and his wife after she found out about his betrayal,

What you need? she said in a quick, not her own, deep voice.

Well, what about me? I can't accept it! she cried.

But you must, however, Dolly ...

Get away, get away, get away! she cried, not looking at him, as if the cry had been caused by physical pain.<.. >

Get out, get out of here! she shouted even more piercingly, "and don't tell me about your hobbies, about your abominations!"

But what... Well, what to do? he said in a pitiful voice, not knowing what he was saying, and lowering his head lower and lower.

You are disgusting to me! she screamed, getting hotter and hotter. - Your tears are water! You never loved me; you have no heart, no nobility! You are disgusting and disgusting to me, a stranger, yes, a stranger! - with pain and anger she uttered this terrible word for herself, a stranger.

Conveying the intonation of the characters' speech, the writer reveals their inner state, their experiences: Stepan Arkadyevich's guilt (in a pitiful voice, with a trembling voice); resentment, despair of his wife (with pain and anger). The spiritual tension of the deceived Dolly manifests itself in the tempo of speech, affects the timbre of her voice (she said in a quick, not her own, chesty voice). Irritation, hopeless grief increases the height and intensity of the sound (she screamed, screamed even more piercingly). With Steve, on the contrary, the consciousness of his guilt and the desire for reconciliation makes him lower the pitch and intensity of the sound (he said in a quiet, timid voice).

By the intonation of the heroes of the work, the reader understands what state they are in, what feelings gripped them.

Intonation distinguishes oral speech from written speech, makes it richer, more expressive, gives it a unique, individual character.

There is, for example, such a case. Academician A.E. Fersman, a mineralogist, one of the founders of geochemistry, made a report on Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev. Let us quote Academician B.M. Kedrov, who was present at this report:

Having received the floor, Fersman stood up, bowed, began to speak, uttered the first words about Engels' assessment of Mendeleev's scientific achievement. And then... Then the words suddenly disappeared. The spoken phrases sounded as if set to music, merging into a common chord that seemed to fill the entire hall. The hushed people, the ceiling and walls, the presidium table and the speaker himself disappeared, only the voice remained, painting one picture after another. It was a truly poetic improvisation. The speaker's thoughts, and even so vividly presented to the audience, were literally born before their eyes.<.. >The speaker is finished. Silence reigned in the hall, and everyone sat as if spellbound, stunned by the unusual speech, which was like poetry.

I began to read it, - recalls B.M. Kedrov. - The words were the same, but - gray, ordinary. This is what it means - depriving a word of a sound form, where everything depends on intonation, on stress. All this cannot be transferred to paper, all their musicality disappears. And I felt sad.

The characterization of oral speech will be incomplete, if not to mention one more of its features - a pause. The semantic load of intonational pauses is very significant. They are universal remedy division of speech into intonation-semantic units (phrases and syntagmas). The very presence of breaks in certain places of the speech flow and their absence in others indicate a different semantic connection nearby. standing words. A pause between words breaks or significantly weakens the connection between them.

Indeed, a pause (lat. pausa from the Greek pausis - cessation; stop) is a temporary stop in sound, during which the speech organs do not articulate and which breaks the flow of speech. A pause is silence. But silence can also be expressive and meaningful. There is even such a science - pausology. The first US pausologist, Professor O "Connor, believes that pauses can say about a person no less than words, that they take 40-50% of the time in a conversation.

In addition to intonation-logical, there is also a psychological pause. What is its essence? How is it different from logic? K. S. Stanislavsky answers these questions as follows:

“... while the logical pause mechanically forms measures, whole phrases and thus helps to clarify their meaning, psychological pause gives life to this thought, phrase and tact, trying to convey their subtext. If speech is illiterate without a logical pause, then without a psychological one it is lifeless.

The logical pause is passive, formal, inactive; psychological - certainly always active, rich in internal content.

The logical pause serves the mind, the psychological pause serves the feeling.<..>

Do you know how highly valued the psychological pause is?

It does not obey any laws, and all the laws of speech without exception obey it.

Where, it would seem, it is logically and grammatically impossible to stop, there it is boldly introduced by a psychological pause. For example: imagine that our theater is going abroad. All students are taken on a trip, with the exception of two. - Who are they? - you ask Shustov in agitation. - Me and ... (a psychological pause to soften the impending blow or, on the contrary, to increase indignation) ... and ... you! Shustov answers you.

You know that the union "and" does not allow any stops after itself. But the psychological pause does not hesitate to violate this law and introduces an illegal stop.”

In addition to pauses of hesitation (thinking, reflection), logical and psychological pauses, intonational-syntactic pauses are also distinguished. They correspond to punctuation marks in written speech and differ in duration. The shortest pause is at the place of the comma, and the longest is required by the period. An intonation-syntactic pause separates homogeneous members of a sentence, plug-in constructions, appeals in sounding speech; a pause fills in the place in the sentence where the omission of a word is implied.

1.6 Punctuation and intonation

In writing, we learn about the syntactic role of intonation by punctuation marks.

The direct appointment of punctuation marks, - says K.S. Stanislavsky, - group the words of the phrase and indicate speech stops or pauses. They differ not only in duration, but in character. The latter depends on the intonation that accompanies the speech stop. In other words, each punctuation mark requires a corresponding intonation characteristic of it.

What is the melodic pattern of each of the punctuation marks?

The point is characterized by an intonational figure of a sound decrease in the fundamental tone - a kind of falling sound. In order for the point to sound more active, more definite, a greater increase in sound is necessary before the final word. This will increase the amplitude of the sound, and the voice kick on the fall will sound more energetic.

Not all dots have the same intonation structure. If the next phrase is closely connected in meaning with the previous one, develops and supplements it, the point should not sound with such activity, the amplitude will not be so great, the decrease sounds weaker. Only the final point receives the greatest sound certainty: the voice sinks "to the bottom", asserting the completeness of the thought. Such a difference in intonation structure in terms of sound strength is called point gradation.

A comma, on the contrary, is characterized by an increase in sound, which ends with a kind of “vocal bend”, which cuts off the sound and warns, like a raised hand, that the thought is not completed. This break in the rising intonation makes the listener internally expect its completion, and the continuation of the phrase, which began on the same sound level at which this “comma” sounded, will psychologically connect for him with its beginning.

The colon intonation prepares the listener for the continuation of the thought, in his intonation there is movement, development, transmitted by a slight sound push.

The question mark requires a sharp and rapid rise in sound on the question word, which is accompanied by a characteristic figure of the so-called "croak". The height and speed of ascent, the shape of the sound figure create a gradation of the question.

The exclamation point begins with a quick and energetic sound rise, after which the voice drops sharply downwards. The higher the rise and the sharper the fall, the more intense the exclamation sounds.

The special intonation pattern of each punctuation mark, the gradation of the strength and nature of the logical stress, the tempo and rhythm of the change of speech measures make it possible to more clearly create a sound image of thought, to make it easily perceived by ear.

1.7 Types of sentences and their intonation

Only intonation can distinguish the main types of sentences distinguished by the purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative and incentive:

Quiet. Quiet? Quiet!

1.8 Declarative sentences

Narrative and are called sentences that contain information about any events, phenomena, facts; this is the most common type of sentence: Judicial proceedings are carried out on the basis of competition and equality of the parties - narrative sentences are characterized by the first intonational structure. A period is placed at the end of a declarative sentence.

It can be a description:

The rider sat in the saddle deftly and carelessly (M.G.);

In Quarantine, all the houses were very clean, and the gardens smelled of heated tomato leaves and wormwood (Paust.); narration about actions, events: The old man calmly and cheerfully walked from stone to stone and soon disappeared among them. His steps sounded a little more, and then they disappeared (M.G.); a message about the desire or intention to take an action: - Here I go, - said Semyon, - to give a telegram to my daughter (Paust.); I would not have played like that (TV).

Narrative sentences can have a varied structure of intonation, but they are characterized by a decrease in tone at the end of the sentence. The decrease is especially noticeable when in the middle of a sentence on a word the voice rises significantly:

Far in the beam, a hobbled horse cried plaintively (Paust.).

A noticeable decrease in tone is not observed in one-word sentences, for example, in impersonal or nominative sentences, however, in this case, the voice should not rise:

It's getting dark; Silence.

In common nominative sentences, the voice gradually decreases from the beginning of the sentence to the end:

Small room in the attic (M.G.).

1.9 Incentive Offers

Incentive sentences express the desire, the will of the speaker, are intended to induce the interlocutor to perform some action. Incentive sentences may contain a demand, an order, a request, advice, etc. The value of motivation in such sentences is created by:

forms of the imperative mood of the verb (Don't speak so loudly. Learn to negotiate, Run after her.),

form 1 l. plural a verb to express the compatibility of an action (Let's choose worthy ones! Let's organize local governments!);

form 3 l. verb in combination with particles yes, let (let) (Long live fragrant soap and fluffy towel (Chuk ..), Let the country prosper!);

indefinite form of the verb to express the categorical order (Go upstairs! Do not interfere!);

the form of the subjunctive mood to mitigate the requirement (Would you go upstairs. Do not interfere b);

the past tense form of the verb in combination with the particle to (to) (So that he does not come here anymore).

Incentive sentences can be pronounced with the intonation of a declarative sentence, and then a full stop is put at the end of them: Would you take a book and read it. If they are pronounced emotionally, with the intonation of exclamatory sentences, then an exclamation mark is placed at the end of them:

Submit suggestions! Get ready for the elections! Everyone go to the square!

Motivation has a different degree of categoricalness. Depending on this, there are different types of motivation - an order, a request, advice, permission or consent, an appeal: Well, get out of the way! Keep away! To the walls! (Sh.); - Tell me, - I remind you quietly (M. G.); Go, brother, to the salt! You will always find work there (M.G.); Proletarians! Line up for the final showdown! Slaves! Extend your back and knees! (M.). These forms of motivation, in turn, can have shades of a sharp, categorical command or a soft one, which is achieved with the help of intonation, as well as interjections, particles, etc.:

Get out of the way, girl! Yeah, stop crying! Go home, and tell everything as it was (M.G.).

The impulse is expressed various means. Motive sentences are characterized by intonation of motivation (raising the tone, strengthening the voice), as well as special grammatical forms of words.

1.10 Interrogative sentences

An interrogative sentence is used to express a question addressed to the interlocutor. With the help of a question, the speaker seeks to obtain new information about something, confirmation or denial of any assumption. Interrogative sentences have their own grammatical form, which is represented by intonation, interrogative words, interrogative particles.

Interrogative intonation is characterized by a more or less significant increase in tone at the end of a sentence, which is especially noticeable when compared with narrative ones;

cf .: Brother arrived. - Brother arrived ?; I'll have to go back. - Will I have to go back?

An essential feature of interrogative intonation is the increase in tone on the word, which contains the essence of the question, the emphasis on this word; cf .: Will father arrive by this train? - Will your father come by this train? - Will your father come by this train?

Interrogative sentences may contain interrogative words (interrogative pronouns who? what?, etc., interrogative adverbs where? when?, etc., interrogative particles whether, really, a), or may not contain them. An interrogative sentence with special interrogative words is characterized by the second intonational construction, without interrogative words - by the third IC-3, and if the interrogative sentence is incomplete - by the fourth IC-4. Wed: I ask: “Where is your father, Vanya?” Whispers: "He died at the front." - "And mom?" “Mom was killed on the train while we were traveling.” - "Where did you go?" - “I don’t know, I don’t remember ...” - “And you don’t have any relatives?” - "No one." - "Where do you sleep?" - "Where it is necessary" (M. Sholokhov).

Not every sentence that is interrogative in form contains a question. Therefore, interrogative sentences in form according to the purposefulness of statements are divided into proper interrogative sentences and into sentences that do not conclude a question, but have an interrogative form, which, in turn, can be divided into four groups: interrogative-rhetorical, interrogative-incentive, interrogative-negative, interrogative-assertive.

In actual interrogative sentences, there is a question addressed to the interlocutor and requiring an answer, suggesting an answer. With the help of a question, the speaker seeks to find out something unknown. According to the way the question is expressed, these sentences can be divided into non-pronominal and pronominal.

Non-pronominal interrogative sentences suggest an affirmative or negative answer, which is most concisely expressed by inarticulate sentences-words Yes or No. The speaker, asking a question, waits only for confirmation or denial of something supposed: The hunter, in the faint light of sunset, read my friend's note and said: - Are you a writer? - Yes (Paust.); - Is it coal? - I turned to the guide. - No (A.S.). The interrogative meaning is expressed mainly by intonation, and the word (or group of words) is highlighted, which contains the essence of the question: Smiling, she asked: - Did you love her very much? - Yes (M.G.); - Have you read Kuprin? - asked the editor. - Read (Paust.). The highlighted word can be placed at the beginning or at the end of the sentence in order to emphasize its meaning: - Have I changed a lot since then? - Strongly (Ch.); So you, Fedotka Demidych, are you looking chipped? (Sh.). In addition to intonation, interrogative particles can be used whether, really, really (really, really, really). Does the particle have a “pure” meaning of interrogation: - Did you even call? Serpilin asked incredulously. “They called, they called,” Maximov (Sim.) laughed. Do the particles really, besides the interrogative meaning, express surprise, doubt, etc., introduce into the sentence a shade of uncertainty in a positive answer: - E ... let me! Should I fall in love with you? Yes, cheeky man! (M.G.).

Pronominal interrogative sentences require a detailed answer. They include interrogative words - pronouns and pronominal adverbs: what, who, what, whose, which, how much, where, where, when, why, why, etc. The answer should contain new information about objects, signs, circumstances :

The boys sat motionless for a while and pushed each other again. "Where did you come from?" - From the settlement. - From which settlements? - From Zhukovsky. It's in the forest. - How many yards do you have in settlements? - There are two yards. - And where are you going? - Yes to you (Paust.); - Where are you going? - the captain croaked. - In the Bald Mountains (A.S.).

A special type of interrogative sentence is a rhetorical question. This is a sentence that is interrogative in design, structure, but does not require an answer, only focusing on something: The difficulty in choosing the right decisions lies in the fact that some of them have to be taken in conditions of conflicting interests. What decisions can be considered correct? How to make a bad choice? The rhetorical question is used in journalism, in lecturing, in the emotional transmission of information as an oratorical technique in order to draw attention to the subject of speech.

A question mark is placed at the end of an interrogative sentence.

Interrogative-rhetorical sentences do not imply and do not require an answer. They express various feelings and experiences of the speaker - reflection, doubt, sadness, regret, sadness, joy, anger, etc.: Where, where have you gone, my golden days of spring? What does the coming day have in store for me? (P.); Work? For what? To be full? (...) Man is above satiety!.. (M.G.). A rhetorical question can be framed like any interrogative sentence: with special interrogative words (The Prime Minister unexpectedly headed for the Middle East. Why did he go there? One can only guess about this) and without interrogative words (The troops advanced along a mountain road. They moved towards besieged fortress? It turns out that in the opposite direction). To understand it, certain conditions are needed, first of all, the context or setting: - How was it not a forest?! And where did he come from? - Increased! Thirty years have passed and even more. Why shouldn't he grow up? In some cases, a rhetorical question is synonymous with a declarative sentence containing affirmative information: Who, where, when could issue such an order? (i.e. no one, anywhere and ever could issue such an order). Interrogative-rhetorical sentences are found mainly in works of art and create an emotionally colored, agitated tone of the narrative.

Interrogative sentences are used to express motivation. They have no real interrogative meaning. The speaker does not intend to receive any new information, but encourages the interlocutor to take some action or invites you to do something together: Are we going to catch tits, uncle? (M.G.); - How long will I wait for you until you get ready? - Seroshtan begins to get angry (Kupr.); -Will you shut up none? - asked Nagulnov (Sh.). Motivation is often accompanied by shades of annoyance, impatience. Therefore, interrogative-incentive sentences are expressive, expressive and can be used instead of proper incentive ones; cf .: Let's go: - Let's go! - Yes, will you go?

Interrogative-negative sentences have the same form as proper interrogative ones. They use interrogative pronouns, adverbs, particles, but they do not have an interrogative meaning, but contain a message. Although they do not contain special negative words, they express the impossibility of any action, state, the impossibility of attributing any attribute to an object: What kind of hunter are you? You lie on the stove in the kitchen and crush cockroaches, and not poison foxes (Ch.); What is better in the world songbird? (M.G.; cf.: There is nothing better than a songbird in the world!); - Where to go now! - she said and got up. - How can you get out of here! (Paust.); cf .: You can’t escape from here!). Interrogative-negative sentences express various modal shades (impossibility, inexpediency, etc.) with the help of “interrogative words” (they do not contain a question here) and intonation, which differs from the actual interrogative one by a smaller increase in tone at the end. “Question words” are also pronounced differently: with a strong emphasis, a special timbre. Interrogative-negative sentences are used to express refusal, a negative answer: We began to persuade him to come to Moscow so that one of the major Moscow singers and professors of the conservatory would listen to his voice. - What are you! - he said. - What an opera with my amateur voice! (Paust.).

Interrogative-affirmative sentences include interrogative particles, pronouns, adverbs in combination with a negative particle not. However, this particle in these sentences does not express negation. On the contrary, sentences with combinations are not, who is not, where is not, what is not, who is not, etc. express a statement colored by the modal meanings of inevitability, obligation, certainty, etc. Why would your wife complain? (TV); Wed: Harnessed to that cart alone (she), of course, gets tired !; Who in childhood did not besiege ancient castles, did not die on a ship with sails torn to shreds? (Paust.); cf .: Everyone in childhood besieged ancient castles ...). Interrogative words and particles can be combined with the negative verb no; such a design also has an affirmative meaning: They walked, filled the white light - the family had nothing to do with living. Wandered - and where are we, the Frolovs, on earth! (TV); cf .: We, the Frolovs, are everywhere on earth!). Interrogative-affirmative sentences are emotional, expressive and are widely used in literary texts to express a reinforced statement: Ah! Sophia! Is Molchalin chosen by her! Why not a husband? There is only little mind in him; but to have children, who lacked intelligence? (Gr.)

1.11 exclamatory sentences

Intonation is one of the main means of making exclamatory sentences: Yellow leaves fly With a sad noise! (Bunin)

Narrative, motivating and interrogative sentences can have an emotional coloring, that is, their content can be accompanied by an assessment, the attitude of the speaker. If emotional coloring expressed using intonation or special function words, then such a sentence is an exclamation. With the help of exclamatory intonation, feelings of joy, admiration, anger, fear, contempt, surprise, etc. can be expressed. For example: Oh, how bitter you are, painfully, later, youth, you need it! Come on, Tanya, speak up! (M.G.) - an incentive sentence, by intonation - exclamatory, it expresses impatience, annoyance; “What are you doing,” he shouts angrily and rudely, “what are you doing, girl, baring your teeth? (M. G.)

The sentence expresses a question with an emotional assessment (rage, anger). In exclamatory sentences, emotionality is created: also by the use of exclamatory particles like, what, what, here, like this, well, well, etc.: How dear to me in my native people is that youthful reason that always called him to freedom, to a dream that lives from time immemorial! (TV).

The expression of the emotional attitude of the speaker to the world around includes:

Assessment of the environment, what is happening (admiration, irony, contempt, faith, regret, etc.): What a wonderful day! We will definitely see you again!

Motivation to action: Yes, come here quickly!

Immediate emotional reaction: Guard! Robbery!

The exclamatory sentence is characterized by the fifth intonational construction IK-5.

It is impossible to mix sentences according to the purpose of the utterance and according to intonation. So, a declarative sentence containing information that seems very important to the speaker can be pronounced with an exclamatory intonation: The train leaves at 7 o'clock!; Missed class again! The question can also be pronounced with an exclamatory intonation: How, you haven't left yet?! In this case, a question mark is placed first, and then an exclamation mark. An inciting sentence that seems intended to convey feelings can be uttered with a calm intonation: Help me carry the suitcase.

1.12 Offers with complicated structures

In the traditional doctrine of a simple sentence, constructions are distinguished that are recognized as complicating its minimal (elementary) structure. These constructions are different in character, formal construction, semantic features. Traditionally, simple complicated sentences include:

with identical members

with separate members

with introductory words, phrases and sentences, plug-in constructions,

with appeals.

Homogeneous members of the proposal. Homogeneous are sentences that refer to the same member of the sentence, answer the same question and act in the same syntactic role. Homogeneous can be both main and minor members sentences: Man, his rights and freedoms are the highest value (subject); Basic human rights are alienable and belong to everyone from birth (predicates); Judicial power is exercised through constitutional, civil, administrative and criminal legislation (definitions); A proposal for a candidate is submitted no later than two weeks after taking office. elected President Russian Federation or after the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation or within a week from the date of rejection of the candidacy by the State Duma (circumstances).

Homogeneous members of a sentence in oral speech are joined by the intonation of the enumeration, but the connection between them can also be carried out with the help of conjunctions, primarily composing (connective, adversative, dividing and comparative).

Definitions that relate differently to the word being defined are recognized as heterogeneous: only the nearest of them refers directly to the noun, and the other acts as a definition to the entire phrase in front, is pronounced without enumerative intonation, does not allow the union to be put after itself and: Federal constitutional laws are adopted on issues provided by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Here the definition federal refers to the phrase constitutional laws as a whole, it is impossible to put a union between these heterogeneous definitions and they are pronounced without enumerative intonation.

Introductory words and phrases, introductory sentences. Introductory words are called words and phrases that are not members of the sentence, but are closely related to it in meaning. By meaning, such words and phrases are divided into several main groups.

Words and phrases that indicate the logical sequence and presentation of the material serve to generalize, to draw conclusions: firstly, therefore, on the one hand, in this way. For example: A broad definition of ethics is given, starting from which, one can, firstly, consider it as a set of rules indicating what to do in a given situation, and secondly, try to determine why and how ethical decisions are made; Thus, the main thing in marketing is a thorough and comprehensive study of the market.

Words and phrases that express varying degrees of reliability of the statement: probably, probably (probably), apparently, without any doubt, undoubtedly, maybe. For example: Perhaps the most successful attempt to combine the extremes in approaches to the definition of public relations and its social role was made by domestic researchers.

The presence of introductory words changes the melody of the sentence, the tone rises when pronouncing the introductory words.

WITH introductory words, phrases and sentences are close to introductory constructions - inserts in a sentence that contain clarifying information and have a specific intonation that does not violate their intonational integrity. Unlike native words, phrases and sentences that convey modality - an assessment of what is reported, plug-in constructions expand the content of the information of the main sentence. Plug-in designs are usually distinguished by brackets or dashes: Having received it [ruble], I ran away, bought a jar of milk at the market (aunts grumbled, looking at my bent, beaten, torn coins, but they poured milk), dined and sat down for lessons (V. Rasputin ); The trouble (unfortunately, not the last one) came to the family quite unexpectedly; The telethon continued - and it started yesterday - late at night.

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Elements of intonation

Musical intonation

Emphasis on intonation

Working with intonation

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