Interesting facts about famous people and outstanding personalities, both historical and modern. Research project "Interesting facts from the life of Gogol"
Without a doubt, creative people are very different from most. They seem to live in another world, in another universe. And their ingenuity and originality are amazing and cause others to ask: “How? How did they come up with this?”
1. Creative people are constantly in the clouds.
If you watch them in a noisy company, where everyone communicates and has fun, they will sit in the corner of the room, write something, draw, think about something. At school, such children may daydream in a geometry lesson while Maria Ivanovna explains the Pythagorean theorem. They often go into themselves, forgetting about everything in the world, and it is at such moments that brilliant thoughts are born in their head.
2. They are good observers and are good at analyzing what is going on around them.
Anything can serve as a source of new ideas for them: landscapes, buildings, elements of clothing or decor. Clinging to some trifle, such people will create a masterpiece, turn a word into a whole story.
3. There is no daily routine
Waking up at 7, having lunch at noon, having an afternoon snack at 16, having dinner at 19 and going to bed at 22 is definitely not the lot of creative people. They will work when they want, eat when the opportunity arises (or forget about it altogether), and will sleep on anything and in any way they like, even at a desk.
4. They love privacy
Many are afraid of loneliness, but not creative creations. For them, this is a way to hide from the aggression of the outside world, from the formalities that prevail in society. Left alone with themselves, knowing that no one will disturb or drive away their muse, creative personalities can enjoy the present in peace.
5. They always want to try something new.
Routine - what is it? Creative people have never heard of this. The monotonous rhythm of life - "work - home - sleep" - the worst thing that can happen to them. They need adrenaline, they need movement, new emotions.
6. They are not afraid to take risks.
To come up with something new, sometimes you need to do unexpected things, put everything on the line. Whatever it is: work, personal life. It is impossible to create something unusual without taking risks.
7. For them, failures and misses are a huge motivation.
Life, as we know, is black and white. Incredible success can be followed by massive failure. All ingenious inventors and artists someday have doubts, they are mistaken. But, if others would abandon the case halfway, without seeing intelligible results, creative people will not leave everything so easily. Of course, perseverance is characteristic not only of non-standard-minded individuals, but for the latter this quality is very important.
8. They do what inspires them.
The most important thing for creative people is to do what they really like. They don't need any recognition. And they will not come up with something from under the stick either. The freedom to create everything new and new, to work better and better - this is happiness.
9. Creative people often put themselves in the shoes of others.
After all, it's so interesting - to know someone else's philosophy, to look at the world from a different point of view. For a moment, start thinking like another person - great way self-development, as well as learn to understand others.
10. They notice everything.
These people have the ability to connect parts into a single whole. They see what others do not see, and use their observations to better understand the essence of this or that phenomenon.
Without such people, the world would be more boring and dreary. Creative individuals encourage us to develop, change us in better side. To say that they are 100% different from "uncreative" is wrong - they just have a desire to create something new. And everyone can and should be original and try to invent the uninvented.
We admire talented people. That is why they and the creative process itself are shrouded in many myths and legends. People who would like to create, but are not sure of their abilities, often think that talent is something innate. And you need to first understand if you have it before you create something. However, Daniel Coyle, in his book The Talent Code, cites Scientific research, proving that talent is the same skill that a person has worked out tens of thousands of times and eventually mastered it masterfully.
We have dismantled the main stereotypes about creative people. By example for everyone famous writers, artists and musicians, we will show how masterpieces are actually created.
Myth 1: Deprivation fuels creativity.
We can see what really happens to a person of art in a critical situation, in the film "The Pianist". It shows how Vladislav Shpilman, one of the most talented pianists of the 20th century, survived in Nazi-occupied Poland.
In short: a person has lost his entire family, home and even the right to life. And these events did not contribute to his creative success.
Remember Maslow's pyramid: before moving on to higher needs, which include creativity, you need to close the lower ones - in sleep, food and security. If a person regularly malnourished, sleeps poorly and thinks only about survival, his brain is in a state of stress and is not capable of creative work.
Myth 2. Alcohol increases creativity.
A group of Austrian scientists conducted studies proving that small doses of alcohol make a person smarter and more original. To do this, you need to drink about 300 ml of beer or 100 ml of wine.
But increasing the dose slows down the brain and impairs mental functions. And with constant use, the effect will disappear even from 300 ml. After all, a person will need a larger dose for intoxication, and positive impact there will be no creativity.
What about creative geniuses? Many of them praised drinking both in life and in work. However, they preferred to create sober. Stephen King wrote his word norm during the day, and in the evening he switched to drinking.
Hemingway, although he liked to give advice in the style of "Write drunk - edit sober", diligently sat down to write every day until dinner sober. Perhaps they would be happy to work in intoxication, but the human brain does not allow even great creators to do this.
Myth 3. Drugs stimulate fantasy.
Famous creative personalities loved drugs no less than alcohol. But, as with drinking, their addiction is shrouded in a halo of romanticization, and ugly facts are erased.
Creative geniuses were at the same time ordinary addicts and used illegal substances for the same reason that all drug addicts do: to alleviate their condition. Some of them, like Hunter Thompson, have artistically described their drug experiences. But these were not the author's fantasies, but real hallucinations that all drug addicts experience, regardless of talent.
Simply put, drugs by themselves have not made a single person a brilliant creator. But they killed a lot of talented people.
Myth 4: A creative genius doesn't need a regular job.
"Geniuses" most of the people we know have become satisfied adulthood. Some were in their 30s, others in their 40s or even older. All these years they (with rare exceptions) worked to provide for themselves, and were engaged in creativity at their leisure. For many, work has also served as a source of inspiration.
Ken Kesey was an assistant psychologist - thanks to this profession, the novel "Over the Cuckoo's Nest" was born, which brought him worldwide fame. Charles Dickens worked in a factory as a teenager - these memories became the basis of Oliver Twist in the future.
A talented person can use any material for creativity, including the most ordinary work. So if it seems to you that your profession interferes with creativity, these are most likely excuses.
Myth 5. You can not create to order
Some people think that a brilliant creator should be like Van Gogh, who lived in poverty and could not sell a single work. However, there are many more counter examples in the art world, proving that talent can manifest itself in any conditions.
Salvador Dali custom-created the Chupa Chups logo, by which this candy is still recognized all over the world. Jack Kerouac, after the success of On the Road, earned his living by writing and had book orders from several publishers. The fees did not prevent him from creating several more major works.
The creative profession is in some aspects the same as any other: it has its own buyer and the author receives money for it. Unclaimed creativity, appreciated much later, is rather an exception.
Myth 6. Geniuses create by inspiration.
For every genius, creativity is a constant systematic work. For example, JK Rowling developed the structure of the Harry Potter books, wrote down the characters and actions of the characters for almost 10 years and knew how it would all end by the time the 1st book was released.
Why is it difficult to create a masterpiece from inspiration? It's all about biology. When we learn something new, a neural network is created in the brain. If we exercise regularly - write, play guitar or football - neurons become covered with myelin sheath. And the more myelin around our chain of neurons, the easier and better new activity is given to us.
But the shell thickens only by constant practice. Therefore, constant training makes us more creative, free and original - it gives us the opportunity to create. If the neural network is poorly trained, we do everything slowly and poorly and remain at the level of amateurs and dilettantes.
Myth 7. Talent is innate
We already wrote above that neural networks are created and strengthened only through constant training. But everything is not so simple. A recent study by psychologists from Princeton proves that training alone is not enough for success.
Ultimately, the one who changes the established approach and traditions becomes more successful. There are many examples: Salvador Dali, who became a preacher of surrealism, or the Beatles, who blew up the world of rock and roll. All these people were so different from everything that was before them that they instantly went down in history.
But there is a big "but" here: for creative approach need a base. By the time he created his masterpieces and hits, Dali already knew how to draw, and the Beatles knew how to play. None of them came up with anything worthwhile in childhood, although they had creative inclinations. To change traditions, you need to understand them, and this takes time.
Myth 8. Creativity is available only to people of art
Some people feel creative in themselves, but cannot realize them, because they work in a “boring” job. But in fact, creativity is available in absolutely any profession. Teachers need to think in an original way in order to interest the child in their subject. Even for a competent distribution of the budget, a certain creativity is required if the budget is limited.
Original thinking is needed not only in art. We use it both at work and in life to find non-obvious solutions to difficult situations or simply to express ourselves.
In the world, many people are the most different professions, differing creative thinking: Alan Turing, for example, laid the foundations of modern computer science when, during World War II, he created a machine capable of breaking ciphers. german army. A school janitor draws pictures while working right in the snow. A "boring" profession does not prevent him from creating.
Myth 9. All talented people have an unusual bright life.
Some people are not worried about creativity as such, but about the bonuses that they will receive from it: fame, awards, money. We know a lot of people who really got it all thanks to their talent. But what percentage do they make up of all the talented and even brilliant? Actually very small.
When we imagine ourselves in the place of those who have already achieved success, we make one of the most common errors of systematic selection - the “survivor error”. We pay attention to the winners, but ignore those who lost - remained unknown during their lifetime or could not feed themselves with creativity.
If you want to sober up yourself, read the biography of Kafka: the current genius of literature was once an ordinary writer, worked all his life as a clerk, lived in one place and died at the age of 40. And he is far from the only genius with a boring biography. Talent is not a guarantee of a bright life, you should not hope for it.
Myth 10. Talented people are arrogant and self-confident.
Well, creative people and the truth often have a bad character. However, we know more about geniuses not from real sources, but from films and TV shows. But in life, great creators are not at all like Sheldon or Sherlock.
Among them are many who doubted themselves and that is why they worked harder and harder in an attempt to prove that they were worth something. And someone was so unsure of himself that he wanted to destroy his works. It is only by chance that we can read Kafka's books today. The writer asked his friend to burn the manuscripts after his death, but he did not fulfill his will, but published drafts. Monet succeeded more in destroying his works: with his stepdaughter, the artist burned about 60 paintings.
There are many myths about talented people, but most of them are far from the truth when it comes to facts. The geniuses known to us expressed their abilities in completely different ways, had different inclinations, character and way of life. All that unites them is a real passion for their work. What myths about talent prevent you from being creative?
MBOU secondary school No. 19 of the city district of the city of Kamyshin, Volgograd region.
« Interesting Facts from the life of N.V. Gogol.
The work was done by students of grade 6a: Kuznetsova Uliana, Minulina, Daria, Mukhina Valeria,
Kotenko Danil, Kostychev Vladimir.
Head of UIR:
teacher of Russian language and literature:
Govorusskaya Zoya Olegovna.
Kamyshin 2014
Objective of the project:
1. Activate the research, creative skills of students;
improve the skills of text analysis, monologue speech, teamwork skills, creating conditions for increasing the cognitive activity of students in literature lessons and during extracurricular activities on literature.
2. To study the biography of N.V. Gogol, highlighting especially bright and interesting moments of his life and work.
Tasks:
1. to promote students' conscious perception of the material being studied;
2. to promote the establishment in the mind of the child of strong and stable connections between previously accumulated and new experience of cognitive and practical activities;
3. to ensure involvement in the process of cognition of the mechanisms of self-activity of the student.
4. design situations that contribute to the formation of the student's subjective experience;
5. show the ability of students to form educational and cognitive competence (collaboration, research activities).
6. show the effectiveness of the design and research activities of students in the classroom through active forms work;
Relevance of the topic:
N.V. Gogol is the most unusual poet and prose writer that Russia has ever given birth to.
Rationale for the choice of topic:
Everyone can appreciate the uniqueness of this writer's work, plunging into the lines of his works from the first pages. His life is also full of interesting facts that help to reveal the meaning of his work.
Practical significance:
Form the information received as a result of the work done in the form of a booklet and presentation and speak with it at a scientific and practical conference.
Introduction ………………….. 4 pages
History of the Gogol family. ………………….. 4-8 pages
Studies. Poltava. Nizhyn. …………………..8-10 pages
Interesting facts from the life of N.V. Gogol. …………………..11-17 pp.
Conclusion. …………………..18-20 pp.
Used Books. …………………..21 page
"I am considered a riddle for everyone."
N.V. Gogol
Often, when we talk about writers, we forget that, on top of everything else, they were people with their own strengths and weaknesses, as well as their own, at times, amazing hobbies.
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol is a completely unique writer, unlike other masters of the word. In his work there is a lot of amazing, admirable and surprising: the funny is intertwined with the tragic, and the fantastic with the real.
Gogol is called "the most mysterious figure in Russian literature", according to the Russian philosopher N. Berdyaev. The mystery is marked primarily life path writer, starting from his first steps.
Gogol's ancestors were passionate people. The paternal grandfather fled with his beloved, who was a tutor, with the intention of secretly getting married.
The story of the acquaintance and marriage of the parents of the future writer is extremely interesting, colored by mysticism.
Gogol's father, Vasily was still simply called Vasyuta, announced to his father and mother that he knew who his betrothed was. They found out: on the way to the pilgrimage, they had to spend the night at the inn, where the boy had a dream. The Queen of Heaven came down to him, told him what illnesses awaited him, and then told Vasily: “You will recover, get married, and here is your wife.” She raised her hand, and he saw at the feet of her child, sitting on the floor.
Soon everyone forgot about the dream, but in vain ...
Once we stopped by the landowners Kisyarovsky, to my maternal aunt. Then the nurse brought the seven-month-old baby, Masha Kisyarovskaya, into the garden. Vasyuta looked at her and his heart ached ... and barely endured until she turned 14 years old. The priest married twenty-eight-year-old Vasily and fourteen-year-old Masha in a rural church. 17 years of love and care for each other have passed unnoticed.
ABOUT 
father of the writer.
V.A. Gogol-Yanovsky, the father of the writer, a talented storyteller and writer. The son of a regimental clerk, Gogol by origin, character, mentality and literary activity was a typical Little Russian. He was registered in the postal service, in 1805 he retired with the rank of collegiate assessor and married.
MI Gogol-Yanovskaya, the writer's mother came from a landowner's family. According to legend, she was the first beauty in the Poltava region. She married Vasily Afanasyevich at the age of fourteen. Maria Ivanovna reports about her family life: “My life was the most calm; Both my husband and I had a cheerful character. We were surrounded by good neighbors. But sometimes dark thoughts came over me. I foresaw misfortunes, believed in dreams.
Gogol's mother was a deeply religious woman, nervous and impressionable. She, having lost two children who died in infancy, surrounded her son with special caress and attention. From his mother, Gogol inherited a subtle mental organization, a penchant for mysticism and religiosity. Many mysterious and heroic stories He also heard from his grandmother, Tatyana Semyonovna. Her rooms were full of all sorts of boxes, caskets and trinkets, so Nikosha, as he was then called, was drawn to her rooms. So, she could talk for a long time about the Zaporozhye Cossacks, among whom was his glorious ancestor Ostap Gogol. And my grandmother also knew a lot of folk songs and fairy tales, which did not always end in a general feast and wedding.
The house of Dr. M.Ya. Trokhimovsky in Sorochintsy, where Gogol was born.
Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol was born on March 20 (April 1, n.s.) in the town of Velikie Sorochintsy, Mirgorodsky district, Poltava province.
Gogol was born third in a family of six girls and six boys. His first two brothers were stillborn, so he was the first surviving child. He received the name Nicholas in honor of the icon of St. Nicholas, who was in the local church.
Gogol was born at a time of anticipation of joy, the exultation of people and nature, on the eve of the appearance of everything new - whether it be new leaves on trees or new hopes. He himself became the hope of a father and mother who, having lost two children, were waiting for the third with fear and uncertainty. Many times they went to pray to the holy icon of Nicholas the Wonderworker in the neighboring Dikanka church, many times they asked the saint to intercede for them, to give them a healthy child; fate took pity on them - a son was born.
According to family tradition, Vasily Afanasyevich and Maria Ivanovna, in gratitude to God for the birth of their son, built a church and named the boy in honor of Nicholas the Wonderworker, in front of whose icon his mother prayed.
The writer's mother Maria Ivanovna Gogol and his sisters.
Little Nikolai was surrounded by unconditional adoration, and neither the birth of his sister Maria in 1811, nor his brother Ivan in 1812 shook these positions. me," he wrote.
later than mother.
Gogol learned to speak late (at the age of three) and was very shy at first to speak in public. Gogol's shyness did not disappear over the years: as soon as a stranger appeared in the company, Gogol disappeared from the room.
At home, inspired by his father's productions, he tried to compose poetry. And he also painted and even somehow organized an exhibition of his paintings in Vasilyevka.
But it was time to study. So a seminarian was hired for Nikolai and Ivan, but things did not move, so in 1819 the parents decided to send both boys to the Poltava gymnasium. For any wrongdoing, they were severely punished there, and it happened that they were flogged ...
During the years of his gymnasium apprenticeship, Gogol showed poor results. He was successful mainly in drawing and had a good knowledge of the grammar of the Russian language, but he had no talent for languages and, oddly enough, wrote compositions poorly. In the gymnasium, education was organized conservatively even for those times, cramming was welcomed and punishments with rods were used, which Gogol also had to taste.
From childhood, N.V. Gogol took over from his father a love for gardening. Whenever he had a free moment, he went to the lyceum garden and there he talked for a long time with the gardener. “You plant trees not in order, like troops in the ranks, one against the other at a calculated distance, but the way nature itself does it,” he said.
Already at the gymnasium, Gogol did not imagine his fate the way most people in his circle usually expected. He was sure that he was destined for a special fate, and spoke of the signs of providence, in which he believed. And, indeed, mysticism haunted him all his life, which was reflected in the features of his work.
The shortcomings of the school were made up for by self-education in a friendly circle, where there were people who shared literary interests with Gogol.
The comrades subscribed to magazines; started their own handwritten journal, where Gogol wrote a lot in verse.
Ivan was often sick, and his parents took him home. Gogol lost his brother when he was 10 years old. N.V. Gogol blamed himself for this all his life - he often played dead with his brother and thought that it was with this that he called death on his brother. He cried a lot, composed the poem “Two fish" about his brother and himself, where he mourned the death of one of them.
After Ivan's death, his father took Nikolai home - his parents were afraid for his health.
In 1821, Nikolai was assigned to Nizhyn, to the gymnasium of higher sciences, which was also called the lyceum. A lot of great people have come out of there.
Nizhyn Gymnasium of Higher Sciences.
The appearance of Gogol in the lyceum (in the gymnasium) was remembered by classmates as a comic spectacle: the newcomer was wrapped in fur coats, scrolls. Blankets. They were untied for a long time, and when they were finally untied, a nondescript boy with a long nose appeared before his eyes, timidly looking around. Cotton was sticking out of his ears.
In his youth, while studying at the gymnasium, because of his slovenliness and scrofulous appearance (his ears were dripping), many students disdained to give him a hand, refused to take his books - it was a real hell for normal person. “Gogol constantly looked askance at us, kept aloof, always stared at us…”
In the Nizhyn Lyceum, the students gave him the nickname "mysterious Karla" - Gogol's short stature showed oddities in his character, which were noticed by his classmates.
Yes, it is only in literature textbooks that geniuses are born into the world immediately in the form of bronze monuments! And in life they sometimes even get sick with scrofula and are ugly, frightened and unsociable.
The main sanctuary for Nicholas was the library - 7 thousand volumes. Here he himself was a librarian on a voluntary basis. He was so reverent about books that he demanded that other students leaf through books not with bare fingers, but after putting paper bags on them, which he himself spun for this purpose and distributed them to everyone.
Gogol's seclusion ended when a theater was opened in the gymnasium. Gogol painted roles for performers, painted scenery, built stages, made fake things and even sewed costumes. Here his Vasilyevsky experience of embroidering on tulle came in handy. Naturally, he played in almost every performance. Gogol's acting talent (they said the talent of mimicry) was fully revealed here.
Gogol was equally good in all roles. he especially succeeded in the role of Mrs. Prostakova in Fonvizin's comedy "Undergrowth". In this role, he evoked both laughter and tears from the audience. They felt sorry for the ignorant Mrs. Prostakova, who suffers from her immense love for her son.
But the acting career did not attract Gogol - he dreams of a literary career.
.
Gogol the schoolboy (portrait by an unknown artist, 1820s
Gogol was ashamed of his nose. In all the portraits of Gogol, his nose looks different - so, with the help of artists, the writer tried to confuse future biographers.
This is a real portrait of Nikolai Vasilyevich, here he is 23 years old
This is the only photograph of Gogol, taken in Rome in 1845, that has come down to our time.
Interesting facts about Gogol N.V. has long been of concern to critics and historians
And this is becauseNikolay Vasilievich Gogol was a very outstanding personality, and therefore there is a large number of significant differences of opinion. There are a lot of examples, but the essence remains, has not yet been disclosed.
Let us single out the main fundamental features of the personality of Gogol N.V.
First of all, an integral interesting fact about Gogol's life is that he was a very unsociable person. This manifested itself in absolutely all spheres and stages of life. For example: back in school age he did not succumb to the serious severity of teachers and never contacted his peers. From the notes of the sisters of Nikolai Gogol, it turned out that he was very much subjected to a depressive state for almost his entire adult life, which did not involve society in any way. That is, when strangers appeared in the circles of the family, he retired and never attended tea ceremonies, balls and much more.
Secondly, oddly enough, but for many of us it will be an interesting fact that Gogol N.V. even while studying at school, he was distinguished by disturbing illiteracy in writing, but the eloquence of statements that sounded extremely rarely surprised the entire audience.
In the third turn, love and affection for needlework: he knitted scarves, cut dresses for his sisters, sewed neckerchiefs for himself
In the fourth turn, today contemporaries still distinguish a whole host of versions about life, creative development and concrete peace of mind poet. But until now, many argue that he was a man who lived for the sake of material values of life. But about contact with women is not written in any of the historical sources or notes.
N.V. Gogol visited the monastery in Optina Hermitage several times.
The monks were amazed at the piety of the secular writer, the thoroughness and accuracy with which he approached the performance of religious rites.
There is even a legend that tells about the desire of Nikolai Vasilyevich to settle in the skete of Optina Pustyn, becoming a monk.
N.V. Gogol all his life, as he himself believed, fought the devil.
He hated everything slimy and oblong (worms or caterpillars), killed beetles, spiders, because he believed that they were all from the devil.
Even when he became seriously ill, he refused treatment with leeches, which were the embodiment of the devil for him.
N.V. Gogol ate a lot (he was able to repeat a hearty meal without a break), but he also knew how to cook.
If fate had not made Gogol a writer, he would certainly have been a great artist-cook. Favorite food is pasta. He cooked them well. Living in Rome, Nikolai Vasilievich specially went to the kitchen to learn from the chefs, and then, returning to Russia, treated his friends to gourmet dishes. They evoked in him a particularly good mood. He prepared them himself.
Gogol liked to cook and treat his friends to dumplings and dumplings.
Ukrainian dumplings
One of his favorite drinks is goat's milk, which he cooked in a special way, adding rum. He called this concoction mogul and often said, laughing: "Gogol loves eggnog!"
Mogul-mogul
Gogol was an exemplary sweet tooth. For example, he could, without outside help, eat a jar of jam, a mountain of gingerbread cookies and drink a whole samovar of tea in one sitting ... “He always had a supply of sweets and gingerbread in his pants pockets, he chewed without ceasing, even in classes during classes. He climbed somewhere into a corner, away from everyone, and there he was already eating his delicacy, ”a friend from the gymnasium describes Gogol.
Gogol's room
During his lifetime, N.V. Gogol suffered from taphephobia - the fear of being buried alive, since since 1839, after suffering from malarial encephalitis, he was prone to fainting followed by prolonged sleep.
The writer was pathologically afraid that during such a state he might be mistaken for the deceased and buried. For more than 10 years he did not go to bed. Dozed at night, sitting or reclining in an armchair or on a sofa
He wrote only while standing, and slept only while sitting. Once, during an attack of malaria (he fell ill with it in Italy), his body became very stiff, and those present decided that he had died ... Since then, fearing that he would again be mistaken for dead, he spent the night dozing in an armchair and not lying down to bed. At dawn, he fluffed up and scattered his bed so that the maid who cleaned the rooms could not suspect anything ...
Nikolai Vasilyevich was passionately fond of everything that fell into his field of vision. The history of his native Ukraine was one of his favorite studies and hobbies for him. It was these studies that inspired him to write the epic story "Taras Bulba".
The writer adored miniature book editions. Not loving and not knowing mathematics, he wrote out a mathematical encyclopedia only because it was published in the sixteenth part of a sheet (10.5 × 7.5 cm).
The writer walked along the streets and alleys, usually on the left side, so he constantly ran into passers-by.
Gogol was very afraid of thunderstorms. According to contemporaries, bad weather had a bad effect on his weak nerves.
There were whole legends about Gogol's carelessness. He rarely washed his face and hands in the morning, always walking around in dirty linen and a soiled dress.
The poet and translator Nikolai Berg recalled: “Gogol either walked around the room, from corner to corner, or sat and wrote, rolling balls from white bread, about which he told his friends that they help to solve the most complex and difficult tasks. When he was bored at dinner, he again rolled balls and imperceptibly tossed them into the kvass or soup of those sitting next to him ...
Gogol liked to take long walks ... at home. “In the outer rooms, small and large living rooms, large decanters were placed with cold water. Gogol went from one to another and every ten minutes he drank a glass. Gogol always walked extremely quickly and somehow impetuously.
In his youth, N.V. Gogol showed interest not only in literature, but also in history, geography, botany and pharmacy. In his “Book of all sorts of things, or an improvised Encyclopedia”, among the descriptions of Little Russian rituals, proverbs and ditties, the weapons of the ancient Greeks, money and coins of different states, there are notes “Aptekarsky weight” and “The following signs depict Aptekarsky weight”, first published recently by I.A. . Vinogradov.
These are Gogol's drawings from the "Book of all sorts of things, or an improvised Encyclopedia."
Gogol firmly believed in the afterlife. Therefore, in order not to end up in hell, he exhausted himself with prayers all night long, kneeling before the images. IN Last year own life great post I even started 10 days earlier than it was supposed to according to the church calendar. In essence, it was not a fast, but a complete famine that lasted three weeks, until the death of the writer.
A week before his death, at night, Gogol heard some voices that told him the date of his death. He woke up on February 14 and said that he would die in a week. On February 21, N.V. Gogol died. There are many versions of the cause of death of N.V. Gogol. According to one of them, the writer died of typhoid fever, an outbreak of which at that time was in Moscow. On the other - from meningitis. There is a version that Gogol himself was poisoned with mercury poison, but for an Orthodox, deeply religious person, like Gogol, any suicide attempt was terrible sin. But, most likely, the real cause of Gogol's death was the exhaustion of the body by prolonged starvation. He could be saved by force-feeding highly nutritious foods, drinking plenty of water, subcutaneous infusions of saline solutions. If this had been done, his life would have been spared.
What happened on the night of February 12, 1852, no one knows for sure. Biographers, with a joint titanic effort, tried literally minute by minute to restore the events of that night, but it is only known for certain that Gogol prayed earnestly until three o'clock in the morning. Then he took his briefcase, took out some sheets of paper from it, and ordered everything that was left in it to be burned immediately. Then he crossed himself and, returning to bed, sobbed uncontrollably until the morning. It is traditionally believed that on that night Gogol burned the second volume of dead souls”, but some biographers and historians are sure that this is far from the truth, which is unlikely to be known to anyone.
Modern specialists in the field of psychiatry, they analyzed thousands of documents and came to a very definite conclusion that Gogol did not have any mental disorder at all. Perhaps he suffered from depression, and if proper treatment, a great writer would have lived much longer
When Gogol was little, his grandmother, Tatyana Semyonovna, told Gogol that angels bring down a ladder from heaven when a righteous soul ascends to God. And if unrighteous, then to hell along the same stairs - a common image of a person's posthumous life. And, of course, both of these exclamations are independent of each other. As for Pushkin, Dahl has it, he was present at the death of Pushkin, and Zhukovsky, who closed his eyes. He said: "Ladder, ladder ..." And Gogol, before his death, said literally the same thing. But Gogol had a direct connection with the children's story - he was a very impressionable child.
On February 24 (March 7), 1852, Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol was interred at the Danilov cemetery in Moscow by parish priest Alexei Sokolov and deacon John Pushkin.
In 1952, on the centennial anniversary of Gogol's death, a new monument was erected at the Novodevichy Cemetery, created by the sculptor N. Tomsky and the architect S. Golubovsky.
The grave of the writer Bulgakov M.A.
During the reburial, it was decided to install a bust on the new grave of Gogol, and the stone "Golgotha", which had been lying there earlier, was transferred to Bulgakov's grave. So, after death, a connection was stretched between, probably, the two most mystical Russian writers. And the stone from the teacher's grave lay at the head of the student's grave. Bulgakov's dream came true, in difficult days he turned to Gogol, sitting at the boulevard ring: "Teacher, cover me with your cast-iron overcoat."
After Gogol's death, among numerous papers, a strange piece of paper was found with a note written, apparently, after the burning of the second part of Dead Souls: "Be alive, not dead souls!" Strange thing: a man who loved no one, including himself, and who was always on the run from bright light and the noise of life, suddenly declares: be living souls!
What is it - regret about the lost? An unexpected conclusion after summing up the results of life? Divine illumination? Maybe. However, most of all it looks like a will. Perhaps this is the most important thing that the great Russian writer Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol wanted to tell us, his descendants.
The whole life of Gogol still remains an unsolved mystery. He was haunted by mysticism, and his death left more questions than answers. They allow you to look at the work of your favorite writer from a completely different angle, try to explain some contradictions and inconsistencies and see him not as an idol, but as a simple, incredibly subtle and talented person.
The life of Konstantin Ushinsky (1823 - 1871) shows that even in the most unfavorable conditions, persistent creative work can lead to positive changes. When the vast majority of the Russian educated public wanted to change everything at once and staged conspiracies, then uprisings, then terror, Ushinsky worked. He had a hard time - they were fired from work, and they were not given a new job, but Konstantin Dmitrievich did not give up. They did not want to take him to a decent place - he got a small position and continued to work on works on pedagogy. Neither financial problems nor failing health prevented him.
And the result was, as they say, obvious. Russia has its own pedagogy - before Ushinsky, children, of course, were taught, but haphazardly and without any personal approach. Konstantin Dmitrievich was awakened by interest in pedagogy throughout Russian society. In just a few decades, the approach to the learning process began to change. In the school, of course, there was a place for corporal punishment, and cramming, and teacher arbitrariness, but Ushinsky and his followers showed that a school for children may not be a vale of hopeless horror.
1. In family life Ushinsky can only be envied, if not for the early death of his mother (she died when Kostya was 12 years old). He was born into a noble family. Retired military Dmitry Grigorievich Ushinsky and his wife Lyubov Stepanovna doted on each other. They were very constrained in their means (30 serfs, 100 acres of land and a small pension of Dmitry Grigorievich), but they managed their household in such a way that they did not feel the slightest embarrassment. Moreover, the library collected by the family was envied by the whole county. The second marriage of Ushinsky's father was also successful. The sister of General Gerbel, who held high positions in the defense industry, provided her husband, who became a judge, with a family rear and treated her stepson well. Konstantin Dmitrievich himself married at the age of 28 to a woman whom he had known since childhood. Married to Nadezhda Semyonovna Doroshenko, they had 6 children.
2. Kostya Ushinsky studied at the Novgorod-Seversk gymnasium. The then Little Russia as a whole and the education system in it in particular were characterized by freer morals. Outside the educational institution, the gymnasium students were not shy about anything except parental instructions. Konstantin Dmitrievich himself subsequently admitted that indulgence in minor childhood weaknesses paradoxically led to a general improvement in discipline. Gymnasium students firmly learned the limits of available pranks and practically did not allow serious misconduct.
3. Kostya Ushinsky had to walk to the gymnasium. The one-way trip took more than an hour, but the boy liked it at the gymnasium - classmates who were older appreciated the boy's knowledge and character. True, if due to bad weather Ushinsky had to stay in the city, he really missed his native estate.
4. Ushinsky, already a well-known teacher, spoke with great warmth about the director of his gymnasium, Ilya Fedorovich Timkovsky. The old director did not shine with general erudition, but persistently sought to instill in the pupils the desire to acquire new knowledge. Communicating with graduates of other educational institutions, Ushinsky was amazed that even educational institutions that were considered the best left no trace either in the minds or in the hearts of children.
5. Studying at the gymnasium was easy for Ushinsky at first. It took him very little time to prepare his homework. He filled his leisure time with reading, and gave preference to history books. In addition, he taught himself German. However, the ease of learning was deceptive - he failed the final exams and did not receive a certificate of completion. Fortunately, then it was possible to take entrance exams to the university without a document on secondary education.
6. In 1840, Ushinsky entered Moscow University and plunged headlong into student life. WITH light hand Vissarion Belinsky in the tavern "Great Britain" a circle or club of students was formed. Konstantin stood out in him for his independence of thought. In those years, people in Russia bowed before Napoleon Bonaparte and Voltaire, and Ushinsky easily pointed out the weaknesses or mistakes of the idols of the then educated class.
7. Ushinsky's pedagogical activity began while studying at the university. Like all students, he did not have enough money sent by his parents. And then Konstantin became addicted to the theater. I had to earn extra money with private lessons.
8. Student Ushinsky admired the play of the outstanding actors Pavel Molchanov and Mikhail Shchepkin, but he believed that the plays in which they were forced to play were not worthy of their skill. Konstantin wrote the play and personally presented it to Molchanov. Ushinsky later spoke about the actor's reaction to his work in person, invariably causing delight and laughter from the public. He, of course, did not save the play.
9. Cameralistics - this was the name of the specialty of Ushinsky, who studied at the Faculty of Law. In the 19th century, it was, generally speaking, the science of managing state property. In Russia (and when was it otherwise?), the European point of view dominated - property should either bring profit, or it should be got rid of. Ushinsky, having received an appointment at the Demidov Lyceum in Yaroslavl, already in the first program lecture challenged this thesis. In his opinion, cameral sciences should not look for ways to make a profit from state property, but study ways to improve the well-being of the population. The bold lecture made Ushinsky popular.
10. 1848 was a turning point not only for social thought in Russia, but also in the life of K. D. Ushinsky. After a series of revolutions in Europe Russian authorities tightened the nuts to the limit. In particular, higher school teachers were required to prepare lecture texts and approve them from the leadership. Ushinsky found this unacceptable and resigned from the Demidov Lyceum.
11. After such a high-profile act, Ushinsky could not even get a position as a county teacher. Every cloud has a silver lining - Konstantin Dmitrievich got a job in the Ministry of the Interior. Service in the Department of Foreign Faiths was not burdensome - Ushinsky had time to study in English and writing articles for magazines.
12. Ushinsky began his professional teaching career at the Gatchina Orphanage Institute. Under the protection of his former boss in the Demidov Lyceum, Konstantin Dmitrievich was accepted into this rather privileged institution as a teacher of jurisprudence and literature.
13. A revolution in Ushinsky's pedagogical views was produced by several issues of the American journal Athenaeum, sent to him for translation. Ushinsky, in his own words, having read the materials of the magazine, did not sleep for several nights.
14. Ushinsky outlined his pedagogical doctrine in three program articles - “On the Usefulness of Pedagogical Literature”, “On Nationality in Public Education” and “Three Elements of the School” - published in 1857 - 1858.
15. In 1859, K. D. Ushinsky was appointed inspector (director) of the Smolny Institute, which at that time was a mixture of a closed boarding school (the pupils were not even allowed to go on vacation) with a secondary school. This formal promotion was in fact a link - the Smolny Institute was an ossified educational institution that did not correspond to the spirit of the times, even by the standards of the government. It was not possible to reform it because of the inertness of the teaching staff, as if stuck in the 16th century. Ushinsky reduced the period of girls' education from 9 to 7 years. In addition, he excluded rhetoric and rhetoric from the curriculum, replacing them with courses in literature and the history of Russian literature. Mathematics, geography and history began to be taught differently.
16. Working together with N. A. Vyshnegradsky, Ushinsky developed the concept of women's gymnasiums, a quarter of a century ahead of the leading European countries in this.
17. In his small apartment on the outskirts of St. Petersburg, Ushinsky regularly held "Pedagogical Thursdays" - meetings at which teachers from all over St. Petersburg exchanged experiences.
18. The book "Children's World", published by Konstantin Dmitrievich in 1861, became a bestseller. After the first print run of 3,600 copies sold out in the blink of an eye, two more print runs were completed within a year. "Children's World" was a reference book in many educational institutions. With the release of the book, Ushinsky's fame and popularity reached its zenith.
19. Ushinsky's reforms could not please the caste of bureaucrats from pedagogy. A denunciation was written against Ushinsky, in which he was charged with conceivable and unthinkable sins. And although even the imperial family supported him in every possible way, Konstantin Dmitrievich, after three years of work, was forced to resign from Smolny. The resignation was formalized as a business trip abroad to study experience while maintaining a paycheck. Such business trips in those days meant an opportunity to unwind at public expense, but for five years Ushinsky really studied teaching experience and studied the situation of women in foreign countries. In Germany, he met and became friends with the outstanding doctor Nikolai Pirogov.
The blue-eyed Irishman, who is now considered one of the most promising actors in both European cinema and Hollywood, dreamed of becoming famous since childhood. But he wanted to become a rock star, and all his free time dedicated to music. While studying at high school tried his hand as a guitarist and soloist of several musical groups, including with Paidy's younger brother in The Sons of Mr. Green Genes.
Such a passion for music soon paid off - in 1996 he made an offer to sign a contract with a music label, but it was rejected: parents did not approve of such an early involvement of children in the harsh world of show business, and the contract itself was rather "slippery", according to which young performers lost the rights to their songs. Perhaps this is for the best, because then the world would not know what Killian can become a great actor.
After college, Killian enters the university, where he begins to attend student theater. At first it was a free pastime, but it interested and addicted the guy more and more.
Killian showed unprecedented perseverance in his desire to connect life with the theater. He drops out of university and, having said goodbye to his intentions to become a lawyer, begins to go to auditions at the Corcadorca Theater Company. He gets the lead in a play with the oddly titled Disco Pigs. This performance was a resounding success in Ireland, and Killian glorified throughout the country.
A film career began in the UK, where the film adaptation of "Disco Pig" took place and Cillian Murphy got the central role, which "set the tone" for the future role.
An asocial teenager who exists only for the sake of his beloved and creates various social madness with her - that's who he was main character this movie. The roles of evil geniuses, maniacs, people on the verge of a nervous breakdown / insanity followed the blue-eyed Irishman one by one. And what can we hide, it is simply created for them.
In the United States, the actor became known after the premiere of the horror film 28 Days Later in 2002.
No matter how hard Killian tried to enroll in the ranks of "cine" protagonists, and even auditioned for the role of Batman in the movie "Batman Begins", but the image of an inveterate villain did not lag behind the actor and he gets the role of Dr. Crane. The intelligent psychiatrist turned out to be a psychopath - these are the changes within the same film that Murphy does best.
Another movie in which Killian plays the villain is 2005's Night Flight. Here, in the role of a killer, he collaborated with the beautiful Rachel McAdams, who fits perfectly into the role of the victim.
Acting skills can be appreciated in a psychological thriller Peacock 2008, in which the 32-year-old actor played a man with a split personality.
In 2004, he married his artist girlfriend Yvonne McGuinness. Replenishment in the family took place in 2005 and 2007 - the couple had sons Malaki and Aran. The whole family lives in London.
But Cillian Murphy is able to successfully create not only within the given role of killer-maniacs-psychopaths. He played a charming transvestite in Breakfast on Pluto, a physicist astronaut concerned about saving the world in Inferno, a patriotic doctor in The Wind That Shakes the Barley.
One of the latest works - In the heart of the sea "(2015)
In work, the charming 39-year-old Irishman is not “omnivorous” (as in life, being a vegetarian and trying to participate only in those projects in which he sees a challenge for himself as an actor.
