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There are flowers in the basket of the plant shown in the figure. Subject: Department of Angiosperms. Plants monoecious and dioecious

Tasks "C" USE_ 2007 - C 2

Name the method and phase of cell division shown in the figure. What process do they illustrate and what is its essence?

1) prophase of meiosis I;

2) conjugation and crossing over are shown;

3) crossing over - exchange of sites, genes between homologous chromosomes, which leads to recombination of genes.

Determine the type and phase of cell division shown in the figure. What processes take place in this phase?

1) the figure shows the metaphase of mitosis;

2) in this phase, two-chromatid chromosomes line up in the plane of the equator;

3) spindle fibers are attached to the centromeres of chromosomes.

Name the monomer shown in the diagram below. Describe the functions of the biopolymer in which it is included. What are the letters A, B, C?

1) DNA thymine nucleotide molecule;

2) DNA functions: storage and transmission of cell hereditary information;

3) A - nitrogenous base thymine, B - deoxyribose carbohydrate, C - phosphoric acid residue.

ABOUT limit the root zones indicated in fig. numbers 1, 2, 4, and indicate their functions.

1) 1 - root cap, protects the root tip from mechanical damage;

2) 2 - zone of division, ensures the growth of the root in length due to cell division;

3) 4 - the zone of absorption, the zone of root hairs, provides the absorption of water and minerals.

Name the parts of the pestle, indicated in the figure by the numbers 1, 2, 3, and the functions that they perform.

1) 1 - stigma, catches pollen;

2) 2 - the embryo sac, in which double fertilization occurs, participates in the formation of the embryo and endosperm of the seed;

3) 3 - integuments of the ovule, the seed coat is formed from it, covering the seed.

What parts of the bean seed germ are indicated in the figure by the numbers 1 and 2, and what functions do they perform?

1) 1 - root, bud (embryonic stem and leaves), 2 - cotyledons;

2) the root develops into the main root, an shoot develops from the kidney;

3) cotyledons - provide the seedling with nutrients

ABOUT determine the class and family of the angiosperm shown in the figure. Name the types of inflorescences and fruits characteristic of this family.

1) class Dicotyledonous plants;

2) the legume family (Butterfly);

3) inflorescence - brush, head;

4) the fruit is a bean.

To which family of flowering plants does the plant shown in the picture belong? Name the organs marked A and B and indicate their role in the life of the plant.

1) Cabbage family (Cruciferous);

2) A - a head of cabbage - this is a modified shoot (bud), provides wintering for two-year-old cabbage;

3) B - fruit - pod, provides distribution and protection of seeds.

H Name the object shown in the figure and its systematic position (kingdom, subkingdom, type). What process is shown in the figure and what is its biological significance?

1) infusoria-shoe; kingdom Animals, subkingdom Protozoa (Single-celled), type Ciliates;

2) process - asexual reproduction by dividing in two (simple division); 3) biological significance: the reproduction of organisms identical to the parent.

ABOUT determine the class and family of the flowering plant shown in the figure. Describe the structure of its flower. Name the organ marked A in the figure and explain its role in the life of the plant.

1) Dicotyledonous class, Rosaceae family;

2) flower: perianth of 5 corolla petals and 5 sepals, many pistils, in some species of the family - one, many stamens;

3) a modified shoot - a mustache (or stolon), provides vegetative propagation.

Specify the numbers of simple and complex inflorescences. What numbers indicate the inflorescences of the basket and head? What families of plants have them?

1) simple - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, complex - 8, 9, 10;

2) 5 - head, 6 - basket;

3) basket - Asteraceae family, head - Moth family (Bean).

TO What type of animal is shown in the picture? What is indicated by the numbers 1 and 2, what is the role of these formations in the life of an animal?

1) Sarcoflagellate type;

2) 1 - contractile vacuole, collects and removes excess water and metabolic products from the cell;

3) 2 - the core, is involved in the storage and transmission of hereditary information, regulates metabolism.

Name the parts of the flower indicated in the figure by the numbers 1, 2, 3, and explain their functions.

1) 1 - stamens, participate in sexual reproduction, form pollen with male gametes (sperms); 2) 2 - ovary of the pistil, participates in sexual reproduction, contains an ovule with an egg (female gamete);

3) 3 - sepals and petals of the corolla (perianth), serve to protect the stamens and pistil, participate in attracting insects (pollination).

Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which errors were made, explain them.

1. The anterior roots of the spinal cord include processes of sensory neurons. 2. The posterior roots consist of processes of motor neurons. 3. When the anterior and posterior roots merge, a spinal nerve is formed. 4. The total number of spinal nerves is 34 pairs. 5. The spinal cord has a cavity filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

1) 1 - the anterior roots of the spinal cord contain processes of motor neurons;

2) 2 - the posterior roots of the spinal cord contain processes of sensitive neurons;

3) 4 - the total number of spinal nerves - 31 pairs.

Name the fetus, the section of which is shown in the figure. What structural elements are indicated in the figure by the numbers 1 and 2, what functions do they perform?

1) the fruit is a grain;

2) 1 - endosperm - storage of organic substances;

3) 2 - pericarp fused with the seed coat - protection of the seed and embryo.

Task 1. "Reproduction of flowering"

1. 
   
2. 
   Why flowering plants called angiosperms?

Task 2. "Gymnosperms and flowering"

Fill the table:

Task 3. “Flower. General characteristics"

Give your answer in one sentence:

1. 
   How many species are included in the Angiosperms department?
2. 
   Life forms of flowering plants?
3. 
   What is the flowering sporophyte?
4. 
   What is the male gametophyte of flowering plants?
5. 
   What is the female gametophyte of flowering plants?
6. 
   What are the main aromorphoses that led to the emergence of flowering plants?
7. 
   What are the microsporangia of flowering plants?
8. 
   What are flowering megasporangia?
9. 
   What are flowering gametangia?
10. 
    When in life cycle meiosis occurs during the formation of gametes or spores?
11. 
    What develops from microspores and megaspores of flowering plants?
12. 
    What group do flowering plants belong to - equal or heterosporous plants?

Task 4. "Evolution of plants"

R

** Task 5. "The origin of the flower"

Look at the picture and answer the questions:

1. 
   The first flowering plants appeared (_).
2. 
   Flowering descended from (_).
3. 
   The Evantian, strobilar hypothesis of the origin of the flower suggests that the flower (_).
4. 
   According to the Pseudantian Hypothesis, the flower represents (_).

** Task 6. "The origin of the flower"

Look at the picture and answer the questions:

1. 
   What are the types of gynoeciums shown in the picture called?
2. 
   What is the name of a gynoecium formed from a single carpel?
3. 
   What gynoeciums can be called cenocarpous?
4. 
   Which gynoecium is called pseudomonocarpous?

Task 7. "Dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants"

Look at the picture and answer the questions:

1. 
   Write down under what numbers the signs characteristic of monocotyledonous plants are drawn.
2. 
   Write down under what numbers the signs characteristic of dicotyledonous plants are drawn.
3. 
   Which plants, dicotyledonous or monocotyledonous, are more ancient?

Task 8. "Dicotyledonous plants"

1. 
   
2. 
   Spare nutrients in a seed can be in (_), in (_) or (_).
3. 
   
4. 
   The leaf petiole is more common (_).
5. 
   Cambium in the stem (_).
6. 
   
7. 
   root system usually (_).
8. 
   
9. 
   Life forms are (_) and (_) plants.
10. 
    The number of flower parts is usually a multiple of (_) or (_).
11. 
    Perianth more often (_).

Task 9. "Monocotyledons"

Write down the question numbers and missing words (or groups of words):

1. 
   The number of cotyledons in the seed embryo - (_).
2. 
   The reserve nutrients in the seed are in (_).
3. 
   Leaf venation is usually (_).
4. 
   The leaf petiole is more common (_).
5. 
   Cambium in the stem (_).
6. 
   Conductive bundles in (_) type are located in the stem (_).
7. 
   The root system is usually (_).
8. 
   Secondary stem and root thickening (_).
9. 
   Life forms are (_) plants.
10. 
    The number of flower parts is usually a multiple of (_).
11. 
    Perianth more often (_).

Task 10. "Cruciferous family"

Look at the picture and answer the questions:

1. 
   How many species are in the cruciferous family?
2. 
   
3. 
   What is the formula for a cruciferous flower?
4. 
   What are the fruits of cruciferous plants?
5. 
   What are cruciferous leaves?
6. 
   

Task 11

Look at the picture and answer the questions:

1. 
   How many species are in the Rosaceae family?
2. 
   What are the life forms of the plants of the family?
3. 
   What is the formula for the Rosaceae flower?
4. 
   Try to guess: who are the five brothers, two are bearded, two are beardless, and the last fifth seems to be a freak - only a beard on the right, there is not a trace on the left.
5. 
   What are the fruits of the plants shown in the picture?
6. 
   What kind of leaves do rosaceae have?
7. 
   What groups of plants are distinguished in the family?

Task 12. "Family Legumes"

Look at the picture and answer the questions:

1. 
   How many species are in the legume family?
2. 
   What are the life forms of the plants of the family?
3. 
   What is indicated in the figure by the numbers 1 - 8?
4. 
   What is the formula for a legume flower?
5. 
   What inflorescences are typical for legumes?
6. 
   What are the fruits of beans?
7. 
   What are the leaves of the legumes shown in the picture?
8. 
   
9. 
   Why are legumes called "plant-based veal"?
10. 
    Why are legumes called "living fertilizer"?

Task 13. "Solanaceae family"

Look at the picture and answer the questions:

1. 
   How many species are in the Solanaceae family?
2. 
   What are the life forms of the plants of the family?
3. 
   What is the formula for nightshade flower?
4. 
   What are the fruits of nightshade?
5. 
   What are nightshade leaves?
6. 
   What is the significance of the plant family?
7. 
   Which poisonous plants Do you know families?

Task 14. "Family Compositae"

R


Look at the picture and answer the questions:

1. 
   How many species are in the Asteraceae family?
2. 
   What are the life forms of the plants of the family?
3. 
   What flowers are numbered 1-4?
4. 
   What inflorescence do all plants of the family have?
5. 
   What fruits (5) do Compositae have?
6. 
   What is the significance of the plant family?

Task 15. “Class Monocots. Liliaceae family»

R


Look at the picture and answer the questions:

1. 
   How many species are included in the Liliaceae family?
2. 
   What are the life forms of the plants of the family?
3. 
   What is the formula for a lily flower?
4. 
   What are the fruits of lilies?
5. 
   What underground shoots are typical for lilies?
6. 
   What is the significance of the plant family?

Task 16. “Class Monocots. Family Cereals»

Look at the picture and answer the questions:

1. 
   What is indicated in the figure by the numbers 1 - 8?
2. 
   What are the life forms of the plants of the family?
3. 
   What are the structural features of the flower of cereals?
4. 
   What inflorescences are found in plants of the family?
5. 
   What are the fruits of cereals?
6. 
   What kind of leaves do cereals have?
7. 
   What are the features of the stem of cereals?
8. 
   What is the significance of the plant family?

Task 17. "Diagrams of plants of the main families"

Look at the picture and answer the questions:

1. 
   What number represents the cruciferous diagram? flower formula? Fruit?
2. 
   What number indicates the Rosaceae diagram? flower formula? Fruit?
3. 
   What number indicates the diagram of legumes? flower formula? Fruit?
4. 
   What number indicates the nightshade diagram? flower formula? Fruit?
5. 
   What number indicates the diagram of Compositae? Flower types? inflorescences? Fruit?
6. 
   What numbers indicate the diagrams of monocots? flower formulas? Fruit?

Answers:

Exercise 1. 1. 1 - ovules; 2 - embryo sac; 3 - stamen; 4 - pollination; 5 - germination of the pollen tube; 6 - double fertilization; 7 - seed; 8 - seedling, developing sporophyte. 2. Seeds are formed inside the pericarp.

Task 2.

Signs for comparison	Gymnosperms	Flowering
Number of species flowers Male gametophyte female gametophyte Fertilization Fruit Ovules Location of ovules seeds Tracheids in xylem Trachea in xylem Sieve cells in the bast Sieve tubes in bast life forms	About 700 species Missing pollen grain Endosperm with two archegonia Sperm + egg Missing Are formed Two on the scale of the female cone Are formed Missing Only arboreal, trees and shrubs	250,000 species Are formed pollen grain embryo sac Are formed Are formed Inside the ovary of the pistil Are formed Trees, shrubs, herbs

Task 3. 1. About 250 thousand species. 2. Trees, shrubs, shrubs, shrubs, lianas, herbaceous plants. 3. Leafy plant. 4. Pollen grain. 5. Embryo sac. 6. Appearance of flower and fruit. 7. Pollen nests of the anther. 8. Nucellus in the ovule. 9. None. 10. When a dispute is formed. 11. Gametophytes. 12. Heterosporous plants.

Task 4. 1. Sporophytes in algae are often absent, diploid zygote; in mosses - a box on a leg; in club mosses, horsetails, ferns, gymnosperms and flowering plants - a leafy plant. 2. Gametophytes in algae are more often represented by a thallus that forms gametes; in mosses - a leafy plant; in club mosses, horsetails and ferns - outgrowth, in gymnosperms - pollen grains and endosperm with two archegonia; in angiosperms - pollen grain and embryo sac. 3. The development of the sporophyte and the reduction of the gametophyte occur.

Task 5. 1. In the Mesozoic era in the Cretaceous period. 2. From non-specialized ancient gymnosperms. 3. This is a modified shortened spore-bearing shoot, originally resembling a cone of gymnosperms. Megasporophylls developed into carpels, microsporophylls into stamens. 4. Collection of reduced strobili of different sexes, fused together.

Task 6. 1. 1 - apocarpous; 2 - syncarp; 3 - lysicarpous (carpels grow together laterally, but their walls are then destroyed with the preservation of the central column, to which the ovules are attached); 4 - paracarpous (occurs as a result of fusion of carpels by the edges). 2. Monocarp. 3. Syncarp, lysicarp, paracarp. 4. Coenocarpous gynoecium, in which the boundaries of fusion are invisible, and the only nest of the ovary bears only one ovule.

Task 7. 1. Characters of monocots: 2, 3, 4, 5, 9. 2. Characters of dicots: 1, 6, 7, 8, 10. 3. Dicots are more ancient.

Task 8. 1. Two. 2. Endosperm, perisperm or cotyledons. 3. Mesh. 4. Present. 5. Available. 6. Open; round. 7. Rod. 8. Happens. 9. Herbaceous and woody plants. 10. Four or five. 11. Double.

Task 9. 1. One. 2. Endosperm. 3. Arc or parallel. 4. Missing. 5. Missing. 6. Closed; at two and large quantity rings. 7. Fibrous. 8. Missing. 9. Usually herbaceous plants. 10. Three. 11. Simple.

Task 10. 1. About 3200 species. 2. Herbaceous plants predominate. 3. * H 4 L 4 T 2 + 4 P 1. 4. Pods or pods. 5. Simple and complex. 6. Vegetable and ornamental plants.

Task 11. 1. About 3000 kinds. 2. Herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees. 3. * H 5 L 5 T ∞ P 1, * H 5 L 5 T ∞ P ∞ ., or * H 5 + 5 L 5 T ∞ P ∞ 4. Sepals at the wild rose (see figure). 5. Rosehip - false fruits from a concave overgrown receptacle (tsinarodium) and inside real fruits - nuts; cherry - drupe; strawberries - false fruits from a convex overgrown receptacle (fraga, or strawberry) and real nuts (multi-nuts); blackberry - combined drupe (multi-drupe); apple tree and pear - apple. 6. Simple and complex. 7. Fruit and berry, decorative.

Task 12. 1. More than 12,000 kinds. 2. Trees, shrubs, herbs. 3. 1 - sepals; 2 - sail; 3 - oars; 4 - boat; 5 - pestle; 6 - ten stamens; 7 - bean fruit; 8 - nodules on pea roots. P (5) L 1+2+(2) T (9)+1 P 1 or P (5) L 1+2+(2) T (10) P 1 . 5. Brush, head. 6. Beans. 7. In peas - pinnate; in beans - trifoliate; in peanuts and yellow acacia - pinnate; in lupine, they are palmately complex. 8. There are food plants (peas, beans, soybeans), there are ornamental plants (caragana, or yellow acacia, robinia, or white acacia, sweet pea), fodder (clover, alfalfa), medicinal plants (melilot). 9. Contain a lot of protein. 10. Together with the roots, nitrogen compounds formed by nodule bacteria remain in the soil.

Task 13. 1. About 3000 kinds. 2. Herbs, shrubs, in tropical latitudes - even trees. 3. *H (5) L (5) T 5 P 1. 4. Berry or box. 5. Simple and complex. 6. Food plants (potatoes, tomatoes, eggplants, annual peppers), decorative plants (petunia, fragrant tobacco). 7. Henbane, dope, belladonna, tobacco.

Task 14. 1. About 25,000 species. 2. Herbaceous plants, shrubs are found in tropical countries. 3. 1 - tubular, 2 - reed, 3 - false reed, 4 - funnel. 4. Basket. 5. Achenes. 6. Food (sunflower, lettuce); decorative (asters, dahlias, chrysanthemums); a lot of medicinal plants(dandelion officinalis, chamomile officinalis).

Task 15. 1. About 4000 species. 2. Perennial herbaceous plants. 3. *O 3+3 T 3+3 P 1. 4. Berry or box. 5. Rhizomes and bulbs. 6. Vegetable (asparagus, onion, garlic); decorative (lilies, tulips, hyacinths, aloe), medicinal ( raven eye, May lily of the valley).

Task 16. 1. 1 - spikelet scales; 2 - flower scales; 3 - pistil with two forked fluffy stigmas; 4 - stamens; 5 - two flower films; 6 - straw stalk; 7 - leaf sheath; 8 - the fruit of the grain. 2. Most are herbaceous plants, but there are shrubs and woody forms. 3. Flowers have two lemmas, two flower films, three stamens and one pistil, the flower formula is O (2) + 2 T 3 P 1. 4. Complex ear, panicle, cob, sultan. 5. Cereals. 6. Vaginal, narrow, long with parallel venation. 7. Most cereals have a straw stalk. 8. Cereals (wheat, rye, corn, rice and others) are the main food product containing protein.

Task 17. 12; * H 4 L 4 T 2 + 4 P 1. The fruits are pods or pods. 2.6; *Ch 5 L 5 T ∞ P 1 , *Ch 5 L 5 T ∞ P ∞ ., or *Ch 5+5 L 5 T ∞ P ∞ . False fruits of the wild rose from a concave overgrown receptacle (tsinarodium) and inside the real fruits are nuts; false fruits from a convex overgrown receptacle (fraga, or strawberry) and real nuts (multi-nuts); drupe; combined drupe (multi-drupe); apple. 3.7; P (5) L 1+2+(2) T (9)+1 P 1 or P (5) L 1+2+(2) T (10) P 1 . The fruits are beans. 4.1; * H (5) L (5) T 5 P 1. The fruits are berries or capsules. 5.4; Flowers are tubular, reed, pseudo-reed, funnel-shaped. Inflorescence - basket. The fruits are seeds. 6. 3 - lily; *O 3+3 T 3+3 P 1. The fruits are berries or capsules. 5 - cereals; O (2)+2 T 3 P 1 . The fruits are grains.

Municipalstage of the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren in biology

Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra

2015-2016 academic year

Grade 9

Dear Guys!

Congratulations on participating in the municipal stage All-Russian Olympiad biology students! When answering questions and completing tasks, do not rush, as the answers are not always obvious and require the use of not only biological knowledge, but also general erudition, logic and creativity.Time to complete tasks 180 minutes (3 hours). The maximum score is 68. Good luck in your work!

Part I

You are offered test tasks that require the choice of only one answer out of four possible. The maximum number of points that can be scored is 30 (1 point for each test item). The index of the answer that you consider the most complete and correct, indicate in the answer matrix.

1. Mycobacteria are pathogens:

a) syphilis;

b) jaundice;

c) tuberculosis;

d) mycoses.

2. Kukushkin flax breeds:

a) zoospores;

b) seeds under adverse conditions;

c) disputes;

d) aplanospores.

3. Red algae differ from green and brown algae in that:

a) red algae do not form chlorophyll a;

b) red algae do not have a sexual process;

c) unicellular red algae were not found;

d) in the life cycle of red algae there are no cells with flagella.

4. Of the listed algae, they are able to absorb organic matter from the environment:

a) spirogyra and fucus;

b) spirogyra and ulotrix;

c) chlamydomonas and chlorella;

d) kelp and fucus.

5. In the basket of the plant shown

in the picture, flowers:

a) reed;

b) false-lingual;

c) tubular and false-lingual;

d) reed and tubular

6. Strawberry Leaves:

a) unpaired pinnate;

b) ternary;

c) palmately complex;

d) complex single leaf.

7. On a cross section of a 3-year-old linden stem, you can see:

a) cambium, inside from it is the core, and outside - the bark;

b) cambium, wood inside from it, and bark outside;

c) procambium, outside of it is bark, and inside - wood;

d) procambium, the central cylinder is outside of it, and wood is inside.

8. In one cell of the pulp of a mature rowan fruit under a microscope, plastids can be seen:

a) leukoplasts, chloroplasts and chromoplasts;

b) leukoplasts and chloroplasts;

c) leukoplasts and chromoplasts;

d) chromoplasts.

9. Underground seed germination is typical for:

a) castor beans;

c) pumpkins;

d) English oak.

10. Resin passages are typical for:

a) conifers;

b) Compositae;

c) umbrella;

d) all of the listed plants.

11. What kind of blood is in the heart of the toothless: venous (with low content oxygen) or arterial (oxygenated)?

a) venous;

b) arterial;

c) in the atria it is venous, and in the ventricle it is arterial;

d) arterial in the left atrium, venous in the right atrium, mixed in the ventricle.

12. What is the pericardial sinus filled with in crayfish?

a) water;

b) coelomic fluid;

c) arterial blood;

d) venous blood.
13. Why are representatives of this species of animals (see figure) dangerous to humans?

a) carriers of protozoa - pathogens of a dangerous disease;

b) carriers of bacteria - pathogens of a dangerous disease;

c) have poisonous glands, the bite is dangerous for people with diseases of the cardiovascular system;

d) are not dangerous.

14. The figure shows the organ of movement, characteristic of:

a) jellyfish;

b) crustaceans;

c) echinoderms;

G) annelids.

15. How does crayfish breathe?

a) atmospheric oxygen;

b) oxygen dissolved in water;

c) in different ways, depending on the degree of pollution of the reservoir;

d) in different ways, depending on the time of year.

16. Which group of insects are termites closest to?

a) bees

b) ants;

c) cockroaches;

d) orthoptera.
17. Which of these groups of animals has a class rank in the classification?

a) bats;

b) brachiopods;

c) gastropods;

d) winged.

18. The mask is part of the oral apparatus:

a) termite soldiers;

b) gravedigger beetles;

c) spider-cross;

d) dragonfly larvae.

a) echinococcus;

b) roundworm;

c) cat fluke;

d) bull tapeworm.

a) echinococcus;

b) malarial plasmodium;

c) dysenteric amoeba;

d) whiplash.

21. Which bird specializes in foraging in flight?

a) blackbird

b) robin;

c) finch;

d) black swift.

22. Which of the mammals is characterized by the absence of fangs in the dental system?

a) manul;

b) shrew;

c) zebra;

d) gopher.

23. Which of the birds builds nests in hollows?

a) blackbird;

b) common nuthatch;

c) black-headed warbler;

d) green foam.

24. Representatives of what class are worms?

a) round-mouthed;

b) mammals;

c) reptiles;

d) amphibians.
25. How polar bear hunt penguins in nature?

a) knocks down with a paw in the air;

b) waits in ambush;

c) catches up by swimming;

d) no way.

26. In passerine birds, a short powerful beak is associated with nutrition:

a) seeds

b) fruits;

c) large animal food;

d) insects.

27. When a dog marks someone else's urinary tag, this is an example:

a) motivation;

b) alarms;

c) orientation;

d) communications.

28. In birds, the leading sense organ is:

a) vision;

b) sense of smell;

d) touch.

29. Which of the following types better satisfies the concept

"r-strategist"?

A) grass frog;

b) African elephant;

c) bank vole;

d) viviparous lizard.

30. Which of the mammals is characterized by the absence of fangs in the dental system?

a) red evening party;

b) white hare;

31. Bones of the roof of the skull belong to the bones:

a) airy;

b) spongy;

c) flat;

d) tubular.

32. Unlike an adult, a child under 6–7 years old does not have:

a) incisors;

b) fangs;

c) small molars;

d) large molars.
33. Membrane resting potential with increasing concentration of extracellular potassium:

a) is increasing

b) does not change;

c) decreases;

d) changes sign.

34. In skeletal muscles, the appearance of calcium in the cytoplasm is due to:

a) activation of calcium pumps;

b) activation of the sodium-calcium exchanger;

c) closing of voltage-sensitive channels in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum;

d) opening of calcium-dependent calcium channels in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum.

35. Cross-striped fibers are characteristic of muscle tissues, which provide:

a) rotation of the eyeball;

b) compression of the walls of the lymphatic vessels;

c) constriction of the pupil;

d) pupil dilation.

36. Salivation centers are located in:

a) midbrain

b) cerebellum;

c) diencephalon;

d) medulla oblongata.

37. Parietal cells of the gastric mucosa secrete:

a) pepsinogen;

b) trypsinogen;

c) hydrochloric acid;

d) alpha-amylase.

38. Erythrocytes placed in hypertonic solution:

a) burst, releasing the contents in environment;

b) decrease in volume and wrinkle;

c) retain their disc shape due to the activation of electrolyte transfer systems;

d) stick together (agglutinate) with the formation of a precipitate.

39. Organelles present in cells of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes:

a) endoplasmic reticulum;

b) mitochondria;

c) lysosomes;

d) ribosomes.

40. Animals that live in soil and caves have some common features. Find one wrong one among them.

a) reduction of pigmentation;

b) reduction of visual perception;

c) reduction of all sense organs;

d) adaptation to constant abiotic conditions.

Part II.

You are offered test tasks with one answer option out of four possible, but requiring a preliminary multiple choice. The maximum number of points that can be scored is 20 (2 points for each test task). The index of the answer that you consider the most complete and correct, indicate in the answer matrix.

1. 
   Infusoria balantidia - 1) lives in fresh water, 2) moves with the help of flagella, 3) does not have a contractile vacuole, 4) carries out the sexual process - conjugation, 5) has one nucleus.

a) 3, 4

b) 1, 2

c) 1, 2, 5

d) 2, 4

e) 3, 4, 5

1. 
   The animal shown in the figure is 1) covered with horny scales, 2) reproduces at the larval stage (neotenic), 3) has one lumbar vertebra, 4) performs double breathing, 5) does not have a hard palate.

1. 
   The optical system of the eye includes - 1) pupil, 2) cornea, 3) sclera, 4) lens, 5) retina.

1. 
   Of these substances, soluble in water are 1) beta-carotene, 2) erythrose, 3) ATPase, 4) maltose, 5) inulin.

Part III.

You are offered test tasks in the form of judgments, with each of which you must either agree or reject. In the response matrix, indicate the answer option “yes” or “no” by putting an X in the appropriate box. The maximum number of points that can be scored is 10 (1 point for each task).
1. All autotrophic organisms are also phototrophic.

2. From the total light energy reaching photosynthetic organisms, about 1% visible light used by them.

3. Light intensity and quality vary vertically in the forest canopy.

4. Body lower plants always represented by a thallus with large leaves.

5. Hawthorn spines are modified shoots.

6. The seed embryo at the earliest stages of germination is heterotrophic.

7. Lungfish - an extinct group of fish from which the first amphibians originated.

8. Myxins do not have a larval stage in the development cycle.

9. All representatives of the phylum Chordates are dioecious animals. 10. Regeneration in polyps occurs due to the division of skin-muscle cells.

11. All invertebrates use external fertilization.

12. The bulk of the muscles in birds is located on the ventral side.

13. The group of mammalian skin glands includes sweat, sebaceous and milk glands.

14. The main organ that, under the influence of the hormone insulin, provides a decrease in blood glucose levels is the liver.

15. Strict bed rest for a month does not affect the water and electrolyte balance of the blood.
Part IV.

You are offered test tasks that require compliance. The maximum number of points that can be scored is 8. Fill in the answer matrices in accordance with the requirements of the tasks.

1. Compare the named biochemical processes and organelles in which these processes take place.

2. In mammals, hormones are involved in the regulation of numerous processes. Correlate, using letter designations, the names of these hormones, indicated by numbers, with their functions, indicated by letters.

Hormones	1	2	3	4	5
Functions:

3. Establish a correspondence between the cell forms of causative agents of bacterial infections (1 - 4) and the diseases they cause (A - Z).

It's no secret that many plants are covered with flowers that are modified shoots. At the same time, some plants have single flowers, and some have whole inflorescences. What is an inflorescence? So, the inflorescence is not just a modified shoot, but a whole system of shoots, from which fruits with seeds subsequently appear.

Classification of inflorescences

In botany, there are many different ways classification of inflorescence species: depending on the presence of leaves on them, depending on their branching, in the direction of leaf opening, and so on. But the most popular method is the classification of inflorescences according to the degree of their branching, according to which all inflorescences, first of all, can be divided into simple and complex.

Simple inflorescences

• umbrella,
• brush,
• ear,
• shield,
• head,
• basket.

Some of them can be discussed in more detail.

In the picture, the inflorescence is an umbrella, on it all the pedicels go away from the top of the axis of the inflorescence. An example of an umbrella inflorescence can be a cherry.

Here we have an inflorescence brush, it has individual flowers located one after another on well-marked pedicels. Examples of brush inflorescences can be lily of the valley (shown in the picture), bird cherry, cabbage.

Spike inflorescence - forms flowers that do not have pedicels, they are located on a common axis of the inflorescence, such as, for example, in plantain.

The basket inflorescence is distinguished by the fact that it usually has numerous small sessile flowers located on a thick and wide inflorescence bed. Examples of basket inflorescences can be inflorescences of sunflower, dandelion, aster, sow thistle and many other plants.

Complex inflorescences

Complex inflorescences, in turn, are formed from simple ones, as a result of branching of the main axis. Examples of complex inflorescences can be a panicle, a complex ear, a complex umbrella, etc.

The complex spike inflorescence in the picture is distinguished by the fact that several spikelets sit on it in a common axis, each of which is formed by several flowers. An example of an inflorescence complex ear is rye.

What does an inflorescence do

What practical use and the meaning of inflorescences in biology? Very important, because the inflorescences play big role in the pollination of flowers, it is thanks to them that the efficiency of this very pollination increases. It is much easier and easier for insects to notice a very large inflorescence than small flowers. Also, thanks to the inflorescences, it is more convenient for them to fly from one flower to another.

Inflorescences, video

And finally, a thematic video with a detailed story about inflorescences.