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Neologisms in Russian. The composition of neologisms in modern Russian

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. The Russian language is constantly enriched with new words.

They are borrowed from other languages, appear as a result of scientific progress, or are invented by specific people, most often writers or media people.

And then these words go to the people and become a familiar part of our speech. A similar phenomenon and called neologisms.

What is it and examples of the emergence of neologisms

This term itself, like many in the Russian language, has ancient Greek roots. And it literally translates as " new word"- "neos" (new) and "logos" (word).

For every time characteristic neologisms. For example, the words familiar to us today

PUMP, OXYGEN, DRAWING, CONSTELLATION, THERMOTER, DIAMETER, HORIZON, SQUARE, MINUS

introduced into the Russian language Mikhail Vasilyevich. That is, until the middle of the 18th century, they did not exist in the Russian language at all. Lomonosov read many foreign works on physics, chemistry, astronomy, geology, and then translated them. And for ease of understanding invented new words.

“I was forced to look for words to designate some tools, things and actions. And although at first they will seem somewhat strange, I hope that they will become more familiar with time ”(M.V. Lomonosov)

Or another example. In the middle of the last century, they became actively explore space. And the following words have entered our lexicon:

COSMONAUT, SUIT, COSMODROME, MODULE, WEIGHTNESS, etc.

Now we take them for granted. And then it was also considered neologisms.

At all V Soviet time there are a lot of new words:

Komsomol, collective farm, sherpotreb, public catering, savings bank and others.

But also present day we are constantly given new terms. For example, with the development mobile communications in the Russian language the words are firmly entrenched:

And SELFI was generally recognized as the word of the year a couple of years ago. Our parents never heard of this, but now it is familiar to every schoolchild.

Or, for example, take financial sector. The most recent neologisms in Russian are (virtual money) and (mining cryptocurrency), and the word FERMA has acquired another meaning. Previously, it was an enterprise for the production of agricultural products, and now it is also a computer network for "breeding" virtual money.

A little later we will give a lot of similar examples taken from different areas.

Classification of neologisms

appear in our language constantly(for example, I’ll come up with a couple now and they will appear), but not all of them are fixed in it.

Therefore, "new words" can be divided into three categories:

1. The words that don't get no spread and "die";
2. The words that do not become popular, but remain in memory;
3. The words that popularized and move from neologisms to common ones.

Interestingly, the main "parents" of such words are children who simply do not have enough vocabulary (read "From 2 to 5" and find out that you can "macaroni"):

Mom, let me UNPACK the bags.
Dad, look how the rain HAS BEEN.
Since you can call on the phone, it means that he is a SPINE.

DRAIN lips from the cold (V. Mayakovsky)
And whom do you want to surprise with your COMFORT? (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin)
With the young ladies in the mazurka LEMON (F. Dostoevsky)

Examples of neologisms that came from literature

Many, many words were given to us by writers and poets. For example, English writer Thomas More wrote the book Utopia. In it, he spoke about a fictional island on which an ideal system of statehood was built. But in real life, this was impossible to achieve.

And so it became synonymous with a certain perfection, which, with all the desire, cannot be achieved.

Another example is the word ROBOT, which appeared thanks to the Czech science fiction writer Karel Capek. In 1920, he wrote the novel R.U.R (Rossum's Universal Robots) and it had a factory where "artificial people" were made. The author called them robots, taking as a basis the Czech word "robota", which means "hard labor".

Or take the Russian classics. Ivan Goncharov wrote the novel "Oblomov" and gave us all the word OBLOMOVSHINA. It has become synonymous with stagnation, laziness and routine.

And thanks to Ivan Turgenev and his novel Fathers and Sons, we learned, namely, a philosophy that denies any generally accepted values ​​and ideals. And although the word itself was not invented by Turgenev, it was not used in Russian before him.

Here are more examples of neologisms that were born thanks to writers and poets:

And some of the brightest heroes of the books have become common nouns, which can also be considered neologisms. For example, SHERLOCK HOLMES (smart, making difficult conclusions), PLYUSHKIN (dragging everything into the house), LEFT-HANDED (skillful, skilled), WINNIE-POOH (offensive nickname for fat people), LOLITA (young, attractive girl), DERZHIMORDA (rude, with policemen tendencies) and so on.

Dictionary of neologisms

And now, as promised, we will give examples of some neologisms that appeared in our language quite recently, just a couple of decades ago.

Most of them were simply borrowed from other languages ​​(mainly from English).

Economy and trade

– an overseas financial center where foreign companies keep money
FUTURES - a type of transaction on the stock exchange
- depreciation.
- running a business ready template»
- type of bankruptcy

Policy

BLOCKCHAIN ​​- election control system
MUNICIPALITY - local self-government

Computer techologies

SOFT - software
FLASH DRIVE - data storage device
MAIL - Email
– publication (including repeated) in social networks
LIKE - mark the post you liked
– improvement
BLOG - Internet diary
- search the internet
- the term of the work (order).
- problem with meeting deadlines
- fake, forgery
— training

mobile connection

ROAMING - communication services in other countries
RINGTONE - phone ringtone

Gastronomy

Buffet - a type of meal
SHAKER - a vessel for making cocktails
BLENDER - a device for whipping and grinding
MERCHANDISER - merchandiser

Cosmetology

LIFTING - skin tightening
SCRUB - skin cleansing cream
PEELING - skin cleansing

Culture and entertainment

CASTING - competitive selection
PRODUCER - financial manager when creating films or performances
event organizer
REMAKE/REMIX – a new version old music or film
REALITY SHOW - a type of TV show
DRESS CODE - uniform at work and in other places

Advertising and fashion

- showroom with product samples
PR - brand promotion
- prevailing trend
- a well-known person who goes to concerts, theaters, cinemas

Sport

FAN ZONE - a place of mass gathering of fans
REFERI - a synonym for a judge

It is also worth noting that neologisms may include words that have been in the language for a long time, but they have completely new meanings. For example, the ROOF began to be called the guard, the MOUSE - a computer accessory, the KETTLE - an inept beginner, and the SOVKOM - reminiscent of the USSR.

That, in fact, is all you need to know about neologisms.

Good luck to you! See you soon on the blog pages site

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Once upon a time, the appearance of the first radios, telephones and televisions shocked the whole world. It was truly amazing! New phenomena demanded names. Thus, words-neologisms entered the Russian speech, which until now were not in it and could not be.

Today, the words "telephone" and "TV" can hardly be attributed to the category of "neologisms". Examples of modern new words refer to other realities. “Computer”, “cellular”, “mobile” were also neologisms quite recently. But they very soon left the pedestal of novelty. Today, every kid easily operates with these words.

"Promoter", "restyling", "rebranding", "nanotechnology", "franchising" - these words are not yet understood and known to everyone. Therefore, it is still possible to define them in the group of "neologisms". Examples of these new words are a temporary phenomenon. After all, very soon people will get used to them and will use them in everyday speech.

Although this often happens: neologisms do not take root in Russian speech! Examples of such rejection are words that are inconvenient in pronunciation, dissonant. And although they are used in speech, however, many try to avoid letter combinations that press on the ear. This is what happened with the word “photocopy”, which was formed from “photocopy”. And everything seems to be correct, but it is not very pleasant to hear.

Basically, the words listed above were borrowed by the Russian language from foreigners, these are the so-called "neologisms that came from other languages." Examples of this phenomenon may have another way of appearance. For example, there are new author's, individual-stylistic words.

This process is called word-formation derivation. That is, someone, using well-known morphemes and generally accepted word models, forms a new, more brightly colored word in the stylistic aspect. Examples of neologisms invented by writers are Gogol's adjective "green-haired", released by Mayakovsky "sickle", "hammered", "hulk". True, today these words can already be called archaisms: both the sickle and the hammer have disappeared from the coat of arms of the country, and the image of the “green-haired birch” is present in every second poem.

There are several ways to transfer foreign words into Russian. It can be a full tracing-paper of a word, for example, "Internet", "computer", "Skype". The ending is simply added to these words in speech.

Sometimes the process of transliteration can be traced in the language. That is, the word, as it were, is assimilated under the influence of the rules of pronunciation of the language that accepts it. This happened with the Latin word "intonatio", which in Russian began to sound like "intonation".

Today it has become very fashionable to “joke” with language, composing your own words, mixing foreign words and Russians or morphemes. It often turns out to be a rather ridiculous neologism. Examples are the expressions “face about the table”, “Skype”, “geymanul”.

Most literary scholars believe that excessive clogging of the Russian language harms it rather than helps it develop. After all, many phenomena can be called in Russian. This is especially true of new job titles and positions that, if you think about it, already exist.

The development of society, technological progress, objects and processes in everyday life - all this is reflected in the language, and specifically - in the emergence of new words and phrases. It is they who will be called neologisms - which, translated from ancient Greek, means nothing more than a “new word” (“neos” - new, “logos” - a word).

Neologism is a word or phrase that has recently appeared in the language. Most often these are borrowed words from other languages. Over time, words lose the status of neologism.

The specificity of neologisms lies in the fact that against the background common words they may not be clear to everyone, they belong to the category of passive vocabulary, while they may look somewhat colorful and original. Dead languages ​​do not have such new words, but developed languages ​​are replenished with them not even annually, but monthly and daily. It is connected with very rapid development progress, information technology, the sphere of relationships, thanks to which these words appear in everyday life of people.

Talking about what is neologism, it should be noted that the word will be in this status only for a certain period of time. Having lost its innovation and incomprehensibility, having become a familiar word for most people, neologism passes into the category of commonly used concepts. And new words come to replace, and this is how the renewal of the language goes.

Examples of neologisms.

Here are a few neologism words with their meaning as an example:

Florist a botanist who studies plants (flora). Often applied to sellers in flower shops. In most cases, it means a person who understands flowers and works in the field of selling flowers and other plants.

Manager- an employee of the company involved in the management of something. Currently used too widely to give precise definition. Initially, a manager is a manager (from the English "manage" - to manage, manage, dispose).

Security- security. The word borrowed from the English language - security, is translated as protection. Borrowed as a fashion for "glamorous" job titles. This is just a security guard, not a security guard or a security manager.

Shoes by Christian Louboutin.

Types of neologisms.

Experts divide neologisms into several groups, highlighting:

• general language;
• author's (words created by the authors of works of art).

They also distinguish lexical neologisms themselves, and semantic neologisms - old words, but with a new meaning (menu, zebra).

Author's neologisms are unusual, and it is important that they are usually tied to a particular work of art and may not be understood in a different context. Among the most famous authors who composed new words and phrases are such luminaries as V. Mayakovsky, V. Khlebnikov, I Severyanin, M Saltykov-Shchedrin.

Features of the appearance of neologisms

Neologisms in Russian, as in any other, appear constantly, but a particularly large influx of them is observed in special periods:

• change in the type of society, forms of government, social structure(revolutions, wars, coups);
• modernization and technological progress.

Fundamental changes in society entail various changes in all areas, and the language will not be an exception. After October 1917, a huge number of neologisms appeared: the Komsomol, the workers' faculty, shock workers, collective farms and others.

The rapid development of technology at the end of the XX-beginning of the XXI centuries, various political and economic processes also caused the appearance of new words in the language: offshore, life science, coach, selfie, roaming, security, spread, rating, catering and many others.

The Russian language has a constantly changing vocabulary: some previously commonly used vocabulary is now almost never used, while others, on the contrary, are increasingly used by us. Examples of obsolete words and neologisms are numerous, indicating the development of the language.

Such phenomena are closely connected with the change in social life: a new word arises with the appearance of a new concept, and if people no longer turn to some object or phenomenon, then the term that serves to designate it is not used either. In this article we will look at obsolete words and their uses, types and features.

Obsolete words: definition

Obsolete words are those that in a given period of time are either very rarely used or not used at all (for example, right hand, child, Red Army soldier, mouth, people's commissar).

Word obsolescence is a process, so different concepts may be at different stages. Still not out of active use, but used less often than before, the words are called "obsolete vocabulary".

Neologisms and archaisms are used in different purposes. The latter are used, for example, to name phenomena and objects, that is, they perform a nominative function (for example, in scientific and historical works). In works fiction devoted to a historical theme, such vocabulary plays a nominative-stylistic role - it serves not only to designate a specific reality, but also creates a certain flavor of a given era.

IN artistic text obsolete words can be used to indicate the time when an action takes place. Archaisms (and neologisms) can also serve a proper stylistic purpose. give the text solemnity, being a means of expressiveness.

Neologisms: definition

We will answer the question of what neologisms are, we will also try to give examples. These are new words that have not yet become everyday and familiar. Their composition is constantly changing, some of the neologisms take root in the Russian language, while others do not. So, the word "satellite" in the middle of the 20th century was a neologism. Annual funds mass media use tens of thousands of new terms and concepts, but not all of them are included in everyday use. Some are used only once per oral speech or any text, while others are included in the linguistic composition and, being used repeatedly, lose their novelty. Certain new terms, having not yet entered the main lexical fund, immediately fall out of use and become obsolete (such a fate befell, for example, the vocabulary of the post-revolutionary years: general education, zhendelegatka, businessman, kerenka).

Ways of the appearance of new words

Obsolete words and neologisms of the Russian language are a very interesting phenomenon. It is especially interesting to learn how new concepts appear. They arise in several ways:

The formation of a lexical neologism (a new term) from morphemes and words already existing in the language according to existing models: drywall, disk drive, fiber optic;

By borrowing some foreign word with the subsequent formation of new ones from it according to the existing word-formation models in the language: scanner, scan, scan;

The formation of a new lexical meaning of a term that already exists in the language (in this sense, words are called semantic neologisms), which occurs, among other things, by tracing the meanings of words in another language: a mouse is both a device for entering information into a computer and an animal; a hard drive is both a device for storing information in a computer and a gun;

The formation of some stable phrases with a new meaning (including calqués): motherboard, HDD.

Archaisms and historicisms

Among obsolete vocabulary, archaisms and historicisms are distinguished. Obsolete words and neologisms, examples of which are given in this article, have a different fate.

It is determined by their use in speech, and not by "age": those who call necessary, vital concepts and terms do not age for centuries, while others quickly become archaic, we stop using them, since the objects themselves, denoted by these words, disappear. For example, the education system in our country has changed, and therefore such terms as cool lady, college student, realist (meaning "a student of a real school") have left the speech.

The concept of "historicism"

Words that serve as names for concepts, objects and phenomena that have already disappeared are called historicisms. All of the above terms apply to them. These words occupy a special position in our language, since they are the only designations for obsolete objects. Historicisms, therefore, do not and cannot have any synonyms. IN works of art, historical literature about the past of the people, they are inevitably used, because thanks to them the color of a particular era is recreated. These words give features of historical authenticity to the description of the past.

Thus, historicisms are words that we have ceased to use due to the fact that the phenomena and objects they designate have disappeared: caftan, bursa, posadnik. They are used mainly in various texts describing the past (both artistic and scientific).

The concept of "archaism"

Archaisms are words that have passed into a passive reserve because the phenomena, objects and concepts they designate that still exist today have new names. There are different types of them, depending on which aspect of a particular word is outdated:

Lexical, if the word itself is outdated and its sound-letter complex is no longer used, and the meaning is now indicated by a new vocabulary unit;

Semantic - in the case when the word exists in the modern language, but has lost some meaning or several of them ("to deprive the stomach");

Phonetic - if the sound appearance of a term has changed, reflected in its spelling ("eighteen years");

Derivational - when the very word-formation structure of this word ("poison caplet");

Grammatical - if certain grammatical forms are out of use.

Archaisms are fundamentally different from historicisms. If the latter are the names of some obsolete items, then the first ones are obsolete names for ordinary concepts and phenomena that we encounter in everyday life.

Types of archaisms

Among the archaisms, specific groups of words can be distinguished. Some of them differ from their commonly used synonyms by specific features in sound, non-vowel sound combinations (young - young, gold - gold, city - hail, coast - shore, raven - vran; the second words in these pairs sound archaic). These obsolete words are called phonetic archaisms. These include terms such as klob (club in modern vocabulary), numer (number), stora (shtora), goshpital (hospital) and other obsolete words and expressions in Russian that can be found among writers and poets of the 19th century. They often differ from their "rivals" in just one sound, less often in several of them or in an outdated accent.

As you can see from the examples, the obsolete vocabulary is distinguished by the degree of its archaism: some words are still used in speech, for example, by poets, while others are known to us only from works of literature of the last century. There are some that are completely forgotten today.

A very interesting phenomenon is the archaization of a certain meaning of a word.

Its result is the appearance of semantic, or semantic, archaisms, that is, such words that are used in an outdated, unusual meaning for us. Their knowledge helps to correctly understand the language of classical literature.

How neologisms appear

We have already answered the question of what neologisms are, we have given examples of them above. Now let's find out how they arise in Russian. What appears faster: archaisms and neologisms? Let's figure it out.

The speed of appearance is different for such layers of vocabulary as obsolete words and neologisms, examples of which are proposed in this article. Much more intense and faster is the process of replenishing the language with a new lexical composition. In recent years, in about 15-20 years, great historical changes have taken place in our country, which directly affected the state of the vocabulary of the Russian language. The neologisms that appeared at this time include such formations that did not exist before, not only in literary language, but also in any other areas of its use (territorial and social dialects, functional styles). Only with restructuring vocabulary included such concepts as agrobank (that is, a land bank), corporatization (transformation into Joint-Stock Company state enterprise by issuing and selling various shares), targeted (addressed to a specific group of people), anti-market (that is, the opponent of the country's transition to a market economy), as well as hyperinflation (inflation that is rapidly developing and threatening economic collapse) and some others.

Types of neologisms

As you have already noticed, neologisms are opposed to obsolete words. New units of vocabulary in their design are either individual words(tenancy, anti-Stalinism, audio cassette, ATM, bandit formation), or compound names (UFO - poverty line - a certain level of well-being of the population, ensuring the minimum consumption of basic material goods).

Such neologisms are considered lexical. Phraseological ones can also be noted here, which are recently emerged, for example: turn on (that is, start additional typing paper money, which is not provided by the production of goods), hang noodles on the ears (meaning "to mislead someone"), etc.

Lexico-phraseological neologisms are phraseological units, compound terms and words.

Four groups of neologisms

As you can see, the functions of obsolete words and neologisms are different. We have already mentioned the role of the former. All new words according to their purpose can be divided into four main groups.

The first of them includes the names of concepts and realities that did not exist earlier in the life of the people: revivalists - followers of the pseudo-patriotic movements of Russia, striving for its revival, grant - certain subsidies, which are a form of additional financial support scientific research, and etc.

The second group of neologisms is created to designate phenomena that already take place in public life, but for some reason, for example, ideological, did not receive their designation: returnee - voluntarily returned from emigration to his homeland, extrajudicial - who is outside the boundaries of legal proceedings, Leninist, command-bureaucratic and etc.

The third group consists of those pointing to realities that do not exist in real life, but are possible in fantasies, predicted when further development technology and science: spaceship, nuclear winter, cyborg.

The last, fourth group includes lexical units that duplicate words with a certain lexical meaning. This includes ideographic (full) synonyms that are identical in stylistic coloring and meaning: thoughtful - balanced, statesman - sovereign, historical - fateful, servile - loyal.

Interstyle and neologisms peculiar to a certain style of speech

Neologisms in the sphere of use are mainly interstyle, that is, used in all (intergirl, image, case, yogurt, beneficiary, liberal democratic, drug business, interbank). However, a certain part of them is characteristic of a specific style: journalistic (dissident, rollback, drug lord, integrator, balance), scientific (bio-locator, aura, ozone hole, radioecology, clone), business (dealer, depositary, natural monopoly) or colloquial (xerite, compromising evidence, cash, cheating, bad luck, strained).

We answered the question about what obsolete words and neologisms are. There are a variety of examples of them, only a few of them have been indicated in this article. In fact, both of them represent a significant layer of vocabulary. There are even special dictionaries where you can find other examples of obsolete words and neologisms.

The modern world is moving, changing and developing very quickly. Of course, all these changes are reflected in speech. That is why in English language, just like in Russian, every year there are many neologisms that describe modern reality. They cover social problems, new technologies and phenomena. Let's see what neologisms recent years appeared in English.

Technology

Technologies are developing by leaps and bounds. Now you almost never meet a person who does not have some fashionable “device”. In this regard, there are a great many neologisms in this area:

selfie- that's what needs no explanation, which of us has not photographed himself on a phone or tablet? We habitually translate into Russian as “selfie”.

digital hangover- means a feeling of shame that appears in a person who had great fun yesterday at a party, and today he is watching "compromising evidence" on the Internet. The so-called "digital hangover".

cloud computing- the possibility of storing data and information on servers, access to which is opened via the Internet. In Russian, this term is known to us as "cloud data storage".

Zenware- specially designed computer programs, allowing the user to focus on work, avoiding distractions.

Phablet- a term formed from the merger of two words - "phone" and "tablet". Means a smartphone that is larger than the screen of ordinary smartphones, but still not as big as a tablet. We affectionately call such gadgets "shovels".

Gloatgram- photos on the Instagram network showing great life their author, travel or food. You can jokingly translate “hvastogram” into Russian.

iFinger- a real-life term, means a finger that we deliberately leave clean when eating in order to use a smartphone or tablet.

textretary- a playful word formed from "text" and "secretary". Means a person who is typing a message for another while driving. There is no exact correspondence in Russian, but "navigator-secretary" can be used descriptively.

digital detox- Tired of endless social networks and "Google"? Do you want to spend time in the real, not the virtual world? It is this pastime process that is called "digital detox" or digital detoxification.

Catfishing- communication on the Internet sometimes causes a temptation to exaggerate or embellish something when describing yourself and your life. In this case, you are engaged in "catfishing".

Phone-yawn- a phenomenon when one person takes out a mobile phone to, for example, see the time, as a result of which all the surrounding people also take out their phones. The "contagiousness" of this action is compared to yawning.

Guerilla proofreading- careful or rather meticulous searching for errors in the text of messages and then publicly pointing them out.

Cyberstalking is a term for the process of virtual stalking or monitoring. It is most often translated into Russian as "virtual persecution".

Cchild supervision- a phenomenon when children who are well versed in modern "gadgets" help their parents in using them.

Pancake people- a generation of active Internet users who at first glance know a lot, but in fact all their knowledge is rather superficial.

Dialogue
- Hey Tom. I can see that you"re using your smartphone again. You really need to have a digital detox.
- Hi, Mary. I wish I could. I keep receiving these messages from someone who threads me.
- That looks like cyberstalking.
- I don't think so, it seems like I receive messages from a pancake person. He makes so many mistakes!
- Maybe it's a child having fun?
- Well, it's definetely not funny for me.

Dialogue
- Hi Tom! I see you are using your smartphone again. It's time for you to really digital detox.
- Hey, Mary! If I could. I keep getting messages from someone threatening me.
- Looks like cyber stalking.
- I don't think it looks like I'm getting messages from someone ignoramus. He makes so many mistakes!
- Maybe some kid is fooling around?
Well, I'm definitely not laughing.

social life

No less than in the technological sphere, neologisms appear in the household sphere. Here is a list of the most interesting and useful words on social topics.

bromance- this word describes the close friendship of two straight guys.

Facepalm- probably everyone famous word, which expresses a light slap on the face with a hand to express a whole range of emotions, from irritation to disappointment and even disgust. In Russian, we most often just say “facepalm”, in some cases you can hear the expression “hand-face”.

Dreamathon- probably a well-known term to everyone, means the process when a person turns off the alarm clock several times, while seeing a new dream before each next call. You can jokingly translate “snorafon” into Russian.

Chandelier earrings - we are talking about massive earrings made of beads, precious stones, etc. Earrings become so "complex" that they resemble a chandelier.

Defensive eating Have you ever eaten something so fast that it didn't go to someone else? If yes, then you are familiar with the “defensive eating” process.

Frenemy- a term formed from the merger of two words - friend (friend) and enemy (enemy). Means a person who pretends to be your friend, although in fact his intentions are far from friendly. Most often in Russian they use the word "vrug" according to the same principle.

staycation- another example of a combination of two words - stay (stay) + vacation (vacation). Describes the case when a person on vacation does not go anywhere, but stays at home.

helicopter parent- so figuratively describe parents who constantly monitor their children and do not step away from them. In Russian, you can often hear the expression "helicopter parent".

Crowdfunding- the word means collecting money big amount people, despite the fact that each pays a small amount. Something like modern version expressions "with the world on a thread - a naked shirt."

bucket list- a phrase that means a list of things that you have never done, but you definitely want to do in your lifetime. The phrase became popular after the release of the movie "The bucket list" or "Until I played in the box."

Boomerang child- Many children, having barely reached the age of majority, try to move out from their parents and live separately. However, this is not always feasible due to financial situation or other reasons. Such “returned” children to their parents are called “boomerang children”.

Stuffocation- the already familiar method of merging two words - stuff (things) + suffocation (suffocation). A joking term that means so many things in the house that it becomes difficult to breathe.

Cougar- this word means a woman after 40 who is looking for relationships with younger men. We think that such representatives can be easily found among domestic and foreign stars.

Bridezilla- a fusion of the words "bride" (bride) and "Godzilla". This “affectionate” term is awarded to brides who, during preparation for the wedding, become too picky and irritable.

me time- this phrase means time spent on yourself. Turn off your phone, TV and tablet / computer / laptop and allow yourself at least a short time relax and unwind. It is this process that is called "me time".

Dialogue
Hello Samantha. How are you?
Hello Chris. I "m fine, just tired.
- And why is that?
- Well, first of all, my sister is getting married soon and with all these preparations she has become a real bridezilla.
- She has all the right to be, it's her time.
- And I just want to have me time last! Besides, my son is going to live with me again because he has no money and his friend can't help him. So much for their bromance! So my son is now officially a boomerang child.
- Can I help you with something?
- No, but thanks for offering.

Dialogue
- Hello, Samantha! How are you?
- Hello, Chris! It's okay, I'm just tired.
- Why?
- Well, first of all, my sister is getting married soon, and with all these preparations, she has turned into a real monster!
- She has every right, this is her time.
- And I want time for yourself finally! Plus, my son is going to live with me again because he has money and his friend can't help him. Here's to you male friendship! So my son is now officially boomerang baby.
- Can i help you?
- No, but thanks for the offer.

As you can see, most neologisms describe mainly 2 things: modern technologies that have firmly entered our lives (for better or worse) and the social phenomena of society. Familiarize yourself with them, and you will have a great opportunity to "shine" them in a conversation with a foreigner. good luck!

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