A list of the main diseases of apple trees and ways to effectively deal with photo examples. Brown spots on the apple tree - causes and methods of dealing with the disease
We have already learned quite a lot about from previous articles. We got acquainted with their various varieties, with how to choose the right seedlings and get them right.
We also learned about how necessary it is to always have an excellent harvest.
Cultivation of apple trees is a worthy, respected work. In response, apple trees gratefully present us with a harvest of fragrant and bulk fruits.
But apple trees, like any living organism, can also get sick. Diseases of apple trees can cause great harm to our beloved fruit trees and deprive us of a long-awaited harvest.
Therefore, we must try to create such conditions in the garden so that our trees grow healthy and strong. Protection gentle garden from diseases - the main task gardener.
If, nevertheless, they crept into our garden, then it is very important to determine this on early stage their development, then it will be easier to defeat the disease.
Diseases of apple trees
Knowing the signs of apple disease and their treatment is a simple task with some experience and knowledge. Let's talk about the most common diseases.
Scab
Scab refers to a fungal disease of apple trees. The leaves of the tree suffer from infection (they dry and die). Signs of scab - brownish-green bloom and spots on inside tree crowns.
Fruit development slows down, cracks and small dark brown spots appear on their surface.
♦ What to do? Scab of an apple tree is surrendered when treating the soil and the tree itself with inorganic and organic solutions (at the rate of 5 liters of the preparation for each tree):
- Early spring(before flowering and after the formation of ovaries). Copper chloride (per 10 liters of water 40 g).
- Spring and autumn. Urea solution (per 10 liters of water ½ kg of urea).
- regularly throughout the treatment period. Bordeaux liquid (for 10 liters of lime water and copper sulfate, 300 g each).
powdery mildew
With such a disease, the entire apple tree is infected (buds, leaves, shoots and bark). At first, a whitish coating appears, which quickly turns brown and acquires dark dots. The leaves dry, the shoots stop growing, the whole tree dies out.
If no action is taken, mycelium spores quietly winter in parts of the apple tree and wake up again in the spring.
♦ What to do. Powdery mildew should be controlled by spraying the entire tree:
- Spring. Colloidal 70% sulfur (per 10 liters of water 80 g of the drug). Treat the apple tree during the appearance of the first leaves 2-3 times daily, then every 14 days 1-2 times.
- After the harvest. Bordeaux liquid 1% or copper sulphate (for a bucket of water 50 g of vitriol and 20 g liquid soap).
Moniliosis (fruit rot)
The fungal disease of the apple tree has set itself the most "delicious" goal - the fruits. On apples that are just beginning to ripen, rotting spots of a brownish color appear.
Very quickly, the rot captures the entire fruit. Then the rest of the fruits on the tree rot. Apples with damaged skin are especially quickly affected.
♦ What to do. A tree can be well protected from disease with copper-based preparations:
- Spring(period of bud break). Bordeaux liquid 3%.
- Vegetation period. Bordeaux liquid 1%. The first spraying when a wormy carrion appears, the second after 15-20 days.
Necessarily! As soon as you notice the first signs of an apple tree disease, collect all the affected fruits and destroy them, carefully dig up the trunk area of the diseased tree. Do not leave the carrion during the growing season of the apple tree - this can provoke the development of the disease.
Citisporosis
This disease of the apple tree affects its bark. The disease begins with the appearance of dark sores in certain parts of the tree trunk.
The ulcers enlarge and become red-brown. The affected areas die off and die along with the branches.
- The disease develops at a double rate with poor care and watering, too heavy and poor soils.
♦ What to do. The disease can be stopped by removing all affected areas of the bark and dried branches. Otherwise, cytisporosis will infect the apple tree from the inside and completely destroy it.
Necessarily! Do not forget about competent and timely fertilization. It is especially necessary to feed the apple tree before the onset of winter cold weather with phosphorus and potassium.
Prevention is very important:
- Tree trunks are whitewashed in spring and late autumn.
- In the spring, before the buds are completely swollen, carry out preventive spraying of apple trees with Homa's solution. Repeat the procedure before flowering (at this time, the treatment of plants with copper sulphate is also useful).
Black cancer
A serious and dangerous disease of apple trees. It affects the whole tree (bark, fruits and leaves). The disease begins with the appearance of spots on the leaves. They are rapidly expanding and growing.
At the same time, black rot appears on the fruits, the bark cracks and swells.
- Young trees do not get black cancer. This is a disease of mature trees over the age of 20 years. Pepin saffron, Cinnamon striped, Papirovka varieties do not suffer from black cancer.
♦ What to do. In order not to face a dangerous illness, follow the competent and regular care of your pets.
If apple tree cancer has invaded your garden, take the following steps:
- Cut off all affected branches.
- Clean the cuts thoroughly.
- Remove any rotten fruit.
- Close all hollows thoroughly.
- Check the condition of the apple trees every 2-3 weeks.
- In autumn and spring, whitewash the trunks.
Pruning diseased branches should be with a capture of 1-2 cm of the living area. Treat the cut points with copper sulfate 1-3% (for disinfection).
Then cover these areas with garden pitch (without adding rosin and drying oil).
Attention! Even if the tree has fully recovered, cuttings cannot be grafted from it. Black cancer is very insidious and can appear after a long time. The most dangerous period is spring, when the weather is warm and humid.
European cancer
This is one of the most severe diseases of the apple tree. . European or common cancer is very difficult to treat. The disease affects the branches and trunk with growths and deep cracks.
Usually weakened and old trees become infected with cancer, aggressive conditions (great heat or extreme cold) affect the development of the disease.
European cancer has two forms:
- Closed. Cancer in the form of sagging completely closes the cracks of the apple tree, leaving a small rotting gap.
- Open. There is a formation of open wounds on the tree, deep and non-overgrowing.
The disease begins in the spring. Reddish bumps appear around infected wounds. These are fungal spores that summertime easily transferred to neighboring apple trees.
Treat the tree and carry out preventive measures in the same way as in the case of black cancer.
root cancer
Causes a dangerous disease of the apple tree, a bacterium that likes to settle on the root system of the tree. It gets there through the wounds and immediately begins active division.
At the site of impact, various hard growths are formed. Cancer growths can collapse, and then the bacterium will enter the soil. There she can calmly wait in the wings for several years.
- The causative agent of root cancer loves neutral and slightly alkaline soils. But lands with an acidic reaction act depressingly on the bacterium.
♦ What to do. Competently prepare the soil for the apple tree. A year or two before growing fruit crops plots should be planted with annual herbs, lupins and mustard.
Carefully check seedlings for infection. Discard them if you notice growths on the root system or central root.
Small growths on the lateral parts of the roots should be carefully cut off (with the capture of living tissue) and disinfected by lowering the seedling into a 1% copper sulfate solution for 5-7 minutes.
bacteriosis
Or a bacterial burn is an extremely harmful disease of an apple tree. . The tree may die after a month.
The infection affects all organs of the apple tree (young ovaries and annual shoots are most susceptible to the disease).
- The infection begins vigorous activity in the spring, simultaneously with sap flow. Warm weather (above + 18-20 ° C) and high humidity contribute to the development of the disease.
You can notice the onset of the disease by the appearance of small droplets (exudate) or a thin film on the surface of the apple tree. The first signs usually appear after flowering.
- Flowers. Diseased flowers become watery, darken and quickly wither.
- Fruit. On diseased fruits, oily-looking black-brown or red-brown spots form. Soon they spread to the whole apple. Spots may be accompanied by drops of exudate. Soon the fruits are mummified, and the tree itself becomes "burned".
♦ What to do. Unfortunately, according to the experience of gardeners, none of the measures for treating bacteriosis brings a tangible result.
The only way to keep the disease out of the garden is to strictly control and check the good condition of the seedlings, as well as regular inspections of the trees during the growing season.
Rust
Infectious disease of the apple tree affects the crown of the tree, can affect the fruit. The first signs of the disease appear in the form of reddish or orange spots of a rounded shape, similar to pads.
The rust of an apple tree begins with a leaf disease. Small black dots appear on their upper side, and nipple-like outgrowths appear on the lower side.
The disease begins to develop summer period(mostly in July). Sick apple trees stop their photosynthesis, their metabolism is disturbed, they suffer greatly. water balance. Abundant leaf fall begins, and the harvest drops sharply.
♦ What to do. From a diseased tree, immediately remove all affected parts (leaves, hearths, shoots and branches). Cut diseased branches with the capture of a healthy area (5-10 cm).
Spray the apple tree with Bordeaux liquid 1% (you can use a solution of cineb 0.4%). Treat trees every 10-14 days.
- spring(before the first buds appear) clean out old sore spots until healthy wood appears. Disinfect these areas with 5% copper sulphate. Then treat these areas with garden putty.
- As soon as the leaves bloom- Spray them with antimicrobial agents (fungicides). Procedures are carried out every 3 weeks.
Attention! If juniper grows in your garden (in case of garden infection) - remove it! Juniper contributes to the spread of the disease. The place where he grew up, dig deep.
Brown leaf spot
Brown spot or phyllosticosis affects the leaves of a tree. Apple disease begins with the appearance various shapes brown, grayish or dark yellow spots.
Black dots can be seen on the upper side of the leaves (these are pycnidia with an abundance of spores). The disease develops rapidly in wet summers, especially in the second half.
- Brown spotting causes abundant, premature leaf fall. The variety of apple-tree Shtreifling (autumn striped) is especially sensitive to the disease.
♦ What to do. Select for the garden resistant varieties apple trees. Regular collection and destruction (burning) of fallen leaves. Burn the leaves as far away from your garden as possible.
For preventive purposes, spray trees with Bordeaux liquid 1%.
Attention! You can not try to deal with brown spotting with preparations containing copper. Such substances only stimulate the development of infection.
Other problems of apple trees
In addition to diseases of apple trees, trees can face other unpleasant surprises. So that troubles do not take the owner of the garden by surprise, he needs to know about some features in the life of fruit-bearing plants.
◊ The fusion of flowers or fruits. This is an anomaly and is due to disturbances in the development of inflorescences when they are still in their infancy. Flowers/fruits begin to grow together at the very beginning of their growth.
- The varieties of apple trees with a compact structure of inflorescences are most susceptible to anomalies. In the process of development, the flowers are too close to each other and grow together.
The reason for the anomaly is unfavorable conditions during the development of flower buds (second decade of summer) and in early spring when flower buds increase in size inside the bud.
◊ Lichens. Weakened trees with cracked bark are susceptible to this scourge. Provokes the development of the disease thickened crown and poor ventilation.
The lichen has the appearance of a varied plaque on the trunk of a tree (it can be lamellar, bushy or scaly blue-green, yellow-green or silver).
Lichen is a disease of apple trees , a colony of algae and fungi that thrives in warm weather, sunshine and good humidity.
If there is a little lichen on the tree, you don’t have to worry too much, but the overgrown colony should be removed:
- During the resting period of the tree (early spring or late autumn), clean the trunk with a stiff brush or wooden stick.
- You can lubricate the affected areas with a mixture of slaked clay and lime. After drying, carefully remove the mass along with the lichen.
After cleaning the tree, spray all the branches and the trunk with a solution for prevention. iron sulphate 3% or oxalic acid.
In our gardens, two types of it are common:
- False. The fungus causes white rot of wood. The affected area is greatly softened and acquires a grayish or yellowish color.
- Grey-yellow. It provokes the development of brown rot. The diseased tissue of the tree cracks and then flakes off in pieces in the form of cubes.
A tinder fungus can also be a one-year formation. This apple disease has a hairy orange or light yellow cap.
To remove the mushroom, follow the instructions:
- Using a sharp knife, hatchet or saw, cut it off with a healthy part of the tree.
- Clean the wound until healthy wood appears, so that a flat, smooth place appears.
- Disinfect the wound with a 5% copper sulfate solution. Then cover the affected area with garden pitch or oil paint. You can use the following mixture: nigrol (10 parts), rosin (6 parts), wax (1 part) and ash (3 parts).
For prevention, treat neighboring trees with a healing mixture of mullein and clay in equal parts. Dilute the mixture with copper sulphate 3% (for 5 liters of the mixture 0.5 liters of vitriol).
◊ Frost cracks. These longitudinal, deep cracks in the bark appear as a result of too sharp a cold snap. Such an apple tree disease provokes a weakening of the tree.
The apple tree loses its ability to conduct and absorb nutrients and water. And next to the cracks, various fungal spores and pests like to settle.
Very often frost holes turn into hollows. Trees should be treated in early spring until the cracks are completely healed:
- Cutting down sharp knife wood along the crack until healthy tissue appears.
- Treat the cut surface with copper sulphate 5%.
- Cover the wound with a mixture of mullein (4 parts) and clay (6 parts). You can use garden var.
- For large lesions, the entire tree is wrapped with a layer of burlap or polyethylene.
The strapping is updated annually, constantly cleaning the cracks along the edges. To speed up the healing process, the bark is furrowed.
The procedure is done in May after the first sap. Along the circumference of the tree trunk with a sharp knife, 3-4 grooves are drawn from the soil surface to the last branch. The grooves are made intermittent, 30-40 cm long.
You can also use this medicine: chop the young sorrel and put it on the cracks with a layer of 1.5 cm, bandage it tightly. During summer season change the bandage regularly to a fresh one.
◊ Sun-frost burns. Such diseases of apple trees look like reddish spots of various shapes and sizes. It provokes their appearance by sharp daily temperature changes.
The infection is activated in autumn, winter or early spring on the southern or southwestern part of the trunks. Young apple trees and varieties with darker bark are most affected.
To prevent burns, it is necessary to carry out the following manipulations:
- Whitewash the bases of the branches and the boles themselves with 20% lime. It will be useful to spray the entire crown with lime to protect the tree (in autumn and on warm winter days).
- On winter period tie trees with stalks of corn, sunflower, spruce branches or thick paper.
Burns should be treated by cutting off the affected areas and treating them with garden putty or a mixture of clay and mullein. Large parts of the lesions are tied with burlap after treatment.
Now we have got acquainted with the main diseases of our apple trees, and in the next article we will talk about the apple orchard.
See you soon, dear readers, and health to your garden!
If the treatment of the affected tree is not started in time, it will die rather quickly, and the disease will spread to the rest of the apple trees. Therefore, it is very important to remove moldy fruits, twisted branches, brown leaves in a timely manner so that bacteria and fungi do not cause significant damage to your garden.
Lichen
Growing a strong apple tree that will bear tasty fruits every year is not so easy. It is necessary to carefully care for young seedlings, and graft new ones to increase the yield of the tree. But even proper care it can not always protect apple trees from diseases - various unforeseen factors influence their appearance and development. However, it is in your power to take preventive measures and stock up in advance with the necessary knowledge on how to treat an apple tree for the most common diseases: fungi, lichens, rot.
Weakened trees with cracked bark, frozen wood, poorly ventilated due to a thickened crown, are quite often covered with lichen. By appearance lichen on an apple tree it can be scale in the form of plaque, lamellar, scaly, bushy, silvery, green-yellow, blue-green. It consists of algae and fungi, coexisting peacefully with each other. The lichen thrives especially when there is sufficient sunlight and moisture - the conditions on tree trunks are just right.
In appearance, the lichen on the apple tree can be scale in the form of a plaque.
Lichens reproduce thanks to millions of fungal spores carried by the wind, as well as due to algae cells on fungal threads, which are transferred to a new place with rain or wind.
If there is very little lichen on the apple tree, there is nothing to worry about, there is even an opinion that the lichen protects the tree from other fungi. But the overgrown lichen should still be removed - its accumulations on the bark interfere with the flow of air to the trunk of the apple tree, which can lead to the branches drying out, in addition, scale insects and other pests can settle under the lichen.
Video about lichen on an apple tree
Ways to eliminate lichen from apple trees:
- during the dormant period (early spring or late autumn), you need to clean the trunk of lichen with a wooden stick in wet weather, or with a stiff brush;
- another way is to lubricate the lichen with a mixture of clay with slaked lime and removal of the entire mass after drying;
- after cleaning, the trunk and branches are sprayed with a solution of oxalic acid, or iron sulfate (3%).
Scab
With olive-brown spots that suddenly appear on the fruits, leaves, flowers and young shoots of apple trees, many gardeners had to deal with. Scab- an unpleasant and rather dangerous disease of apple trees caused by a fungus that can winter in fallen affected leaves from year to year, throwing spores into the air of spores in damp spring weather. The mass spread of the disease is usually carried out in the first half of summer, after heavy rains.
First, the fungus on the apple tree appears as translucent, as if from oil, spots on the leaves. Gradually, the spots turn gray, a brown green coating appears on them. The leaves dry up and begin to fall off. Dark gray and black spots appear on the apples, the fruits crack, stop pouring, and with an early fungus attack, the apples are deformed, becoming one-sided. Young ovaries can completely crumble.
First, the fungus on the apple tree appears as translucent, as if from oil, spots on the leaves.
Apple orchards are most susceptible to scab in which the trees are planted too densely or old, weakened trees grow.
Precautions and ways to treat fungus:
- in order to protect apple trees from primary infection with spores, in the spring, even before the leaves appear, you need to spray the soil and the trees themselves with pesticides - copper sulfate, nitrafen (dilute 300 g per 10 liters of water) or DNOC (1%);
- at the end of April, treatment of apple trees with Bordeaux liquid (3-4%), cuproxate or copper oxychloride;
- in the bud formation phase and after they have faded, Bordeaux liquid of a lower concentration (1%) is used;
- after three weeks after flowering, the apple trees are sprayed with suspensions of phthalan, captan or cineb.
To prevent infection of trees next year, you should remove the fallen leaves immediately after leaf fall and plow the soil under the apple trees.
powdery mildew
On barely blossoming leaves and inflorescences, on young shoots after prolonged rains, a dense silvery coating appeared? This is a sure sign of a common apple disease - powdery mildew caused by a fungus that overwinters in the buds of affected shoots and develops successfully in early summer in dry, hot weather. Powdery mildew is dangerous because it leads to the drying of inflorescences and leaves, to a halt in the growth of shoots, to shedding of ovaries.
Video about powdery mildew apple disease
Ways to deal with powdery mildew:
- starting from early spring, and during the entire growing season, shoots affected by the fungus should be cut;
- how the flowering period ends, the apple tree is sprayed with the Hom preparation;
- after harvesting the fruit, the tree is treated with copper or iron sulphate, or Bordeaux liquid (1%);
- collect fallen leaves after processing and burn.
Starting in early spring, and throughout the entire growing season, shoots affected by the fungus should be cut.
To protect the apple orchard from these misfortunes, you need to ensure proper care from the very beginning, making phytosanitary cleaning: pruning dry branches with treating wounds with a solution of iron sulfate, cleaning and burning fallen leaves. Spray on apple trees complex preparations with a wide spectrum of action ("Vectra", "Skor", "Kumulus", Bordeaux liquid).
Apple trees in bloom - a joyful poetic picture for gardeners, but how disturbing and insulting to see when the apple orchard is sick! Apple diseases can cause a decrease or even complete loss of the crop. At the same time, a natural desire appears to protect your garden and help it cope with diseases, save a long-awaited and healthy harvest.
One desire, as you know, is not enough - you need the appropriate knowledge and experience in order for the treatment of diseases of the apple orchard to be effective. Let's start with an acquaintance with the most common and dangerous diseases of apple trees and with methods and methods for their treatment. In this post, we will also look at chemicals prevention and treatment of apple orchard diseases.
We will start the basics of treating diseases of the apple orchard by telling you about the diseases of the apple tree that are most common in our latitudes.
Sources of apple diseases and conditions conducive to their development
| Disease | Source of disease | Favorable. conditions for development | |
|---|---|---|---|
| air humidity | opt. temp. °C | ||
| Anthracnose | High | 10-16°C | |
| Bakter. burn | Affected plants, more than 130 species from the Rosaceae family. | High | 24-27°C |
| Brown leaf spot | The source of infection is last year's leaves in the garden. | High | 22-26°C |
| Moniliosis | The main source of infection is dried fruits left on the tree or on the ground from the previous year, on which conidia develop in spring, affecting healthy trees. | High | 20-25°C |
| powdery mildew | Low | 20-27°C | |
| apple scab | Affected leaves left in the garden from last year. | High | 17-23°C |
| fruit cancer | Wintering stage of mycelium on affected shoots garden trees. | High | 10-16°C |
| Gray rot | The causative agent of the disease overwinters in the soil and on weeds. | High | 15-22°C |
| late blight | The main sources of infection are zoospores (zoogonidium, or vagrant), which spread in rainy weather. They overwinter on plant debris. | High | 10-16°C |
Possessing increased winter hardiness, the mycelium does not die even in the most severe and prolonged frosts, some remain and safely produce in the next season, having overwintered in infected buds. A tree infected with powdery mildew loses its winter hardiness and can be severely affected by frost.
A universal preventive and health measure is the elimination of unviable branches and shoots in spring and autumn. It is necessary to take all measures that contribute to the active drainage of the growth soil, and to monitor the conditions for sufficient ventilation of the crown.
To prevent diseases of the apple tree, you can use the Topaz fungicide, which is better to treat the entire apple orchard, especially if there are apple trees of the following varieties: “ranet Semerenko”, “boyken”, “white rosemary”. It is optimal to use this tool in the most early dates the beginning of the growing season, and for the entire further period before harvesting the fruits, treat with Topaz 3 more times at regular intervals. After harvest, a one percent solution will consolidate the success of the fight against powdery mildew Bordeaux liquid or copper sulfate, at the rate of: 2 tablespoons of the drug, 1 tablespoon of liquid soap in a bucket of water.
It is possible to treat trees affected by powdery mildew and an aqueous solution of colloidal sulfur in three doses during the growing season: the first - at the beginning of budding; the second - after flowering, and the third - 2 weeks after the previous spraying. If the results of the treatment give even successful results, preventive measures should not be abandoned - this infection often returns.
It is best to start the fight against fungal diseases of the apple tree, such as powdery mildew and scab, with classical prevention during spring and autumn processing. fruit trees: cleaning and elimination by burning fallen leaves, mummified fruits and dried branches. In spring treatment, include spraying trees before flowering with Fitosporin M biofungicide or Bordeaux liquid.
Not everyone may know that such mineral fertilizers in an aqueous solution also work well as fungicides: 15% potassium salt, 10% ammonium nitrate, 10% ammonium sulfate. Use these concentrated aqueous solutions of the listed fertilizers by spraying the tree as a foliar top dressing and fungicide against scab. To prevent it, the percentage of aqueous solutions must be reduced.
Fruit rot - moniliosis on an apple tree
This disease of the apple tree manifests itself at the end of August, during the ripening of the fruits. Protracted wet weather contributes to the activation of moniliosis, especially on apple trees affected by the codling moth and infected with scab. Moreover, rotten fruits are able to share the mycelium of fruit rot with healthy fruits. It begins with a small putrefactive speck that can grow to rot the entire fruit, which becomes loose and unfit for consumption.
Moniliosis is more insidious than other fungal infections, since its symptoms are delayed until the crop is fully ripe, with which the putrefactive fungus is able to deal with great damage to it through the contact of the affected and healthy fetus. Even severe frosts do not kill moniliosis, its spores hibernate on infected mummified apples.
That's why mandatory measure prevention of all fungal diseases of the apple tree is a thorough cleaning and elimination through the burning of the remnants of fruits of dried, rotten carrion and dead shoots in the autumn-spring seasons. After harvesting the fruits, spray those areas where the foci of moniliosis were concentrated with a 5% aqueous solution of urea. It is not necessary to fight moniliosis autonomously. A frontal fight is required against all infections and pests that can either create conditions for a parallel infection or spread it to all plants.
It is necessary to strictly monitor the appearance in the garden of one or another type of pest: goose, sawfly and codling moth, carriers of moniliosis. It is better to prevent their invasion altogether. Preventive spring spraying of all fruit trees on swollen buds will help, and then a second time immediately after flowering and the last time - after a two-week vegetation interval - on fallen leaves. For this, an aqueous 1% solution of Bordeaux liquid or a 0.3% solution of a suspension of copper oxychloride is suitable.
An effective means of combating fruit rot is the Hom fungicide, which, according to the instructions, is diluted in cold water and carried out at least two treatments: the first - on new foliage, the second - after flowering.
This is important: you need to fight moniliosis by regularly spraying fungicides according to the scheme, combining them with the implementation of the correct agrotechnical measures fruit tree care.
Find out about this dangerous fungus on the bark of a tree, it is possible along the dark ulcers formed on the trunk and branches, which later deepen and capture new spaces of the bark. Both the bark and the affected branches die off and fall off. You need to help the tree immediately, otherwise it is doomed to death.
One of the conditions for combating the disease of the bark of apple trees is the prevention of its mechanical damage, which should also include wounds of pruning branches or sawing out large branches. Places of pruning and sawdust should be immediately treated with garden pitch or natural drying oil. Unprotected wounds will allow cytosporosis spores to penetrate deeply through the wood and cambium and cause a dangerous disease, which is harder to fight than to protect damage to the tree bark.
The Hom fungicide works well against cytosporosis, which must be applied to swollen kidneys, for which a solution of 40 grams of the drug per 10 liters is suitable cold water.
It is followed by spraying with copper sulfate at the rate of: 50 grams of the drug per 10 liters of cold water. Trees should be treated with this solution before flowering. And after flowering, it is the turn of treatment with a solution of the Hom preparation. The last step in protecting the apple tree from bark disease will be top dressing the day before. winter season phosphorus-containing and potassium fertilizers.
Bacterial blight of an apple tree
The cause of this disease is an infection with a Gram-negative bacterium that can infect apple trees of any age. This infection spreads from top to bottom, and it most often enters the garden with the purchase of new uncertified seedlings or cuttings. Favorable conditions for the spread of this disease are warm rains with high temperature air. As a result of such infection, flowers fall and crop prospects also drop significantly.
You can recognize the disease by the appearance of black spots throughout the tree: branches and shoots are covered with watery black spots, and the foliage takes on a burnt and charred appearance. With the development of the disease, the leaves are bent and, even completely dying, remain on the branches.
Affected flowers become dark brown and fall off, and the fruits become unhealthy and dark in appearance, stop growing, but remain on the branches until late autumn.
For the purpose of prevention, you should especially carefully examine any boarding pass purchased without certificates. planting material. Carry out preventive spraying common to all fruit trees against diseases and insects that can spread the infection in the garden. It is useful to disinfect the soil with a solution of copper sulfate at the rate of: 60 grams of the drug per 10 liters of cold water.
The next method of preventing bacteriosis can be considered timely pruning dead branches is best at the end of autumn, on the eve of winter. It is necessary to cut off the affected branches below the border of necrosis by 20 centimeters. The cutting tool must be disinfected before and after cutting. Be sure to process the place of cut / cut, covering with a layer of natural drying oil or garden pitch.
All cut material must be burned immediately. And all the trees during the growing season must undergo the required number of fungicide treatments so that they go into the winter healthy and winter-hardy, with sufficient immunity against fungal and bacterial infections.
Milky shine on apple leaves
Such a fungal disease is caused by a basidiomycete. The tree infected with it will gradually die off if the necessary measures for its chemical protection are not taken. External signs This disease is manifested first by a change in the color of the foliage in the area of infection. The leaves become a silver-milky color with a pearly tint. More dangerous manifestations of this disease are expressed by a decrease in the yield of apples, which stop developing and crumble. This is followed by the gradual death of shoots and branches.
Most clearly, this disease manifests itself in the middle of summer and covers several branches, spreading quite quickly throughout the tree, leading to the death of large branches, and then the entire tree.
The impact of apple orchard diseases on the crop
Prevention of apple bark diseases
Apple diseases affect both fruits and leaves and bark. It is often possible to prophylactically prevent diseases of the bark of a tree by spring and pre-winter whitewashing of boles and skeletal branches of fruit trees with lime milk at the rate of: 2 kilograms of lime milk per 10 liters of water with the addition of 500 grams of 5% copper sulphate.
If a large number of closely growing fruit trees grow in the garden, then there is a need to treat them with hose sprayers with a 2% solution of milk of lime. The second important need for a thickened garden is to ensure sufficient watering without excess and deficiency throughout the entire growing season of apple trees, especially during the dry hot period. It is very important to apply phosphorus-containing and potassium mineral fertilizers in the required amount in a timely manner and monitor the acidity of the soil, applying liming of the near-stem soil, if necessary.
In this publication, we tried to highlight the most common apple tree diseases and methods of treatment, we hope that this article will add new recipes and ways to combat and prevent apple orchard diseases, especially for beginner gardeners, introduce traditional and new preparations for protecting garden trees, widely used by modern gardeners .
For centuries of cultivation apple trees ( Malus) in home gardens, many means have been invented that can protect trees from all kinds of misfortunes. But diseases and pests of apple trees still pose a threat fruit plantings, so you should not rely on chemical reagents alone - it is important to carry out other agro-events that increase the immunity of plants to infection and insects.
How to treat apple trees from diseases: photo and treatment of trees
Ordinary, or European, cancer
The causative agent is a fungus Nectria galligena. Small longitudinal cracks appear on the cortex, which open and expose an ulcer with raised edges of callus tissue. On the trunks of adult apple trees, an open form of cancer is revealed in the form of deep ulcers, on the branches - more often a closed form, in which the nodules coalesce. With the mass manifestation of the disease, deep ulcers are also formed on the skeletal branches. In the affected wood, dark red pads of summer sporulation develop. As shown in the photographs, the leaves of apple trees affected by this disease become chlorotic, with brown spots without edging, dry out and fall off prematurely:
Brown spots appear on the fruit from the side of the stalk, which lead to rotting of apples.
Black cancer
The causative agent is a fungus Sphaeropsis malorum. Depressed, reddish-brown spots appear in the forks of skeletal branches. The affected bark turns black, becomes bumpy, cracks over time, dries up and peels off the wood. Appear on leaves and fruits dark spots like black rot. Control measures. For the treatment of apple trees from this disease, the same measures are taken as against ordinary apple tree cancer.
Drying of branches, or tuberculosis
The causative agent is a fungus Tubercularia vulgaris. Branches and young shoots with leaves suddenly darken and dry up, the leaves fall off.Pay attention to the photo - on the bark of apple trees affected by this disease, numerous brick-red pads of sporulation of the fungus appear:
There is a death of bark and bast of skeletal branches and trunks of young trees. The disease manifests itself in both stages of the pathogen fungus: tuberculosis develops on young apple trees, and nectrium necrosis develops on adult trees. Control measures. The same as against ordinary cancer of the apple tree.
See how apple trees are treated for diseases in these photos.
Cytosporosis, or infectious drying of the cortex
Pathogens - mushrooms Cytospora schulzeh And C. carposperma. Numerous convex fruiting bodies appear on the affected bark of the branches. gray color. The bark retains a red-brown color, does not exfoliate, and dries slowly. A crack often forms at the boundary of areas of the drying bark. Young trees die in spring during bud break and flowering. The infection persists in the affected cortex. Control measures. The treatment of this disease of apple trees is carried out in the same way as in the case of ordinary cancer.
Moniliosis
Pathogens - mushrooms Monilia cinerea, M. fructigena. The first pathogen causes a monilial burn of an apple tree, in which flowers, ovaries, fruit twigs and leaves turn brown and dry out. The second causes fruit rot. Rot appears at the site of injury codling moth, over time, numerous gray sporulation pads form in the form of concentric circles. Spores are spread by wind, rain, insects. Infected fruits dry up and turn black. Control measures. Before treating apple trees for this disease, remove dry fruits from the trees. In case of strong spread, spray the trees three times with a 1% Bordeaux mixture or HOM preparation according to the scheme: the first - in the bud separation phase, the second - immediately after flowering, the third - 10-12 days after the second spraying.
apple scab
The causative agent is a fungus Venturia inaegualis. Dark green, gradually turning brown velvety spots appear on the leaves from the upper side, the leaves turn yellow and fall prematurely. The fruits become stained and become unusable.
To combat this disease of apple trees, spray starting from the green cone phase and, if necessary, in summer time, one of the preparations: 1% Bordeaux mixture, fast, HOM, Abiga-Peak, taking into account the waiting times for preparations.
Brown spotting of apple leaves
Pathogens - mushrooms Phyllosticta mali And Ph. Briardi. When the first fungus is damaged, large, angular, dark yellow spots appear on the leaves, with a lighter middle and a thin brown rim. In case of a second lesion, the spots on the leaves are rounded or angular, light yellow in color, without edging. Leaves turn yellow and fall prematurely. Control measures. Collect and remove fallen leaves. To protect apple trees from this disease, spray the trees with a 1% Bordeaux mixture before flowering and immediately after it ends.
apple tree rust
The causative agent is a fungus Gymnosporangium tremelloides. According to the description, this disease of apple trees resembles a rusty coating. On the upper side of the leaves, orange-red, rounded cushion-shaped pentea with small black dots appear, and on the lower side, orange, cone-shaped aetsia form, which turn brown over time. The fungus overwinters and develops on the Cossack juniper. In spring, brown outgrowths with mucus appear in the cracks in the bark and spores re-infect the leaves of the apple tree. With mass distribution, they turn yellow prematurely and fall off. Control measures. Spray trees with 1% Bordeaux mixture before and immediately after flowering. Do not plant Cossack juniper near apple trees.
Look at the photos of the diseases of apple trees, the description of which is presented above.
Frost and sun-frost damage to apple trees
With sharp fluctuations in daily temperatures, light spots of irregular shape appear on the stems and skeletal branches on the southern and southwestern sides of the tree. Gradually, the bark dries up and cracks, frost cracks form. A sharp drop in temperature leads to damage to the root system. If the roots are damaged, the trees dry up at the beginning of summer, if the boles and branches are damaged, the bark slowly dries up and peels off. Fighting means. Disinfect cracks and open wood with 1% copper sulphate and cover with oil paint or a mixture of mullein and clay (1: 1). Measures to combat apple trees are shown in these photos:
How to treat apple trees from pests: spraying when caring for trees
apple flower beetle
Apple flower beetle ( Antonomus rotogit)- brownish-brown weevil. In early spring, beetles leave their wintering grounds, crawl onto branches and begin to feed on buds. During the period of nomination of buds, females lay one egg in each bud.
The fertility of one female is from 30 to 100 eggs. A yellowish larva is born from the egg, which feeds inside the bud, where it subsequently pupates. Affected buds turn brown and dry up. Young beetles gnaw holes, emerge from the bud and feed on leaves. In July, they finish feeding and hide under the bark of trees.
Control measures. In the spring, before bud break, shake the beetles from the trees onto the film and destroy them. For the treatment of apple trees from these one of the drugs: decis, Inta-Vir, spark, actellik, fufanon.
Apple comma-shaped scale insect
Apple comma-shaped scale insect ( Lepidosaphes ulmi) - a small sucking insect, in which the females are covered with a brown, comma-shaped oblong shield. As can be seen in the photo, the males of this pest of apple trees are winged, elongated, red-gray in color:
The eggs hibernate under the shield, in the spring after the end of flowering, small yellowish stray larvae hatch and spread along the branches. The larvae stick to the bark, covered with a shield. By the beginning of August, females lay from 40 to 100 eggs under the shield, which remain to winter. With a large number of pests, small branches gradually dry out.
goose
Goose ( Rhynchites bacchus) - beetle-weevil raspberry-red color. The larvae are white, bent, wrinkled, with a brown head. Beetles and larvae overwinter in the soil. In early spring, the beetles begin to feed on the buds, gnawing them out, later moving on to flowers, ovaries, leaves, and shoots. With its proboscis, the beetle gnaws deep holes in the shoots and ovaries, damaging the skin of the fruit. After the flowering of apple trees, the female gnaws a hole in the fruit, lays an egg in it, then gnaws through the stem, the fruit falls to the ground and rots.The larvae feed on rotten pulp, in July they go into the soil and pupate. In early August, beetles come out and feed on young shoots and fruits until late autumn.
green apple aphid
Green apple aphid ( Aphis pomi) - green insect In the spring, larvae hatch and feed on the juice of swelling buds. When the leaves open, the aphid moves to the underside of young leaves and to young shoots. Damaged leaves curl, shoots become deformed, turn brown and dry. During the summer, up to 15 generations of aphids can develop.
hawthorn
Hawthorn ( Aporia crataegi) - a large butterfly with characteristic black veins on white wings. Flies in June, lays yellowish eggs on the underside of the leaves. In early July, brownish-gray caterpillars hatch, which skeletonize the leaves, leaving only veins.At the end of July, caterpillars create nests from brown dried leaves, fastening them with cobwebs, weave small white cocoons inside and hibernate. In spring, when buds open, the overwintered caterpillars emerge from cocoons and feed on buds and young leaves.By the end of the flowering of the apple tree, they pupate, attaching themselves to the branches with a web. After 15 days, butterflies emerge from the pupae. During mass reproduction, the caterpillars completely eat the leaves, exposing fruit trees.
codling moth
apple codling moth ( Carpocapsa pomonella) - dark gray butterfly. A mass flight of butterflies is observed 20 days after the flowering of apple trees. The females lay their eggs on the surface of leaves and fruits. Caterpillars are white, white-pink with a yellow-brown head, each damaging up to 4 fruits. Usually one or two generations of the pest develop. With a large number of caterpillars damage up to 90% of the fruits, which rot and fall prematurely. Control measures. Spray apple trees from these pests three weeks after flowering with one of the preparations: karbofos, fufanon, kemifos, Inta-Vir. Use trapping belts that are put on the trunks in June, collect carrion, and in the fall, clean the trunks from the upper dead layer of bark, in which wintering caterpillars hide.These photos show how pest control of apple trees is carried out:
Rust on the leaves of an apple tree, twisted and drying foliage, clumsy fruits, other visible defects on the tree trunk indicate the presence of a disease. If such symptoms are found, immediate treatment measures should be taken. orchard Otherwise, you can lose the entire crop.
Signs and photos of apple and pear diseases, as well as ways to deal with them, are presented below. Among them are diseases of leaves, fruits, trunk, bark, roots.
Diseases of the apple tree with a photo and description
Processing of fruit trees various kinds diseases includes:
- Spraying of crowns with special organic and inorganic solutions.
- Tillage around the trunk.
- Proper tree care consists of: timely removal of old, affected and extra branches; avoidance of lesions of the bark and branches; timely harvest; carrying out pruning and shaping activities; protection from insects and adverse natural and climatic factors; adequate supply of water and nutrients.
To date, a large number of diseases of the apple tree are known, but the most common are the following: scab, powdery mildew, cytosporosis, moniliosis, black cancer.
Apple scab: description and treatment
This is a fungal disease. The reasons for its occurrence can be:
- excessive moisture levels;
- high density of branches and greenery of the plant, which reduces the level of ventilation of the tree crown;
- long rains, especially in spring.
Scab initially affects the leaves, from where it passes to the fruits. The disease spreads through spores with wind or water drops.
Description of characteristic features and photos
- The appearance of greenish-brown or olive-brown spots on the "back" side of the leaves.
- On fruits, scab appears as brown spots of varying intensity in color. They have small size but are numerous in number. The affected areas of the apple are similar in texture to the peel of a kiwi. Apples crack and begin to rot.
Control measures and treatment of scab
- Autumn and spring processing urea (0.5 kg per 10 liters of water). For one mature tree you need to use about 5 liters of solution.
- The use of copper oxychloride in the calculation is 40 grams per 10 liters. Processing is carried out in two stages: in early spring before the beginning of the flowering period, after the completion of the fruit set.
- Spraying the crown with Bordeaux liquid.
- Treatment with special fungicides. These include "Fitosporin M", "Horus" and others. The application is carried out in accordance with the instructions for use of each specific drug.
- Foliar treatment with mineral fertilizers. In case of illness, solutions of 15% potassium salt, 10% ammonium nitrate, 15% potassium nitrate, 10% ammonium sulfate are used. Their use is effective as preventive measure, but in this case the concentration decreases. At the same time, such activities will perform the function of feeding, as they strengthen the plant and increase resistance to the fungus.
- Holding preventive measures to remove old and damaged branches.
Powdery mildew on an apple tree
This fungal disease affects young shoots, leaves and inflorescences. The cause of this lesion is excessive moisture in the soil and air.
powdery mildew
Signs of powdery mildew and photos
- The appearance of plaque white color, which eventually acquires an off-white, brown or brown color.
- Leaves and ovaries curl, turn yellow, dry out and fall off. Affected young shoots stop growing and developing.
- In advanced stages, small black spots appear everywhere.
On initial stages diseases white coating it is easily removed, but as it develops, it becomes more dense and "corrosive". This common disease requires surgical intervention for treatment, as it leads to a significant decrease in crop volumes. In the advanced stages of the disease, the yield drops to 50 percent.
The fungus that causes powdery mildew is resistant to low temperatures, therefore, in winter, he safely survives adverse conditions in the buds of affected shoots. The disease leads to a decrease in the winter hardiness of the apple tree itself.
Countermeasures and treatment
- As a spraying agent, solutions of colloidal sulfur, copper sulfate or 1% Bordeaux liquid are used. Events are held in early spring, during the period when the first leaves bloom. At this time, 2-3 sprays are done. After that, as necessary, processing is carried out 2-3 more times every 10-14 days.
- The use of special fungicidal preparations, such as Skor and Topaz. They are used in accordance with the instructions in the instructions. Usually processing is carried out with the spring activation of the vital processes of the plant. In total, up to 4 treatments per season are carried out, although it is worth considering the degree of damage and the results of treatment. Powdery mildew fungus has a fairly high resistance, so you should carefully monitor the cured plant, since relapses are not uncommon if the affected ones remain on or near the tree organic remains.
Black cancer of the apple tree: description and remedies
The disease involves severe damage to the trunk, large branches and bark. Mature fruit-bearing trees are sick. Black cancer can progress rapidly. Most often leads to drying and death of the plant.
black cancer
Causes of the disease
- Weakening of the tree as a result of abundant fruiting.
- Landing on loamy soils, with excessive moisture content in the soil.
- Severe damage to the bark, trunk or branches.
Characteristic signs of black cancer and photos
- The appearance of black or brown spots on the trunk and branches, possibly a black coating resembling sand.
- Formation on the trunk, 30-40 cm from the surface, of rotting areas. Previously, in these places, the bark turns black, cracks, moves away and disappears. Some gardeners indicate the appearance of a whitish bloom, but it is not a characteristic sign of the disease. Perhaps a combination of signs of several diseases at once in one place.
- Numerous black dots appear around ulcers and affected areas of the trunk. These are the spores of the cause of cancer - the pycnidia fungus.
Measures to combat black cancer of the apple tree
- Removal of diseased branches.
- Cleaning the affected areas to healthy wood with the removal of the bark and the "capture" of healthy areas by 1-2 cm.
- Treatment of all cuts and treated wounds with a 3% solution of copper sulfate (10-20 grams per liter of water).
- After treatment with a solution, painting over the affected areas with oil paint based on drying oil.
Cytosporosis of the apple tree: description and remedies
Cytosporosis is a dangerous fungal disease that affects the bark of trees.
cytosporosis
Causes
- Violation of regular irrigation regimes and non-compliance with the volume of moisture supply for apple trees.
- Poor soil quality.
- Lack of nutrients and minerals.
- Serious damage to the cortex.
Signs of cytosporosis of an apple tree with a photo
- The appearance of ulcers on the trunk, branches and shoots. They are black or dark gray in color.
- The disease progresses by expanding the ulcers along the surface of the bark and deep into the tissues of the plant. In addition, new ulcers appear close to existing lesions.
- The bark exfoliates and dies, the shoots wither and die.
- Without treatment, the tree dies.
Preventive and therapeutic measures to combat cytosporosis
The success of treatment for cytosporosis depends on the time of detection. The more severe the lesion, the more difficult it is to save the plant.
- Avoid mechanical damage to the bark. In case of their presence, treat with drying oil or garden pitch.
- The use of fungicides. It is recommended to spray with Hom. Processing is done in early spring, when the buds swell. In 10 liters of water, 40 grams of the drug is diluted.
- The use of copper sulfate. Processing is carried out in the period before flowering.
- Autumn top dressing with fertilizers containing potassium and phosphorus.
Moniliosis of the apple tree: description and means of control
Another type of fungal infection. The cause of the disease is damage to the cortex, through the wounds in which infection with moniliosis occurs. Spores are spread by wind or insects. The development of the disease begins during the flowering period.
apple moniliosis
Signs of moniliosis, photo
- Affected leaves and inflorescences become brown in color. Subsequently, they wither and die.
- Brown spots appear on the fruits, which gradually cover the entire surface of the apples.
- 1-2 weeks after the lesion, yellowish pads appear on the fruits.
- The pulp of ripening fruits softens and acquires a brown color.
- Apples affected by moniliosis have a sweet taste with alcohol notes.
- The apples may fall or remain mummified on the tree throughout the winter. The fungus overwinters in the form of mycelium.
Moniliosis is common in Russia. Trees in the northwest, in the central, Ural, Altai, Siberian and Caucasian regions are especially susceptible to massive damage. The defeat in some areas can reach 100% of the indicator.
The main consequence of the disease is premature rotting of the fruit, which leads to serious crop losses.
Measures to combat moniliosis
- Collection and destruction of affected fruits. Their cleaning from the tree before the onset of winter.
- Pruning diseased shoots and branches. Fungicide treatment. The drug "Hom" is often indicated.
- They are processed 2 times: during the formation of leaves and after flowering is completed.
- Spraying the sites of focal lesions with a 5% solution of urea.
- Proper formation of crowns, preventing their excessive thickening.
- The choice of ventilated areas for planting apple trees.
- Selection of resistant varieties. Carrying out activities to graft a sustainable scion to a vulnerable rootstock.
- Systematic digging of the soil in tree trunks.
- Compliance optimal distances between plants.
- Destruction of insect pests, possible carriers of infection.
Bacterial burn or bacteriosis of an apple tree: description and remedies
The causative agent of the disease is Gram-negative bacterium. Bacteriosis is the main cause of falling flowers on an apple tree. The bacterium infects apple trees of any age. The source of distribution in gardens is the planting of new cuttings or seedlings already affected by bacteriosis.
Warm summer rains combined with high temperatures can serve as the reasons for the defeat.
Fruit rot on an apple tree
It is not an independent disease. Such lesions cause other diseases of apple trees or illiterate care. As the name implies, it affects only the fruits. The countermeasure is the prompt removal, burning or disposal of rotten apples at a considerable distance from the apple trees.
Root cancer of the apple tree
It's very difficult to define. It manifests itself in the formation of growths on the roots of the apple tree. Most often, a cancerous lesion of the root system occurs when the plant is in poor quality soil.
It is determined only during transplantation, that is, when the tree is dug up. To counter root cancer excavation is carried out, accurate removal of growths. It is very important to replace the soil, as the causative agent of cancer is capable of long time painless to be in the ground.
Root cancer leads to a decrease in the supply of nutrients and moisture to the tree, which affects its growth and yield. This disease leads to a general decrease in immunity and resistance to "superficial" lesions.
If you have questions or additions to the descriptions of apple diseases and their treatment, please write in the comments. Moreover, more and more drugs are now appearing to help cope with diseases of the orchard.
I will add that pear diseases are treated in the same way as apple trees.
