Dry pipes for connecting fire engines description. A brief review of regulatory documentation for marking fire extinguishing pipelines. Fire alarm and plant automation
The arrangement of the fire extinguishing system involves the installation of special equipment. Among the actively used systems, dry pipe is considered the most effective. Its key element is a dry pipe - a pipeline located around the perimeter of the room and filled with extinguishing agent. What is a fire dry pipe, what are the features of the system and in what areas has it received most widespread, we will consider below.
Dry pipe fire extinguishing system
Scope of application
Installations with dry pipe working systems are indispensable at facilities where the risk of fire is increased.
They are required to be installed:
- in reactor and cable rooms;
- when installing transformers;
- at timber processing and pulp mills;
- in companies producing household chemicals;
- when arranging monitor towers;
- in paint and varnish industries;
- in the arrangement of sports complexes and cultural institutions;
- on stairwells buildings with the V degree of fire resistance.
An integral element is the dry pipe in the arrangement of Finnish baths.
In small rooms, when the temperature rises, combustible gases accumulate. And the ignition process can begin even without oxygen. To prevent a fire and even an explosion that can occur when the door is opened, you must first reduce the temperature and only then proceed to the next steps. This task is performed by a dry pipe for a sauna. The system, which is put into operation, by spraying water on the walls and ceiling, cools the sauna, allowing you to freely enter it and complete the extinguishing.
A properly designed and installed dry pipe is able to effectively cope with a fire of any complexity.
Advantages of dry pipes
Extinguishing fires using a dry pipe system is based on a sharp cooling of the combustion zones. The main advantages of the system are:
- Ease of installation and unpretentiousness in operation. Repair of individual components will not affect the performance of the installation.
- Due to the use of dry pipes, the working part of the system can be installed in unheated premises and operate at temperatures below 0°C.
- Affordable cost, both executive units and main components.
- High efficiency of fire extinguishing, which is achieved due to prompt response to the source of ignition.
The irrigation zone of the dry pipe system covers the entire area, thereby preventing not only the spread of fire, but combustion products.
Design features
The name of the installation speaks for itself. Its working part is made of pipes not filled with water. According to requirements fire safety installation pipe diameter for public buildings should be 65 mm, and for high-rise buildings - 80 mm.
The dry pipe is installed along the perimeter of the rooms, placed above the door and window openings.
The dry pipe fire riser consists of a vertical pipeline equipped with fire dampers located on all floors of the building.
The number of locking devices is determined by the length of the pipeline and the area of \u200b\u200bthe room. Material for the manufacture of pipes fire fighting installation steel with an internal anti-corrosion coating protrudes.
The lower end of the fire dry pipe is connected through an external valve to an equipped with a pump plumbing system or water containers. In case of fire, a fire hose is connected through the connection head at a height of 1.35 m, through which water flows from a hydrant or fire truck.
Deployment using dry pipes makes it possible to carry out extinguishing in two directions: inside the burning room and protecting neighboring rooms from the spread of fire.
Types of dry pipe installations
There are two types of dry pipe fire extinguishing system: deluge and sprinkler.
Deluge systems
The system got its name due to the use of drenchers - special spray nozzles located in the network of irrigation pipelines.
Depending on the shape of the nozzle of the sprayers, they can be used for extinguishing with foam or mist water.
Irrigation heads may have a reflective plane, which allows the formation of a jet of finely dispersed water. Such constructive solution allows you to reduce water consumption when extinguishing a fire and minimize the destructive effect of moisture on material assets located in the room.
Despite the variety of design options, drenchers are united by the fact that they do not have a thermal lock.
The deluge dry-pipe installation is launched by the fire alarm system built into it, which reacts to temperature rise, smoke and fire detectors. After the alarm is triggered, sprayed water jets, forming water curtains using a fire extinguishing mixture, isolate the burning room, preventing the spread of toxic combustion products.
When arranging a dry pipe, you can change one of three options for the incentive mechanism:
- Electric - when abnormal alarm signal The fire alarm transmits the primary impulse, activating the water supply.
- Rope - is set in motion due to a cable stretched in the zone of probable fire, equipped with fusible locks. In the event of a line break, the electric drive opens the valve to allow water to enter.
- Hydraulic - thermal lock under the action high temperatures opens. The pressure drop in the system is a signal for water supply.
sprinkler devices
The principle of operation of a sprinkler dry pipe system is similar to how deluge installations work.
The only difference between the systems is that in sprinkler installations there is gas in the incentive pipeline.
The main advantage of a sprinkler system is that it only supplies water to the fire area. But in comparison with deluge installations, its response time to fire is a little longer.
Irrigation nozzles used in the arrangement of the sprinkler system are equipped with fuses that prevent the gas in the pipe cavity from bleed.
Role executive mechanism This type of dry pipe system is performed by a water alarm valve. When ignited, the fusible lock is destroyed by the temperature, and sprinklers located in the fire area release the gas. As soon as the pressure in the pipeline reaches a critical value, the valve opens the water supply.
Using a dry pipe, correctly calculating the fire extinguishing system and correctly installing it, you can ensure high level reliability of fire protection.
The dry pipe riser is a pipeline that is not filled with a fire extinguishing agent and is under the influence of atmospheric pressure.
The dry piping system is a mandatory component of fixed fire extinguishing installations for transformers, cable rooms and reactors.
Dry pipe is a complex horizontal pipes on which deluge sprinklers and locking devices are located. Vertical conduits are connected to the valves from pumping station or water containers.
The number of locking devices is determined by the area of \u200b\u200bthe room and the length of the dry pipe. Dry pipeline is most often placed under the ceiling. When a fire occurs, the valves open (automatically or manually) and water enters the sprinklers to fight the fire.
If necessary, a fire hose is connected to the head of the dry pipe, which is located outside the building at a height of 1.35 m. It is supplied with water from a fire truck or hydrant.
The diameter of the dry pipe for residential and public buildings is 65 mm, for high-rise buildings - 80 mm. The pipe material is steel with an internal anti-corrosion coating.
The use of an external dry pipe
A dry pipeline with deluge sprinklers is a convenient and cost-effective means of extinguishing a fire. Dry pipes are often equipped with metro stations and large parking lots (especially multi-storey ones).
Also, a dry pipeline is installed in separate residential and public buildings. Other cases of dry pipe application:
- Buildings with 2 floors of the V degree of fire resistance - the system is installed on the stairwells and displayed in the attic.
- Monitor towers - a dry pipe is installed permanently to connect fire hoses.
- Cable structures located separately from buildings.
- Elevators - a dry pipe with a diameter of 85 mm is installed in the stairwell and brought out. The connecting external head can be connected both to a fire engine with a hose and to a water supply.
In buildings of class F5.1 - F5.3, it is planned to install a dry pipe at the locations of fire escapes. The pipe diameter must be 80 mm. Connection heads are placed at the upper and lower ends of the riser.
If the height of the building to the eaves is 10 m or more, and the width is 24 m, then the risers of the dry pipe must be located at a distance of no more than 250 m from each other around the entire perimeter of the building.
Tanks with a volume of 1000 m 3, regardless of location, must be equipped with a dry pipe and foam concentrates to supply foam to the top of the tank.
The dry pipe can not be installed in buildings with a width of no more than 24 m and a height of up to the cornice no more than 10 m.
The dry-pipe fire extinguishing system is one of the most effective and widespread fire extinguishing systems ( automatic installation firefighting). Such structures include drencher installations. Many dry-pipe sprinkler systems have been developed, which indicates a high demand for AFS with such technical and operational characteristics. This is due to a whole list of advantages of dry pipe fire extinguishing systems.
Advantages and disadvantages
- The main advantage of the dry pipe system is the ease of installation, which guarantees reliability and simplicity in operation and maintenance;
- Availability and relatively low cost of the main components and executive units, ease of installation;
- Due to its main feature - dry pipes, the working part of the system can be mounted in unheated rooms and operated at low temperatures;
- , which is expressed not only in prompt response and effective impact directly on the source of fire, but also in the creation of an irrigation zone throughout the controlled area. This prevents the spread of not only fire, but also combustion products - smoke, toxic gases, soot, and a critical increase in temperature.
The main disadvantages of dry pipe AUP include:
- Unreasonably excessive consumption of water or foam;
- High irrigation intensity, which leads to an increase in the cost of restoring water-damaged premises and damaged property.
Varieties and principle of operation
Dry pipe systems can include both deluge and special designs.
Deluge installations
A special feature is the use of special spray nozzles - drenchers in the network of irrigation pipelines.
They may have different shape and intended to be extinguished with water or foam, but they all have one thing in common - the absence of a thermal lock. Nothing prevents the passage of the water flow from the pipeline into the fire extinguishing zone. The initiation of the process of eliminating the source of fire is undertaken by the built-in fire alarm system, smoke, fire, and temperature detectors. Open sprinkler heads can be mounted vertically or at an angle or have a reflective plane that forms a jet of fine water, turning its shape from a dome to a plane. This effect has found its way into water curtains, which are widely used to prevent the spread of fire.
Elements of fire extinguishing systems are mounted above door, window or open arched openings. After actuation, jets of finely dispersed water of a special shape isolate the burning room, keeping smoke and toxic combustion products in it, at the same time, such curtains do not prevent the evacuation of personnel, like airlocks in gas installations.
The principle of operation of a dry pipe fire extinguishing system depends on the type of motive mechanism of such an installation. There are several most common types:
The dry pipe sprinkler system operates on the same principle. But there is compressed gas in the incentive pipeline. This significantly expands the scope of installations.
sprinkler installations
Irrigation nozzles have fusible fuses that prevent the bleeding of gas that fills the working pipeline of the dry pipe system. The main actuator of a dry-pipe sprinkler fire extinguishing system is a dry-pipe water alarm valve: 
- The valve and its piping are designed in such a way that a small pressure in the working pipeline allows you to contain a higher water pressure in the transport one. After ignition, the temperature fusible lock is destroyed and several sprinklers in the fire zone begin to bleed air or inert gas. When the pressure reaches a critical value, the dry pipe valve releases the water supply.
- Such an installation combines the advantages of sprinkler and deluge systems. Firstly, the supply of water or foam is carried out exclusively in the fire zone. Outside of it, the surviving sprinklers block the flow of OM. Secondly, such an installation can be operated at negative temperatures.
There are some drawbacks - the response time to a fire has increased significantly.
Application area
The most common installations with dry-pipe working systems are at facilities with an increased risk of fires, which have large areas or large rooms of complex configuration. Such installations, after being triggered, begin to irrigate the entire controlled area, preventing the spread of fire. Activation can be automatic on a fire alarm or manually from a remote or central control panel.
Competent design and placement of working pipelines allows you to effectively extinguish a fire of any complexity. Installations do not require complex systematic maintenance. Repair of individual components cannot affect the performance of the installation as a whole.
Modern dry-pipe systems are equipped with open nozzles for finely dispersed water spraying, which not only reduces the consumption of fire extinguishing agents, but also minimizes the damage from the influence of water on the premises and the material values located there. At the same time, the efficiency of work and the speed of eliminating the source of ignition does not decrease.
The main executive elements of the system 
- deluge valve
- Central shut-off valve;
- Bypass valve for filling the membrane chamber;
- Control panel for manual start of the system;
- Shut-off valve (automatically triggered by pressure changes in the membrane chamber);
- Drain valve;
- Pressure detector with signaling device;
- Siren with hydraulic drive;
- Installation control controller;
- Opening deluge sprinklers;
- Smoke detectors of the fire alarm system;
- Solenoid actuating valve - electric start of the unit.
The arrangement of the fire extinguishing system involves the installation of special equipment. Among the actively used systems, dry pipe is considered the most effective. Its key element is a dry pipe - a pipeline located along the perimeter of the room and filled with a fire extinguishing agent. What is a fire dry pipe, what are the features of the system and in what areas it is most widely used, we will consider below.
Scope of application
Installations with dry pipe working systems are indispensable at facilities where the risk of fire is increased.
They are required to be installed:
- in reactor and cable rooms;
- when installing transformers;
- at timber processing and pulp mills;
- at enterprises producing household chemicals;
- when arranging monitor towers;
- in paint and varnish industries;
- in the arrangement of sports complexes and cultural institutions;
- on stairwells of buildings with the V degree of fire resistance.
An integral element is the dry pipe in the arrangement of Finnish baths.
In small rooms, when the temperature rises, combustible gases accumulate. And the ignition process can begin even without oxygen. To prevent a fire and even an explosion that can occur when the door is opened, you must first reduce the temperature and only then proceed to the next steps. This task is performed by a dry pipe for a sauna. The system, which is put into operation, by spraying water on the walls and ceiling, cools the sauna, allowing you to freely enter it and complete the extinguishing.
A properly designed and installed dry pipe is able to effectively cope with a fire of any complexity.
Advantages of dry pipes
Extinguishing fires using a dry pipe system is based on a sharp cooling of the combustion zones. The main advantages of the system are:
- Ease of installation and unpretentiousness in operation. Repair of individual components will not affect the performance of the installation.
- Due to the use of dry pipes, the working part of the system can be installed in unheated rooms and operated at temperatures below 0°C.
- Affordable cost, both executive units and main components.
- High efficiency of fire extinguishing, which is achieved due to prompt response to the source of ignition.
The irrigation zone of the dry pipe system covers the entire area, thereby preventing not only the spread of fire, but combustion products.
Design features
The name of the installation speaks for itself. Its working part is made of pipes not filled with water. According to fire safety requirements, the pipe diameter of the installation for public buildings should be 65 mm, and for high-rise buildings - 80 mm.
The dry pipe is installed along the perimeter of the rooms, placing it above the door and window openings.
The dry-pipe fire riser consists of a vertical pipeline equipped with fire dampers located on all floors of the building.
The number of locking devices is determined by the length of the pipeline and the area of \u200b\u200bthe room. The material for the manufacture of pipes of a fire-fighting installation is steel with an internal anti-corrosion coating.
The lower end of the fire dry pipe is connected through an external valve to a water supply system equipped with a pump or a water tank. In case of fire, a fire hose is connected through the connection head at a height of 1.35 m, through which water flows from a hydrant or fire truck.
Deployment using dry pipes makes it possible to carry out extinguishing in two directions: inside the burning room and protecting neighboring rooms from the spread of fire.
There are two types of dry pipe fire extinguishing system: deluge and sprinkler.
Deluge systems
The system got its name due to the use of drenchers - special spray nozzles located in the network of irrigation pipelines.
Depending on the shape of the spray nozzle, they can be used for extinguishing with foam or water mist.
Irrigation heads may have a reflective plane, which allows the formation of a jet of finely dispersed water. Such a constructive solution allows reducing water consumption during fire extinguishing and minimizing the destructive effect of moisture on material assets located in the room.
Despite the variety of design options, drenchers are united by the fact that they do not have a thermal lock.
The deluge dry-pipe installation is launched by the fire alarm system built into it, which reacts to temperature rise, smoke and fire detectors. After the alarm is triggered, sprayed water jets, forming water curtains using a fire extinguishing mixture, isolate the burning room, preventing the spread of toxic combustion products.
When arranging a dry pipe, you can change one of three options for the incentive mechanism:
- Electrical - in the event of an abnormality, the fire alarm transmits a primary impulse, activating the water supply.
- Rope - is set in motion due to a cable stretched in the zone of probable fire, equipped with fusible locks. In the event of a line break, the electric drive opens the valve to allow water to enter.
- Hydraulic - thermal lock opens under the influence of high temperatures. The pressure drop in the system is a signal for water supply.
sprinkler devices
The principle of operation of a sprinkler dry pipe system is similar to how deluge installations work.
The only difference between the systems is that in sprinkler installations there is gas in the incentive pipeline.
The main advantage of a sprinkler system is that it only supplies water to the fire area. But in comparison with deluge installations, its response time to fire is a little longer.
Irrigation nozzles used in the arrangement of the sprinkler system are equipped with fuses that prevent the gas in the pipe cavity from bleed.
The role of the actuator of this type of dry pipe system is performed by a water alarm valve. When ignited, the fusible lock is destroyed by the temperature, and sprinklers located in the fire area release the gas. As soon as the pressure in the pipeline reaches a critical value, the valve opens the water supply.
Using a dry pipe, correctly calculating the fire extinguishing system and correctly installing it, it is possible to ensure a high level of reliability of fire protection.
- Content:
- Fire requirements for baths and saunas
- PB of a free-standing bath
- PB saunas inside the house
- How to protect a bath from a fire
The rules and measures of fire safety in the bath and sauna are taken into account even at the design and construction stage of the building. Before starting work, the following must be taken into account: - Fire safety requirements for baths make it possible to equip buildings of 1,2,3 degrees of fire resistance for these premises. In this case, the coefficient is allowed fire hazard load-bearing structures not higher than C0 and C1.
- Fire-fighting materials used for the bath must have a fire resistance index of EI-45, EI-60. It is allowed to use fire partitions of the 1st type, floors of the 3rd type. With the help of fireproof insulation (basalt and other mineral wool) protect all heating surfaces, and also isolate the chimney.
- Fire regulations establish the need to design a separate emergency exit for steam rooms located in public buildings.
- The volume of the steam room cannot be less than 8 m³, the maximum area is 24 m³. Minimum ceiling height 1.9 m.
- To protect the bath from fire, fire-retardant impregnations and paintwork materials are used. Application of compounds to wooden structures is a mandatory requirement. You can also protect walls from fire with the help of retreats and cuts.
Metal sheet on the wall with the distance provided for air gap in the place of installation of the stove and the passage of the chimney, in the case of a steam room lined with wood, one of the most effective measures. - The installation of a chimney in a bath is carried out in compliance with fire protection measures. It is mandatory to use interfloor cutting, as well as thermal insulation of the chimney when passing through the roof and floor slabs.
- The fire safety requirements of SNiP for saunas limit the use of electric heaters. The maximum power of the device cannot exceed 15 kW. It is not allowed to install an electric furnace that does not correspond to the volume of the steam room.
- A metal shield must be installed directly above the conventional and electric heater. Walls and ceilings are also protected.
- During the construction of a bathhouse, fire safety standards require the installation of notification and alarm systems that warn of a fire in the steam room and in the locker room.
Building a bath without violations is quite problematic, but it is even more difficult to ensure the safe operation of the premises in the future.
Fire safety in the Russian bath must be observed even at the construction stages. Visiting the steam room should also remain safe. To do this, you will need to follow several recommendations related to both the operation and protection measures of the building.
- for fire safety wooden bath should stand 10-15 m from a residential building. This distance may vary depending on the degree of fire resistance of the building. Breaks from the bath to the house fire regulations, are described in table No. 11, Federal Law No. 123. If both buildings are built of brick, the limit distance can be reduced to 6 meters.
Distance between residential building and a bath reduces the likelihood of fire spreading. - During installation metal stove should take care of reliable protection walls with screens. When installing equipment on a wooden floor, it is necessary to create a refractory layer. It is made from asbestos sheet upholstered with iron.
Fire protection of the wall near the firebox also requires the creation of a heat-insulating layer. Some hosts do cladding refractory brick, others carry out the insulation of the walls from the furnace with mineral heaters, followed by the installation of a metal sheet. - Backfill attic space mainly done with peat and sawdust. According to SNiP, it is necessary to install a vertical cut in the place where the chimney passes. As a rule, the manufacture of a horizontal dividing fence will be additionally required.
- The brick pipe on the roof, according to the norms in SNT, must be whitened. Mandatory whitewashing is aimed at the rapid detection of cracks and splits. Due to violations in the sealing of the chimney, carbon monoxide poisoning can occur.
- Chimney installation in two-story bath carried out with mandatory insulation of the heated surface. You will also need to finish the walls in the bath with fire-fighting materials along the entire path of the chimney. Should be provided inspection hatches for pipe cleaning. It is not allowed to connect two stoves to one pipe at the same time.
- The technology of the fire cut device is described in the PPB. The thickness is at least 12 cm. If it is planned that the degree of heating of the furnace will exceed 100 ° C, the layer is increased to 25 cm with a mandatory lining of felt fabric.
- The ceiling in the bath is made of hardly flammable materials. In most cases, wooden moisture-resistant panels impregnated in flame retardants are used.
- The fire safety of a log bath is ensured by the mandatory use of fire retardant impregnations and compounds. Re-processing of wooden structures is required at least 1 time in 2 years.
- For exterior finish It is recommended to use non-flammable materials. Fireproof cladding of the outer walls of the bath can be made using decorative brick, professional sheet. If the decision is made to use natural wood, the technical regulations oblige it to be treated with fire protection.
- Before the firebox it is necessary to check the draft. In the absence of draft, the necessary pressure can be created by burning a small amount of dry wood chips and sawdust. In no case should you start the firebox without traction.
- Baths require regular maintenance. It includes a visual inspection of the smoke exhaust system, the integrity of the stove itself, as well as cleaning the chimney.
- Extinguishing fires in saunas and baths often becomes necessary due to simple negligence or as a result of oversight. Cracks in the oven can cause embers or burning sparks to fall out.
Although for a private steam room there are no rules obliging to install an alarm system, a fire extinguishing device in a bathhouse significantly increases the safety of being in it.
The construction of a commercial bath or bath complexes cannot do without the mandatory coordination of projects with representatives of the Ministry of Emergency Situations. According to statistics, among all public buildings, fires most often occur in theaters and saunas (baths). It is not surprising that these premises are subject to increased requirements PB.
The class of constructive fire hazard of the bath is determined by the type of materials used in construction, the fire resistance of the main building is also taken into account.
Fire safety requirements for the construction of a public sauna or bath include the following:
- Prevention of fire in wood. Wood burns both as a result of direct exposure to fire and as a result of pyrolysis. When heated to required temperature spontaneous combustion occurs. In public steam rooms and baths, all wooden structures must be treated with special impregnations and compounds that increase fire resistance.
- Baths in the basement should be equipped with natural and forced ventilation systems.
- When installing an electric furnace or wood-burning heater air gaps must be observed and the distance to combustible surfaces must be exactly maintained.
- Insulation chimneys, fireproof boards for wooden walls in the bath must withstand exposure to fire for 45-60 minutes.
- A ban on the construction of a bath may take place in the case of designing a steam room in adjacent premises with preschool and educational institutions, in the basements of a building with a total crowd of more than 100 people.
Fire extinguishing system in the sauna and bath
The PB requirements regulate the installation of alarm and fire extinguishing systems in public steam rooms. Since in infrared sauna the air does not heat up, safety rules require the use of serviceable wiring and mandatory grounding.
For electric heaters, it is recommended to use air heating sensors that react to a rapid change in temperature and, in case of danger, turn off the power supply. In addition to circuit breakers and RCDs, this measure is more than enough to prevent a fire in the event of a short circuit.
How to protect a bath from a fire
The owner, who builds the steam room on his own, will have to take into account many mandatory questions: where to place the bath on the site, which heat-insulating fireproof Construction Materials use how to provide the necessary fire resistance.
The most frequently asked questions are:
- What thermal insulation provides maximum fire protection? Mineralite or basalt slab. The production process is associated with obtaining the melting of rock at a temperature of 1500 degrees. Plates and windings made of basalt fibers are able to withstand prolonged heating up to 800 degrees. As a result of these properties, fire-fighting materials for a wall near a metal sauna stove, chimney insulation - are made on the basis of basalt or mineralite heaters.
In order to install the pipe in a fireproof manner, it will also be necessary to use basalt or mineralite insulation at the place where the floor slabs and roofs pass. - How to make a vertical cut. Fireproof overlap between floors in the bath is made as follows. A vertical cut is made at the place where the pipe passes. It is covered with expanded clay with additional insulation of the heated parts of the chimney.
- How often should fire retardant treatment be carried out? All wooden surfaces it is necessary to open the paintwork at least once every two years. You can check the condition of the protective layer by testing the sample with fire. Light a match, bring a sliver, if after the match goes out, the sliver continues to burn, then the existing fire protection is not enough.
fire safety standards
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