New diseases of seedlings of tomato stolbur. Nightshade pillar: the best protection is prevention. The largest varieties and their detailed characteristics
Tomatoes spin in a "boat" or "tube"
source
There are many reasons for leaf curl in tomatoes. But by the nature of the twisting, you can guess exactly what we did not please the planted seedlings with.
Spin up "boat"
There are only two culprits here:
1. potato aphid, which sits on the stems and, despite its small size, twists the foliage up. It will not be difficult to cope with it - spray the tomatoes with any preparation from colorado potato beetle: Tanreg, Confidor, Iskra, and she will perish. Just do not abuse spraying. The foliage will not straighten, and the fly will continue to sit, it's just that it is already dry. But the new foliage will grow already normal.
2. The second "pest" is the weather. Actually, tomatoes are plants. temperate climate, too cold nights and too hot days are contraindicated for them. If during the day the temperature rises above +35 C, then the leaves are twisted into a boat. The lack of moisture aggravates the "disease" - the soil cracks and tears the roots. Therefore, in addition to twisting, signs of a lack of trace elements may also appear. Mulch the soil with straw or husks, spray Novosil with the addition of trace elements on the leaf.
spinning down
It's more dangerous. Perhaps this is the first symptom of bacterial cancer. If lower leaves twist, turn brown and then dry up - that's exactly it. Unsure of the diagnosis - cut off one of the stems. A brown ring will be visible on the cut. These are the vessels "clogged" bacterial cancer. Such plants should be removed.
However, if there is no ring, then do not rush to uproot the tomato plot. The lack of phosphorus, boron and other trace elements also twists the leaves of tomatoes downwards. Here you can try to determine which element is in short supply, or you can just go through all of them, feeding the plants with Sudarushka, Ryazanochka, Polymicro or complex fertilizers with trace elements (Master, Kemira, etc.).
Not enough chalk or too much manganese
Up twists the leaves and lack of calcium. It is easy to identify: at the same time, the growth points die off, and top rot appears on the fruits. The disease is easy to fix by feeding the plantings with calcium nitrate.
Another thing is manganese. Gardeners put "horse solutions" 1 teaspoon into a bucket of water. As a result, the leaves twist from an excess of manganese. Although "twisting" - loudly said. Young foliage wrinkles, becomes "chewed". The best option– add manganese at the tip of a knife to a bucket of water.
Potassium perm
The lack of potassium in many cultures is expressed in the form of drying out of the edges of the foliage. On tomatoes, the edges of the leaves "curl". Subsequently, necrosis develops on older leaves. The smallest veins turn pale, and the edges of the leaves turn brown.
But "potato leaves" on tomatoes are only welcome. Varieties with this feature are more productive (unless, of course, weeds are not given free rein).
There are two types of stolbur: one causes striping and mottling of fruits, the other - anthocyanin coloration of leaves. A strong colonization of a plant by harmful organisms provokes a violation of the processes occurring in its cells and tissue systems, which leads to blockage of blood vessels and chlorotic. Phytoplasmas are located in plant cells mainly along the cytoplasmic membranes. The more tomato cells filled with phytoplasmas, the more pronounced the disease.
Commercial qualities of fruits affected by stolbur worsen due to a sharp decrease in their dry matter content.
Signs of infection of tomatoes with stolbur
Stolbur of tomatoes appears on the leaves, flowers and fruits of plants.
- The tops, young shoots, and later the lower leaves acquire a pink-violet color as a result of the accumulation of anthocyanins in them.
- The leaves of diseased plants become small, chlorotic, twist upwards, acquiring the shape of a boat.
- From excessive overflow of tissues with starch, leaves and stems become rough and brittle.
- The affected flowers are deformed, the sepals increase in size, often grow together and take the form of bells. Stamens and pistils are underdeveloped; petals are small, often colorless or green. Such flowers are usually sterile, and if fruits are formed on them, then they are small, woody, unevenly colored.
- Affected fruits are unsuitable for consumption.
Ways to spread tomato stolbur
Stolbur is a highly contagious disease, spread by sucking insects, in particular, various types leafhoppers. In winter, mycoplasmas (single-celled microorganisms - causative agents of the disease) remain in the roots of perennial weeds (plantain, thistle, spurge, elder grass, etc.). The larvae of leafhoppers also hibernate on the roots of weeds, which, feeding on the juice of diseased plants, are affected by the causative agent of the disease. Adult cicadas in mid-June settle and infect weeds and nightshade crops with stolbur.
The intensity of the development of mycoplasmas can vary from year to year depending on the wintering conditions of disease carriers. If climatic conditions do not contribute to the development, reproduction and migration of insects (in particular, in severe winters with little snow), the harmfulness of tomato stolbur decreases.
The development of stolbur is promoted by high air and soil temperatures.
Measures to combat tomato stolbur
- Disinfection of seeds (disinfection for 20 minutes in water heated to 48-50 ° C, or 1% potassium permanganate solution).
- Compliance with the norms of spatial isolation of tomatoes and other solanaceous crops among themselves (plots should be at least 500–1000 m apart).
- Mulching the soil between the rows with straw.
- Carrying out activities aimed at accelerating the fruiting of tomatoes (for example, proper feeding during the fruiting period) to collect the bulk of the crop before the onset of the disease.
- Systematic control of weeds that accumulate infection, both in field crop rotations and on roadsides.
- Spraying plants with insecticides against sucking insects - carriers of pathogens (3-4 times during the growing season). In particular, you can use drugs such as Aktelik 500 EU, a.e. 0.3-1.5 l/ha, Bi-58 new 40% a.e. 0.5-1.0 l/ha, Mospilan 20% r.p. 02-0.3 kg/ha and others.
Valentina Sergienko, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences
Anna Tkalenko, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences
© Magazine "Ogorodnik"
Photo: Wikimedia Commons
A familiar situation when it’s hard to bite through a seemingly normal tomato? And when cutting with a knife, you need to make an effort to cut the dense white tissue that occupies the central part of the tomato. And the taste of the fruit is not at all tomato. This is not just a shortcoming, it is a bright appearance of a rather serious disease that can destroy up to 50-70% of the crop or leave it completely without it.
With the active growth of the vegetative mass and the early development of the disease, the fruits may not set. With a late lesion, the ovaries may appear and ripen, but the taste, size and commercial quality of the tomatoes will be unsatisfactory.
Stolbur, or by another name, tomato phytoplasmosis (Stolbur of tomato) is a disease caused by a harmful microorganism, different from viruses and bacteria, but causing no less harm.
Signs of illness
The disease is immediately reflected in appearance, and then on the state of the fruit:
- leaf blades are significantly smaller, the color is yellow-green, but slightly pink or with shades of purple is possible;
- flowers are enlarged in size, petals and sepals are often fused and elongated upwards;
- the fruit has a very hard texture with a highly developed solid white vascular tissue;
- the root is covered with small cracks, the bark is lignified and becomes brown.
How it spreads
Phytoplasmas accumulate and long time live in rhizomes, as well as tubers cultivated plants and weeds. Among the most common carriers: bindweed, alfalfa, plantain, thistle, thistle, nightshade. But the disease is not transmitted with seeds, it is spread by leafhoppers, small insects that overwinter on the same roots.
Human danger
With early stolbur damage, tomato flowers are almost completely sterile. At a later date, more than half of the fruits may be edible, but the subsequent crop will become completely unsuitable for consumption.
Fruits affected by stolbur during ripening have an uncharacteristic color caused by coarsened tissues inside the fruit. The pulp is practically absent, there is no juice, which is why the tomatoes become tasteless and tough. 
Conditions for the spread of the disease
- Timing of illness.
The start of the emergence of the first generation of leafhoppers falls on the end of May - the beginning of June, and they reach the largest number by the first days of July. Within four weeks after infection of the culture with the causative agent of stolbur, which was brought by leafhoppers, lasts incubation period. In this regard, the mass destruction of plants begins from the last ten days of July to the end of the first ten days of August.
The activity of leafhoppers in transmitting the disease lasts about 2.5 months.
- Temperature.
Favorable territories for the development of mycoplasma are areas with high air and soil temperatures. Little snow, cold winters worsen the conditions for the reproduction and migration of insect vectors, which reduces the harmfulness of tomato stolbur.
- Humidity.
High humidity, especially in closed greenhouses, increases the rate of development of mycoplasma and its activity.
Control measures
IN modern conditions no chemicals or biological agents that destroy microorganisms on diseased plants. The main control measure, in order to prevent the spread of the disease, is prevention:
- it is necessary to destroy infected plants immediately after establishing the cause of the disease, since healthy fetuses it is not advisable to collect from them, but to save the bush as a source of the spread of the disease;
- it is necessary to remove weeds during the entire growing season and after harvesting, since they root system accumulates the causative agent of the disease;
- spray the garden from cicadas (so that the pathogen does not spread from diseased plants to healthy ones, it is necessary to destroy the peddler in a timely manner, for which insecticidal preparations are used).
Conclusion: the less weeds - the less cicadas. There will be few leafhoppers, there will be a minimum chance for stolbur.
Tomato treatment for stolbur
- Phytoplasmin.
It is a bactericidal and phytoplasmicidal agent of systemic action, effective against bacterial diseases tomato. It is the only drug with direct action against stolbur. It is used for spraying plants and watering the soil under the root during the growing season. To prepare the solution, take 30 ml of the drug per 30 liters of water. Protective properties remain for at least 3-4 weeks.
A modern drug of a new generation, long-acting. Belongs to the group of systemic drugs of contact-intestinal action. Insects die immediately after eating the processed vegetative mass. The main active ingredient is imidacloride. Available in different packaging, used in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. First, a concentrate is prepared at the rate of 2 g of the drug per 100 g of water, and then diluted to 1 liter and sprayed on the plants. 
- Aktara.
This systemic preparation is used for spraying plants and soil. Available in the form of granules and suspensions. To prepare a solution, 8 g of granules are dissolved in 10 l warm water(25-30°C). The consumption of the drug solution is about 1 liter per 1 m². Spraying is carried out when the first signs of the disease are detected.
- Mospilan.
Systemic, contact-intestinal insecticide affects nervous system insects, causes their paralysis and death. Works effectively at all stages of insect development (from larva to adult). Preparation of the solution: 2.5 g of Mospilan (1 package) are dissolved in 1 liter of water, and then diluted to 10 liters. Provides protection for 2-3 weeks.
- Fufanon.
Contact drug has a wide spectrum of action, has damaging properties for several days. In greenhouses, processing of tomatoes is carried out no more than 3 times, in open field- no more than 2. Fruits can be eaten no earlier than 20 days after processing. For 10 liters of water, 10 ml of the drug will be required. For 10 m² of area, 1-3 liters of solution will be needed.
- Actellik.
For spraying plants, a solution is used at the rate of 10 ml of the drug per 10 liters of water:
- open ground - 2 liters per 10 m²;
- protected ground - 1 liter per 10m².
During the growing season, 2 treatments are carried out, no later than three weeks before harvesting.
- Preparations from the group of pyrethroids.
They have high activity against insects, are used for spraying during the growing season. They are synthetic analogues of natural insecticides. They retain protective properties in the soil for 2-4 weeks, on the surface of plants - 7-10 days, they practically do not penetrate into the culture. The representative of this group is the drug Rovikurt. 
Insecticide of system action, keeps protective properties within 10-15 days. During the growing season, no more than 2 treatments are carried out 30 days before harvest. Spraying is carried out in dry weather, at temperatures up to 15 ° C. 60 g of the drug is added to 10 liters of water. Use a solution for 100 m² of tomato plantings.
Attention! planting tomatoes early maturing varieties V early dates will allow you to get the ovaries of the fruit before the start of the mass appearance of the leafhopper and avoid the defeat of stolbur.
Features of processing tomatoes
- In a greenhouse.
The consumption of the working fluid of the drug is 1.5–2 times less than in the open ground, since it gets into the protected ground fewer insects. Processing is carried out in cloudy weather.
- In open ground.
Processing of plants is carried out in dry, cloudy, cool weather. Consumption rates are selected depending on the severity of the lesion.
Soil care after infected tomatoes
- Processing means.
Destroy weeds that accumulate the pathogen with the help of double soil treatment with glyphosates Raudap, Tornado and Hurricane.
To destroy the cicada, the systemic insecticide Aktara is used. A week before planting tomato seedlings, selective herbicide Stomp is used for disinfection.
- Plowing.
It is carried out to a depth of 20-25 cm after harvesting plant residues and disinfecting the soil.
The author of the video talks about the signs of stolbur, the causes of the appearance, methods of dealing with the disease.
Prevention
In order to reduce the migration of leafhoppers and other insects, it is recommended:
- sow corn, sunflower and other tall crops next to tomatoes, forming protective backstage;
- remove weeds in a timely manner, preventing the accumulation of harmful microorganisms on its roots and reducing the risk of tomato disease with stolbur.
Attentive attitude to the condition of plants will allow timely destruction of bushes with signs of the disease, to carry out a complex preventive measures to defeat stolbur, using the minimum amount of chemicals.
In my country house I grow popular amateur varieties of tomatoes. This season, the plants produced fruits that are normally colored with outer side, but on the cut with whitish and green spots. The pulp is very hard and tasteless. What happened?
A. Doronova, Nizhny Novgorod region
This year, many gardeners have dealt with a similar problem. Fruits of this quality have already been dubbed "wooden tomatoes".
Judging by the description, the cause of fruit damage can be a dangerous mycoplasmal disease of tomatoes - stolbur. Previously, it was noted only in the southern regions, but now the pathogen has penetrated into the center of Russia. The disease affects all representatives of the nightshade family, destroying from 20% to 100% of plants. Strong Development disease occurs during periods of high temperatures, and this summer was hot, at least in the Nizhny Novgorod region.
HOW TO IDENTIFY A DISEASE
The symptoms of stolbur are very diverse and manifest themselves differently in the plant (either all at once, or only some). Signs of stolbur can occur even at the flowering stage, but not everyone knows that this is how the disease begins.
Most feature diseases - greening or growth of flowers. Petals either do not develop at all, or decrease in size and turn green. The sepals grow and fuse along the entire length, as a result, the flower resembles a bell in shape. The pistil of such flowers is ugly, sometimes it greatly increases and gradually grows into a shoot. Sick flowers remain sterile.
A specialist can identify the disease by the leaves. The leaves, especially the upper ones, have an anthocyanin hue and are often folded into boats; purple coloring of the veins is noticeable on the underside of the leaves. The leaves of the lower tiers are yellowish in color. Leaf blades and the stems become rough, brittle.
Also, at the stolbur bush, the shoots depart at a sharper angle, the bush resembles a broom. But sometimes only the upper part of the plant has a changed appearance. This is due to the stage at which the infection occurred.
If the plant has picked up an infection during the formation of fruits, then they are colored unevenly, their color is not red, but yellow-orange or white-pink. On the underside of the fruit, a mesh may appear that shines through the skin. Or the skin at the bottom dries up and resembles parchment paper.
In such fruits, the cells of the vascular-fibrous bundles are highly developed, and the seed chambers are reduced in size. Seeds are either puny or absent. The pulp of the fruit is tough and of bad taste, hence the name "wooden tomatoes".
Similar fruits can be not only in tomatoes, but also in other nightshade. This year, for example, tough fruits have grown in eggplants. The color of the skin was lighter, with a brownish tint. The pulp is also not juicy and woody.
WHERE IS THE DANGER?
From the notes of a specialist phytopathologist N. Korganova: “Stolbur is caused by mycoplasmas, which, by their size and ability to penetrate into living organisms, approach viruses, since they do not have rigid cell membranes, and in terms of their “lifestyle” they are gram-negative bacteria. Therefore, stolbur is often confused sometimes with a viral, sometimes with a bacterial infection.
The causative agent of the disease overwinters on perennial weeds (field bindweed, field thistle, garden sow thistle, common chicory, alfalfa). The infection is carried by insect pests, in particular, leafhoppers (we may also have aphids and whiteflies).
Since weedy areas are populated by cicadas 2-3 times more intensively than clean beds, an outbreak of stolbur is usually observed when the number of weeds, especially field bindweed, increases sharply.
Stolbur weeds have characteristic appearance- the whole plant is chlorotic (pale, light yellow), leaves are small, plants look dwarf, lag behind others in development.
The incubation period (from the moment of infection to the onset of symptoms) lasts 1-1.5 months. However, on weakened specimens (with a lack of water, batteries, in dense plantings), the disease is more transient. Fungal and bacterial infections also accelerate the development of stolbur.
The reasons for the appearance of white pulp in tomatoes - stolbur, or phytoplasmosis.
Stolbur of tomato and pepper
Symptoms of stolbur: the first signs appear on young leaves, which become pinkish, the leaf blades become smaller, coarsen, the edges are bent upwards.
The stem may thicken.
Flower brushes grow upward, the petals become smaller, turn green, the calyx fuses and looks like a bell. Flowers are sterile.
The fruits of tomato and pepper are unevenly colored, tasteless, their flesh is hard, whitish.
With the development of the disease, chlorosis affects all the leaves of the plant. Leaves wither and fall.
Stolbur infects tomatoes, peppers, potatoes, eggplants, tobacco and many weeds.
Least of all, tomato stolbur and standard varieties are stolbur peppered.
Measures to combat stolbur: viral diseases practically untreatable. Losses are especially great when celery is damaged in the early stages.
Diseased plants with mosaic symptoms should be removed immediately.
It is necessary to remove all weeds, even between rows, to deal with aphids in a timely manner (spray with insecticides).
It is important to grow properly healthy seedlings pepper, tomato and eggplant.
Regular watering and loosening of the soil after watering are necessary.
Cause of illness: Viral disease.
Viruses are spread by cicadas.
viral diseases of tomato and pepper diseases of tomato pepper photo
How to Avoid White Pulp in Tomatoes…
Why do tomatoes often have white flesh inside (very hard and tasteless), although the fruit itself is red and beautiful?
Tatyana Petrova.
Uneven coloring of the peel and pulp of tomato fruits can be caused by an infectious (physiological) disease. It occurs due to a sharp fluctuation in temperature, humidity and lighting in the greenhouse, as well as a lack of potassium and calcium with excessive nitrogen application. Slightly colored spots (fabrics lose their ability to accumulate dyes) appear on the fruit, its parts, which are strongly illuminated and heated by the sun.
During the flowering period and 10 days before it, the temperature should be below plus 35 degrees and above plus 15. Otherwise, the formation of lycopene, the pigment that determines the red color of the fruit, as well as carotene, stops.
It is very important to maintain a cooler night temperature, especially during fruit growth. It should be lower than the daytime one, so that the excess of assimilates accumulated during the day (end products of photosynthetic fixation and reduction of carbon dioxide in plants) is not spent on respiration at night.
In hot weather, the roots of plants also suffer. They stop absorbing potassium from the soil, which is necessary for the synthesis of lycopene. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain the optimum soil temperature within plus 20-25 degrees.
To obtain high-quality fruits, it is desirable that the greenhouse has optimum temperature and humidity, apply moderate doses nitrogen fertilizers. In the heat of the greenhouse, intensively ventilate, and shade the coating (spray with chalk or cover with white paper).
When growing tomatoes in open ground, the soil must be mulched. And, most importantly, to strengthen potassium and calcium nutrition (per 1 sq. m., 50 g of ammonia and potassium nitrate each) before flowering and fruit set. These elements should be applied along with watering.
Please tell me why the tomatoes turned red, and inside there are large large hard white streaks?
Hello Pomodoro.
Please tell me why the tomatoes turned red, and inside there are large large hard white streaks?
Hello, Elena.
If, with such signs, there are green non-maturing parts of the stalk, a lack of potassium can be assumed. If all the fruits turn red as a whole, without green bottoms, it makes sense to check for nitrates. Maybe just an imbalance in some other battery.
I also noticed that when the weather is cold at night for a long time, some of the fruits come out like this with white woody pulp in the center.
Bacterial diseases of tomato and cucumber in protected ground
The prevalence of stolbur in the region reaches 100%, and its harmfulness consists in a sharp decrease in the yield and quality of tomatoes. 
To protect the tomato from the disease, it is recommended to destroy perennial weeds near tomato plantations (in greenhouses and around them), to systematically control pathogen vectors (especially leafhoppers, whiteflies, aphids and cotton bollworms) to effectively use such a low-hazard drug as fitoverm (bioinsecticide) . It is also necessary to treat plants with tetracycline antibiotics (for example, phytoplasmin) at intervals of once every two weeks. It is advisable to combine these two protective equipment in the form of a tank mixture. The beginning of insecticide treatment - from the moment the seedlings are planted, it is better to spray with antibiotics at the beginning of flowering, but the multiplicity is not more than two or three, and then it is necessary to use other drugs - such as farmayod (with a concentration of 0.05%) or known to everyone Bordeaux mixture. To increase the immunity of plants, it is necessary to carry out fertilizing with organic and complex mineral fertilizers.
Stolbur, or phytoplasmosis
Pathogen
Phytoplasma Solanaceae
Pathogen biology
The carrier of the infection are leafhoppers. In the spring, 2–7 days after feeding on infected weeds, leafhoppers acquire the ability to transmit the infection to tomato plants or other nightshades.
Sources of infection
Phytoplasma overwinters in the rhizomes of affected weeds and other perennials, for example, bindweed, thistle, plantain, St. John's wort, elderberry, etc.
Symptoms
Leaf segments are small, chlorotic, often with pinkish or purple tint. Flowers deformed: sepals overgrown, often fused; the inner parts of the flower are reduced - the pistil is shortened, the stamens are underdeveloped, the petals are smaller, discolored or green in color. The fruits are woody. On their cut, a white, highly developed vascular tissue is visible. There are numerous cracks on the surface of the root, the bark acquires a brown tint, and a strong lignification of the internal tissues of the root is observed.
Maliciousness
The harmfulness of stolbur is expressed in a decrease in yield and a decrease in the dry matter content, which leads to a deterioration in the commercial quality of the fruit.
Agricultural measures
Destruction of weeds - phytoplasma reservoirs near fields, including herbicides. They are applied before emergence of shoots of culture or after emergence of shoots.
