Plants of the Altai Territory names. Nature, plants and animals of Altai. Decoction and infusion of Ivan-tea
Gorny Altai is not only a sacred, unique land, but also a natural, natural reserve. Everything's there. Glaciers and mountains, fast rivers and azure lakes, alpine steppes, forests, taiga.
And, due to such a variety of natural areas, a very rich flora and fauna. That is why so many medicinal plants grow there.
And many herbalists regularly travel to Altai on expeditions to study and collect medicinal plants.
Ekaterina Snegireva, a phytotherapist, aromatherapist, psychologist, teacher of Kundalini Yoga, talks about some of them.
One of the plants without which I do not return from Altai is Badan thick-leaved.
It usually grows on the shores of alpine lakes, on passes, in rock crevices and in general on any rocky rock.
Badan is otherwise called Mongolian tea or Chigir tea. After all, it is one of the oldest medicinal plants, the healing properties of which have long been used in folk medicine by Mongolian, Chinese and Tibetan healers.
In these countries, bergenia tea has long been a traditional drink, it resembles black tea, but with a more tart and astringent taste and aroma.
They harvest last year's dry, inconspicuous-looking, black leaves, which have already undergone natural fermentation and have lost most of their alkaloids.
Badan tea is also called Chaban tea or shepherds tea. Wandering through the high-mountain steppes, the pastoral tribes of Altai and Mongolia have been drinking this healing and rejuvenating drink since ancient times.
Badan has a pronounced antimicrobial activity, is considered a natural antibiotic, tones well without raising blood pressure, gives strength and strengthens the immune system, has hemostatic and vascular-strengthening properties, and is an excellent uroseptic.
"Khan-Altai" - the Altaians call their land with respect. And this is indeed a sacred, unique land. She is alive.
It's as if the magic is still there. Altaians believe that every river, every tree or every mountain has its own spirit - eezi. They worship them and treat all living things with great respect.
Already from the first minutes of your stay in Altai, you seem to be saturated with such an attitude, feeling and begin to perceive everything a little differently.
It's like you become part of something bigger. Here you merge with nature, return to your essence.
Potentilla shrub
Another medicinal plant common in Altai is Potentilla shrub or Kuril tea.
Whole thickets of this shrub with bright yellow flowers can be found there almost everywhere. This plant has been used since ancient times also in China and Mongolia.
Kuril tea is mentioned in the ancient Tibetan medical treatise "Chzhud-Shi". In oriental medicine, a healing drink is used to treat diseases of the nervous system and gastrointestinal tract.
Kuril tea is also used for hypertension, to strengthen the immune system, for various diseases of the liver, blood vessels and genitourinary system.
Leaves are collected - cinquefoils and flowers. People with low blood pressure should be taken with caution, because cinquefoil can lower it even more.
No less common is another unique plant - Scutellaria vulgaris.
The first mention of the useful properties of Skullcap is found in the treatise of Tibetan medicine "Chzhud-Shi", written more than 25 centuries ago.
Currently, treatment with drugs based on this plant is practiced in Chinese medicine.
The skullcap is also called the Blue Hypericum. It has absolutely no contraindications and has antioxidant and antitumor activity.
During the period of strong physical and mental stress, the plant protects the nervous system from damage and has a mild tonic effect.
In addition, Scutellaria promotes improved oxygen supply to brain cells and muscles, increasing their performance. By expanding the vessels and increasing their elasticity, the plant helps to lower blood pressure and alleviate the course of hypertension. The same property of the herb makes it an excellent tool for the prevention of strokes.
One of my favorite Altai plants is Shizonepeta multicut. Especially a lot of it grows in the valley of the Chulyshman River.
She can't help but get attention. Blue-violet corollas with a strong spicy smell are visible and felt from afar.
It contains a lot of essential oils, which cause its strong smell, in particular, thymol and carvacrol, the same ones that are also found in Thyme.
And it needs to be added to tea quite a bit, otherwise it will kill the aroma and taste of other herbs.
In the cedar forests, one can often find lichen, which is very similar to long patlaty algae hanging for some reason from trees. This is Usnea bearded.
Usnea has been used in medical practice since ancient times. The main active ingredient of Usnea bearded are usnic acid and bitterness.
Usnic acid is a strong natural antibiotic with antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.
Usnea also contains a lot of iodine, ascorbic acid and other useful substances Therefore, in folk medicine, it is used in the treatment of a wide variety of diseases.
Licorice or Licorice is another medicinal plant often found in Altai.
The roots of the plant are usually used, which have a sweetish taste and characteristic aroma. The famous sweet Liquorice is made from it.
Licorice is widely used in medical practice as an expectorant, enveloping, cough softening agent for diseases of the upper respiratory tract.
Licorice preparations have immunomodulatory, antiviral, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory properties, exhibit hypotensive, capillary-strengthening, antibacterial, antitumor effects. Licorice also stimulates the adrenal cortex.
High in the mountains and on the passes you can find delicate, very beautiful pale yellow and bright blue flowers. This is Gentian.
For the first time, infusions and decoctions of gentian began to be used back in Ancient Egypt as effective remedy for the treatment of stomach ailments and Ancient Rome with convulsions, severe bruises, with bites of poisonous animals, and also as a remedy for the treatment of plague.
In the Middle Ages, gentian was used to treat tuberculosis, plague, fever, diarrhea, and also as an effective antihelminthic.
In mountainous countries, bitter alcoholic drinks were made from the roots of gentian.
The pharmacological properties of this plant are primarily determined by the presence of bitter substances - glycosides, which have a positive effect on the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and stimulate appetite.
Another alpine plant is Saussurea or Gorkusha. Saussurea is known in Tibetan folk medicine, as well as the peoples of Siberia and Transbaikalia.
The plant is most often used for epilepsy, fever, diarrhea, tuberculosis, neoplasms, bleeding of various types.
Protected and shrouded in legends, Edelweiss grows on the high plateaus of Altai. For many nations, it is a symbol of love and happiness.
Bringing a flower to your beloved girl was the height of courage and courage, as it grows high in the mountains, on the very edge of eternal snow, and only the most courageous can get to it to give it to their beloved later.
Edelweiss improves immunity, has an anti-inflammatory effect, but there are more effective plants for these purposes. There are so few edelweiss in the world and they are so magical that the hand will not rise to collect them for medicinal purposes.
Peony evasive
In the forests of Altai, in glades or forest edges, you can find a mass-blooming Peony deviating or Maryin root.
This is a variety of peony, which is grown in our flower beds, gardens, only the wild peony root has a characteristic strong smell and has strong soothing properties.
In China, peony is used as part of antitumor preparations. In Mongolian medicine - for diseases of the kidneys and liver.
Tibetan medicine widely uses the healing properties of peony: it is used in the treatment of nervous diseases, colds, gastrointestinal diseases, malaria, fever, metabolic disorders, diseases of the kidneys, respiratory tract and lungs.
Rhodiola Rosea, Forgotten kopeechnik, Levzeya soflorovidnaya
Visiting card of Altai - medicinal plants, which belong to the group of adaptogens - with regular use, they are able to adapt the body to the harmful effects of the environment.
They have a strong immunomodulatory property, increase mental and physical performance, tone (therefore contraindicated for people with high blood pressure).
An alcoholic tincture or decoction is made from the roots of these plants. Unfortunately, they all belong to endangered species and are listed in the Red Book.
Their extraction is prohibited, but everywhere at the Altai fairs you can meet merchants with these healing roots.
Here are some of these plants - Rhodiola Rosea or Golden Root, Forgotten Kopeck or Red Root, Leuzea Soflorovidnaya or Maral Root.
Rhodiola four-part
Rhodiola four-part or Red brush also belongs to the same group of adaptogens. But it is considered more of a female plant, since it also has a hormonal effect, it should be used with caution.
There are many more medicinal Altai plants and herbs, it’s impossible to list them all. Yes, and it is better to see it all with your own eyes. Touch them, say hello, brew fragrant tea.
The season there usually lasts from May to September, and every month different herbs bloom. So go ahead, you won't regret it!
At the turn of the millennium, non-traditional medicine again came out "from the underground" and made traditional, evidence-based medicine, real competition. All more people turn to alternative or biological medicine, which is impossible to imagine without the use of medicinal plants.
Every year the number of adherents of herbal treatment increases. Biologically active substances that plants contain are capable of influencing human anatomy and physiology in one way or another. With skillful and careful handling, natural medicines become our "green gold", capable of treating both mild and complex forms of diseases.
Professional herbalists, as well as those who collect herbs for their own use, know that the greatest healing properties of plants depend on where they grow. The Altai Territory, in this sense, is the most unique place on the scale not only of Russia, but of the entire globe.
Altai Krai is on the list of the most environmentally friendly places in the world. There are five UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Altai: Lake Teletskoye, Katunsky National Biosphere Reserve, Altai State Reserve, Belukha Mountain and the Ukok plateau zone.
The amazing combination of biological diversity of this ecoregion is a true miracle and is protected by the world ecological community.
The unique appearance of the landscapes of the Altai Territory amazes everyone who is among them:
Alpine and subalpine meadows, juicy, full of herbs
luxurious coniferous forests, mighty centuries-old cedar groves
unique zone of alpine belts
lakes and rivers into which crystal springs flow, carrying their jets from the eternal ice resting on the tops of the mountains.
More than 3,000 species of plants grow on the fertile and fertile soil of this magical corner of the planet. About 700 species are used directly by humans, almost 400 of them are medicinal, about 150 are listed in the Red Book, more than 100 unique herbs are found only here and nowhere else.
Some species can be both medicinal and dangerous at the same time, containing both vitamins and useful biologically active components, as well as toxic substances. There are certain collection and preparation rules medicinal herbs that must be observed.
There are periods or exact dates of collection, often associated with church holidays: Petrov fast, Ivan Kupala, etc., when the plant has especially healing properties
The biochemical composition of plants varies by the day of the year, and by the day of the month, and even by the hour of the day. For example, during the period of the growing moon, the juices rush up and fill the ground part of the plants, during the period of the waning moon, the juices fill the ground and roots.
rules for drying and preparation for storage, which must also be followed, etc.
If you listen to all the necessary instructions that can be found in special reference books, then the plants harvested for future use will retain the necessary useful and active substances. Since ancient times, people have proven the effectiveness of various types of natural medicines.
And now I will list some medicinal plants of the Altai Territory:
Rhodiola rosea (golden root)
The most famous plant, the first mention of the use for medicinal purposes dates back to a period of more than 500 years ago. A certain symbol of the healing nature of the Altai land. In its action, it is similar to eleutherococcus and ginseng, it belongs to the group of stimulating drugs that increase immunity, mental abilities, reduce the impact of stressful situations and adverse environmental factors.
Elecampane
People call it a cure for nine diseases. It was also used by Hippocrates, in the Middle Ages it was actively bred and used to treat a mass of ailments and even plague. Increases appetite, quickly restores the body after serious infectious diseases, normalizes the work of the stomach and intestines, relieves inflammation.
St. John's wort
They were brought to the royal court from Siberia in the seventeenth century. The sorcerers considered it a magical plant, used it to treat various wounds.
Coltsfoot
Tea from coltsfoot was drunk in ancient Greece when coughing. Decoctions were used to increase hair growth, to treat burns and wounds.
Motherwort
Since the fifteenth century, its sedative properties have been known, in addition to normalizing blood pressure, it has a relaxing and hypnotic effect.
yarrow
Since the time of Dioscorides, it has been used for healing, decontamination of wounds and as a hemostatic agent.
This is only a small part of the medicinal herbs growing in the Altai Territory. Highlander bird, azure cyanosis, thick-leaved bergenia, Ural licorice - you can list the composition of this natural storehouse of health and healing energy for a long time.
Interest in the use of alternative means for the treatment of diseases has only grown recently. It has long been established that the human body tolerates the biochemical effects of herbal medicines much better than the chemical effects of drugs that are perceived as foreign. In addition to the fact that herbs, when used wisely, can successfully treat a number of diseases, they also prevent the occurrence of new ones, rejuvenate and cleanse the body.
The nature of Altai is unique. An amazing combination of natural conditions has created a unique look of its landscapes. Here you can find juicy meadows full of herbs, and steppes dried up by the heat, dull mountain tundras and luxurious coniferous forests. However, the true miracle of Altai is the zone of high mountain belts. These are alpine and subalpine meadows, playing with all the colors of the rainbow, like magical flower beds created by the hand of a sorcerer. This is also the zone of the forest border, where mighty centuries-old cedars, like epic heroes, guard the secrets of majestic rocks. These are also wonderful springs, carrying their crystal jets from the eternal snows resting on the sky-high peaks of the mountains.
The main features of the vegetation cover of Altai are due to its geographical location, complex geological history, diversity climatic conditions. The large extent of the territory of Altai, both from north to south and from west to east, predetermines the extraordinary diversity of its flora. More than 2000 species of plants grow on the territory of Altai. There are about 660 species of useful plants directly used by man. Many types of plants can be both medicinal, food, vitamin-bearing, and poisonous at the same time. The group of medicinal plants is one of the largest. Widely used in official medicine are golden root, thick-leaved bergenia, officinalis valerian, Ural licorice, azure cyanosis, peony, dandelion, highlander, safflower-like rapotnik.
There are 149 species of food plants in the flora of the region. The stalks of hogweed, wild angelica, Siberian skerda, Gmelin's ranks, sorrel leaves, rhubarb, bracken, flask, berry plants, wild onions are edible and widely used. The stocks of raw materials of some food plants are quite large, but some need protection - rhubarb, flask, fern.
The flora of Altai is unique - more than 100 plant species are found only in Altai and nowhere else in the world. These are endemics that have arisen here in the process of evolutionary development, among which, for the most part, are especially valuable medicinal plants, such as red brush. The flora of the Altai Territory includes 32 relict species. These are Siberian linden, European hoof, fragrant bedstraw, giant fescue, Siberian brunner, floating salvinia, water chestnut and others. The Red Book of Russia (1988) includes ten species of plants growing in the Altai Territory: Siberian kandyk, Ludwig's iris, Zalessky's feather grass, downy feather grass, pinnate feather grass, Altai onion, steppe peony, Altai gymnosperm, Altai stellophopsis.
Altai is rightfully considered one of the most environmentally friendly places not only in Russia, but also in the world. There are eight sites on the UNESCO World Natural Heritage List in Russia. Five of them are located on the territory of Altai. These are the Katunsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve, the city of Belukha, the Altai State Natural Reserve, Teletskoye Lake and the Ukok Rest Zone. Research initiated by WWF (World wildlife) within the framework of the Living Planet program showed that there are about two hundred regions on the planet Earth, in which 95% of all types of living organisms are concentrated. They are called ecoregions (ecological regions). By preserving these regions, humanity will be able to save more than 95% of the existing biological diversity of the planet. Altai is included in the list of 200 unique ecoregions of the world (Global 200). The protection of this truly unique corner of nature is an important matter for both the population of Altai and all mankind.
Among medicinal plants there are many poisonous and potent ones, which must be handled with great care. At home, you can use only commonly used non-poisonous plants and fees sold in pharmacies, and even then after consulting a doctor. The doses of medicinal plants given in the book are calculated for an adult.
For a complete description of all medicinal plants of the Altai Territory listed in the book, see the category of medicinal plants or through block-search by name.
INDEX OF MEDICINAL PLANTS BY THEIR PHARMACOTHERAPEUTIC ACTION AND APPLICATION.
Cardiac.
Hawthorn blood red. Spring adonis. Jaundice gray. lilac
Vasodilators used in hypertension.
Hawthorn blood red. Valerian officinalis. Elecampane is high, Melilot officinalis. Kalina (juice from berries). The cup is yellow. Mordovnik ordinary.
Shepherd's bag. Patrinia medium. Tansy ordinary. Motherwort five-lobed. Sushenitsa marsh. Dill pharmacy. Hellebore Lobel. Three-part series
Increasing blood pressure.
Sandy immortelle. Leuzea safflower. Rhodiola rosea. Field steel. Thermopsis lanceolate
Hemostatic.
Badan thick-leaved. Sandy immortelle. Highlander snake. Highlander pepper. Hypericum perforatum. Kalina (bark). Horse sorrel. Stinging nettle. Hemorrhagic drug. The cinquefoil is upright. Larch sponge. Shepherd's bag. Tansy ordinary. The plantain is big. Siberian rowan. Field steel. Yarrow. Horsetail. Blueberry.
Expectorants.
Air marsh. Altea officinalis. Marsh ledum. Elecampane is high. Oregano is ordinary. Siberian source. Mullein bear ear. Coltsfoot. Dandelion officinalis. Primrose large. The plantain is big. The cyanosis is blue. Ural licorice. Pine (buds). Thermopsis lanceolate. Creeping thyme. Cumin ordinary.
Exciting nervous system.
Hypericum perforatum. Leuzea safflower. Mordovnik ordinary.Plaun-ram. Rhodiola rosea. Thermopsis lanceolate.
Soothing.
Air marsh. Hawthorn blood red. Belen scooping. Valerian officinalis. Highlander pepper. Oregano ordinary. Kalina (bark). Mullein bear ear. Patrinia medium. Peony evasive. Wormwood. Motherwort five-lobed. Pharmaceutical camomile. The cyanosis is blue. Sushenitsa marsh. Large celandine
Stimulating appetite.
Air marsh. Three-leaf watch. Gentian large-leaved. Hypericum perforatum. Dandelion officinalis. Wormwood. Yarrow.
Astringents (antidiarrheal).
Badan thick-leaved. Cowberry. Highlander snake. Highlander pepper. Hypericum perforatum. Hemorrhagic drug. The cinquefoil is upright. Altai rhubarb. Pharmaceutical camomile. Yarrow. Blueberry. Rosehip cinnamon. Horse sorrel. Orchid spotted.
Laxatives.
Three-leaf watch. Joster laxative. Buckthorn is brittle. Larch sponge. Dandelion officinalis. The plantain is big. Altai rhubarb. Pharmaceutical camomile. Rowan (fruits). Ural licorice. Field steel. Cumin ordinary. Horse sorrel.
With peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum.
Air marsh. Birch (buds). Altea officinalis. The cyanosis is blue. Hypericum perforatum. The cinquefoil is upright. Sea buckthorn. Peony evasive. The plantain is big. Pharmaceutical camomile. Ural licorice. Sushenitsa marsh. Yarrow. Chaga mushroom. Rosehip cinnamon.
With diseases of the liver and biliary tract.
Air marsh. Birch (leaves). Sandy immortelle. Three-leaf watch. Volodushka golden. Elecampane is high. Hypericum perforatum. Stinging nettle. Buckthorn is brittle. Dandelion officinalis. Shepherd's bag. Tansy ordinary. Wormwood. Altai rhubarb. Pharmaceutical camomile. Cumin ordinary. Pine (buds). Rosehip cinnamon. Horse sorrel. The celandine is big. The sequence is tripartite.
With diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract.
Air marsh. Badan thick-leaved (leaves). Birch (liegya and buds). Cowberry. Spring adonis. Elecampane is high. Hypericum perforatum. Mullein bear's ear (flowers leaves). Stinging nettle. The cup is yellow. Burdock. Dandelion officinalis. Primrose kruppochashechny. Wormwood. Pharmaceutical camomile. Siberian rowan. Scotch pine. Field steel. Creeping thyme. Horsetail. The sequence is tripartite. The celandine is big. Rosehip cinnamon (seeds). horse sorrel
Royal.
Carnation multi-colored. Highlander pepper. Elecampane is high. Viburnum ordinary (bark). Shepherd's bag. Stinging nettle. Yarrow.
Antihelminthic.
Marsh ledum. Valerian officinalis. Three-leaf watch. Elecampane is high. Hypericum perforatum. Male fern. Tansy ordinary. Wormwood. Pine (turpentine). Creeping thyme.
For skin diseases.
Hanging birch. Highlander snake. Morison's maid. Elecampane is high. Melilot medicinal. Oregano ordinary. Burdock. Sea buckthorn (oil). Dandelion officinalis. Patrinia medium. The plantain is big. Wormwood. Pharmaceutical camomile. Sushenitsa marsh. Horsetail. Hellebore Lobel. The sequence is tripartite. The celandine is big.
Antiseptic.
Air marsh. Badan thick-leaved. Hanging birch. Sandy immortelle. Cowberry. Oregano ordinary. Hypericum perforatum. Hemorrhagic drug. The cinquefoil is upright. Coltsfoot. Tansy ordinary. The plantain is big. Wormwood. Pharmaceutical camomile. Scotch pine. Creeping thyme. Yarrow. The celandine is big. Horse sorrel.
insecticidal.
Air marsh. Marsh ledum. Liveliness is high. The cup is yellow. Tansy ordinary. Wormwood. Thermopsis lanceolate. Hellebore Lobel. The celandine is big.
With alcoholism.
Plaun ram. Creeping thyme.
Strengthening hair.
Burdock. Stinging nettle. Coltsfoot. Hellebore Lobel. Hops ordinary.
With reduced sexual function.
Leuzea safflower. Rhodiola rosea. Orchid spotted.
Collection calendar of medicinal plants.
| plant names | Harvested parts | Collection per month |
| calamus marsh | rhizomes | 10, 11, 12 |
| Marshmallow officinalis | roots | 7, 10, 11, 12 |
| Ledum marsh | young shoots | 8, 9, 10 |
| Badan thick-leaved | leaves | 9, 10 |
| rhizomes | 10, 11, 12 | |
| Henbane black | leaves | 8, 9, 10 |
| drooping birch | leaves | 7, 8 |
| kidneys | 4, 5, 6 | |
| Sandy immortelle | inflorescences | 8. 9, 10 |
| hawthorn blood red | flowers | 7, 8 |
| fruit | 11, 12 | |
| Cowberry | leaves | 6, 7, 11, 12 |
| Valerian officinalis | rhizomes with roots | 10, 11, 12 |
| Three-leaf watch | leaves | 7, 8 |
| Volodushka golden | grass | 8, 9, 10 |
| Highlander snake | rhizomes | 6, 10, 11, 12 |
| Highlander pepper | grass | 9, 10 |
| Morison's maid | roots | 8, 11, 12 |
| spring adonis | grass | 8, 9 |
| Elecampane high | rhizomes with roots | 6, 7, 10, 11, 12 |
| Melilot officinalis | grass | 8, 9, 10 |
| Oregano | grass | 8, 9, 10 |
| Jaundice gray | grass | 8, 9 |
| Jaundice levkoy | grass | 8, 9 |
| Larkspur high | grass | 9, 10 |
| Larkspur reticulate-fetal | grass | 9, 10 |
| Joster laxative | fruit | 11, 12 |
| St. John's wort | grass | 6, 7, 8 |
| Siberian origin | rhizomes with roots | 8, 9 |
| Istod thin-leaved | 8, 9 | |
| Viburnum ordinary | bark | 4. 5 |
| fruit | 9. 10 | |
| mullein bear ear | flowers | 7, 8 |
| leaves | 6, 7, 8 | |
| Stinging nettle | leaves | 5, 6. 7 |
| Burnet officinalis | rhizomes with roots | 8, 9, 10 |
| Buckthorn brittle | bark | 5, 6 |
| Yellow capsule | rhizomes | 7, 8, 9, 10 |
| Potentilla erectus | rhizomes | 5. 9, 10 |
| Leuzea safronovidnaya | rhizomes with roots | 8, 9, 10 |
| larch sponge | fruiting body | 4, 5, 6 |
| Burdock felt | roots | 4, 5, 9, 10 |
| Burdock | roots | 4, 5, 9, 10 |
| Lyubka bifolia | root tubers | 7, 8 |
| Coltsfoot | leaves | 6, 7 |
| flowers | 4, 5 | |
| Mordovnik ordinary | seeds | 8, 9 |
| Mordovnik ball-headed | seeds | 8, 9 |
| Sea buckthorn | fruit | 8, 9, 10 |
| Dandelion officinalis | roots | 8, 9, 10 |
| male fern | rhizomes | 4, 5, 8, 9, 10 |
| Shepherd's bag | grass | 6, 7 |
| Patrinia medium | roots | 8, 9, 10 |
| Primrose large-cup | leaves and flowers | 5, 6 |
| rhizomes with roots | 4, 5, 8, 9 | |
| Common tansy | inflorescences | 7, 8 |
| Peony evasive | roots | 8, 9, 10 |
| club moss | disputes | 7, 8 |
| Club moss | grass | 7, 8 |
| Plantain large | leaves | 6, 7, 8 |
| Wormwood | grass | 6, 7, 8 |
| Motherwort five-lobed | grass | 6, 7, 8 |
| Altai rhubarb | roots with rhizomes | 5, 8. 9 |
| Rhodiola rosea (golden root) | rhizomes with roots | 8, 9 |
| pharmaceutical camomile | inflorescences | 6. 7 |
| Chamomile fragrant | inflorescences | 6, 7, 8 |
| Siberian rowan | fruit | 9, 10, 11 |
| cyanosis blue | roots with rhizomes | 8, 9 |
| lilac | grass | 7 |
| Ural licorice | rhizomes with roots | 4, 5, 9, 10 |
| Scotch pine | needles | 1, 2, 3, 11, 12 |
| kidneys | 4 | |
| Field stalk | roots | 8, 9, 10 |
| marsh cudweed | grass | 7, 8, 9 |
| Thermopsis lamellar | grass | 6, 7 |
| creeping thyme | grass | 6, 7, 8 |
| Thyme Marshall | grass | 6, 7, 8 |
| Cumin ordinary | fruit | 7, 8 |
| Yarrow | grass | 6, 7, 8 |
| Horsetail | grass | 6, 7, 8 |
| Chaga mushroom | fruiting body | 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 12 |
| Cheremitsa Lobel | rhizomes with roots | 4, 5, 8, 9, 10 |
| Three-part series | grass | 7, 8 |
| blueberry | leaves | 5, 6 |
| fruit | 7, 8 | |
| Large celandine | grass | 5, 6, 7, 8 |
| Rose hip | fruit | 8, 9, 10 |
| horse sorrel | roots | 9. 10 |
| fruit | 8, 9 | |
| Orchis | root tubers | 7, 8 |
NATURAL GEOGRAPHICAL ZONES OF THE ALTAI TERRITORY.
I. Steppe zone
Burlinsky, Khabarsk, Slavgorodsky, Tabunsky, Blagoveshchensky, Kulundinsky, Klyuchevsky, Rodinsky, Mikhailovsky, Volchikhinsky, Uglovsky, Loktevsky, Egorevsky. Rubtsovsky, Novichikhinsky, Pospeli-Khinsky, Shipunovsky, Aleisky, Romanovsky districts.
II. forest-steppe zone
A) left bank Obi
Pankrushikhinsky, Kamensky, Pavlovsky, Topchikhinsky, Tyumentsevsky, Rebrikhinsky, Mamoitovsky, Zavyalovsky *, Baevsky *, Kalmansky, Ust-Pristaisky districts.
B) the right bank of the river. Obi
Talmensky, Pervomaisky, Kosikhinsky, Troitsky, Ust-Pristaisky, Biysk, Tselinny, Sorokinsky *, Kytmanovsky districts.
III. Salair
(Foothills and mountains of Salair),
Zalesovsky, Sorokinsky *, Togulsky, Eltsovsky, Soltonsky districts.
IV. Foothills of Altai
Tretyakovsky, Zmeinogorsky, Kurinsky, Krasioshchekovsky, Ust-Kalmansky, Petropavlovsky, Bystroistoksky, Smolensky, Sovetsky, Krasnogorsky districts.
V. Altai Mountains
Charyshsky*, Soloneshensky*, Altaisky* districts.
VI. Mountain Altai
Turochaksky, Maiminsky *, Shebalinsky, Ongudaysky, Ust-Koksinsky, Ust-Kansky, Ulagansky and Kosh-Agachsky districts.
* The territory of the marked areas is located in two zones.
Recipe and application fees.
The collection recipes approved by the Pharmacological Committee of the Ministry of Health of the USSR, as well as recipes from the books of S. S. Stankov and N. V. Kovalevsky "Our medicinal plants and their medical use" and D. Yordanov, P. Nikolov, A. Boychinov "Phytotherapy" are given. ". The numbers indicate the weight ratio of plant parts, which should be taken when compiling the collection. The recipe of the fees mainly includes plants growing in the Altai Territory.I. Gastrointestinal diseases.
II. Respiratory diseases.
III. Diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract.
VI. Diseases of the liver and biliary tract.
V. Vitamin fees.
VI. Fees used in nervous and cardiovascular diseases.
VII. Other fees.
General information about the preparation and use of herbal medicinal raw materials.
Active ingredients of medicinal plants.
In ancient times, when people did not know the composition of medicinal plants, they were used in the form of powders, decoctions, sometimes in the form of ointments. From the time of the ancient Roman physician Galen, complex extracts and tinctures began to be prepared, which are still called galenic preparations.
The study of the chemical composition of plants began to be engaged only from the end of the 17th century. However, due to the imperfection of the study methods, the results were insignificant. Only in late XIX century, in connection with the rapid development of phytochemistry, the main groups of active substances of medicinal plants were discovered. Initially, alkaloids (morphine, cocaine, nicotine, etc.) were isolated in pure form, then glycosides, tannins, saponins, vitamins, phytoncides, and others. In recent decades, thanks to the isolation of active substances in their pure form and the study of their chemical structure, many of them have been synthesized. And yet, despite the great work done in this area, as A.F. Hammerman writes, “... small islands of our knowledge still float in the ocean of the unknown. There is still something for us and our children to work on ... »
As already mentioned, the most common active substances in plants are alkaloids. These are complex organic nitrogen-containing compounds of alkaline properties. They are found mainly in flowering plants and very rarely in fungi, mosses, algae in small quantities, from traces to 2-8 percent.
Most alkaloids are crystalline substances, and only a few that do not contain oxygen in their composition are liquid (nicotine, anabazine). They do not dissolve in water. With organic and mineral acids, they form salts that are readily soluble in water. Alkaloids are quite stable compounds, bitter in taste. In plants, they are found in the form of salts of organic acids or in combination with tannins. The poisonousness of many plants is more often just due to the presence of alkaloids in them.
To date, about 400 species of alkaloid-bearing plants are known in the USSR (around 800 worldwide), of which about 2,000 different alkaloids have been isolated. However, on the whole, the flora of the USSR has been studied for alkaloid content by approximately only 20 percent. Alkaloids contain only about 10 percent of all surveyed plants. Alkaloids are unevenly distributed throughout the plant: in some they are in the seeds, in others - in the roots, in others - in the leaves. Their content in a plant depends on many factors: vegetation phase, season, climate, growing zone, soil and other conditions.
Despite the fact that alkaloids have been discovered for a long time, their role for the plant is still unclear.
Glycosides are a large group of substances of a nitrogen-free nature, the molecule of which consists of a sugary part - glycone and a non-sugar part - aglycone (genin). The action of glycosides is mainly determined by their non-sugar part. Their role in plants has been studied better than the role of alkaloids. It is believed that they regulate many chemical processes of the transformation of substances. Unlike alkaloids, glycosides are rapidly destroyed during storage by the enzymes of the plants themselves, as well as under the influence of various physical factors. It is difficult to obtain glycosides in their pure form due to their instability. Therefore, in medical practice, not pure active substances are often used, but the plants themselves or total extracts from them. Glycosides are highly soluble in water. There are several groups of them: cardiac glycosides, laxatives, saponins, bitterness, etc. The first of them are most important for medical practice.
So far among all heart remedies herbal preparations make up more than half. Cardiac glycosides have a stronger effect on the body than other types of glycosides. Their therapeutic doses for a person are tens, hundreds of times less and are calculated in tenths of a milligram. Cardiac glycosides have a steroidal structure. In this respect, they are close to hormones and other body substances. Quite widely used in practice are glycosides that have a laxative effect, the so-called anthraglycosides contained in buckthorn, rhubarb, aloe, senna and other plants. Unlike cardiac glycosides, they are low toxic, stable during storage, most of them are colored red-orange.
Plants containing bitterness - glycosides, slightly toxic to the body, having a bitter taste (wormwood, gentian, dandelion, centaury, water shamrock and others) have found wide application in practice.
Many plants contain saponins, compounds that are a type of glycosides. They are found in representatives of more than 70 families, especially among cloves and primroses. Saponins, like all glycosides, have a strong irritant effect. With water, they form a persistent foam, like soap. Hence the name. Sapo is Latin for "soap". Easily dissolve red blood cells (hemolysis). When ingested, hemolysis does not occur, since the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract is impermeable to most of them. Saponno-containing plants are used in medical practice for a variety of purposes: as expectorant, diuretic, choleretic, stimulant, emetic, lowering blood pressure. In recent years, such valuable properties of a number of saponins as anti-sclerotic, anti-ulcer, and hormonal have been discovered. Saponins are also used in the food industry.
Flavonoids are a whole group of active substances (biflavonoids, flavones, flavonols, flavans, catechins, etc.). Contained in plants more often in the form of glycosides. They got their name for the yellow color (flavum in Latin means “yellow”). In its pure form, they are crystalline yellow substances that are soluble in alcohol and water. In recent years, much attention has been paid to their study. A number of them have P-vitamin activity, bactericidal, choleretic action and promote the removal of radioactive substances from the body, that is, they can be used to treat radiation sickness.
Kumarins and furokumarins are found in plants in pure form or in compounds with sugar in the form of glycosides. By chemical nature, they are unsaturated lactones. Insoluble in water, sensitive to light. More often, coumarins are found in plants from the umbrella, legume, and rue families, mainly in roots and fruits. In some representatives of these families, the content of coumarins can reach 5-10 percent. To date, more than 150 coumarin derivatives have been isolated and studied. Substances of this group have found application in medical practice as photosensitizing (psoralen, xanthotoxin), as vasodilators and antispasmodics (atamantin, ostchol), as estrogens (coumestrol) and antitumor agents (peucedanin). Some antibiotics also have a coumarin nature (novobiocin, umbelliferon and others).
Essential oils are volatile, oily liquids that are insoluble in water, causing a specific smell inherent in many types of plants (mint, dill, wormwood, thyme, etc.). Currently, about 2500 species of fragrant plants are known. By chemical nature, essential oils are a mixture of various organic substances: terpenes, ketones, esters, aldehydes, and others.
In plants, essential oils play a protective role or attract insects, promoting pollination. Their content in plants ranges from traces to 20 percent (usually 0.5-3 percent). Plants containing essential oils and pure preparations from them are widely used in the perfumery and food industries (rose, lavender, geranium, bergamot, mint, clove and other oils). A number of plants are used in medical practice as sedatives, expectorants, analgesics, antimicrobials and antihelminths.
Resins and balms are close to essential oils in chemical structure, often contained in plants simultaneously with them. They have an antiseptic effect, accelerate regenerative processes in tissues.
Tannins (tannins) got their name for their ability to tan leather and make it waterproof due to the coagulation of a protein - skin collagen.
Tanides are nitrogen-free non-toxic compounds, esters of polyhydric phenols. The ability of fruits, bark, roots of plants to darken at a break or cut is precisely due to the presence of tannins in them, which are quickly oxidized by atmospheric oxygen and acquire a yellow or brown color (formation of flobaphenes). Tanides are widely distributed in the plant world, found in almost all plants from traces to 35 percent. Plant tannins are involved in metabolism and protect them from harmful fungi and bacteria due to their antiseptic action.
In its pure form, tannins are amorphous powders of yellow or brown color, readily soluble in water and alcohol. There are two types of tannins - pyrogallol derivatives (hydrolysing tannins), stained with iron salts in black-blue color, and pyrocatechol derivatives (condensed tannins), stained with iron salts in black-green color. Widely used in the leather and food industries.
In medical medicine and veterinary practice, they have found application as anti-inflammatory, astringent, antiseptic, hemostatic agents. All of the listed properties of tannins are associated with their ability to coagulate the protein with the formation of a protective film on the mucous membranes. Tanides precipitate not only proteins, but also alkaloids, glycosides and heavy metals. In this regard, they are widely used in practice for poisoning with these substances.
Vitamins, being part of enzyme systems, regulate various aspects of metabolism in the body. Without vitamins, the normal life of the animal and human body is impossible. Although some vitamins are synthesized in the body of humans and animals, most of them are obtained from plants (carotene, vitamins C, K, D, E, and others).
In addition to the above groups of active substances of medicinal plants, their medicinal properties may be due to the presence of other types of chemical compounds, such as organic acids, mucus and gums, fatty oils, phytoncides, naphthoquinones, pigments, enzymes, mineral salts, trace elements, etc.
It should be noted that the therapeutic effect of plants in some cases is associated not with any one substance, but with the whole natural complex of substances included in it. In this case, the use of a pure active substance does not give the therapeutic effect that the use of the plant itself or the total extract from it gives (for example, valerian, wild rose, foxglove, leuzea, etc.)
Forms of application of medicinal plants.
Medicinal plants are used for therapeutic purposes in the form of various dosage forms. The choice of form depends on many conditions: the nature of the disease, the part of the plant from which the dosage form is prepared, and the ways in which the drug is used.The simplest dosage form are powders, which are finely crushed parts of plants (leaves, fruits, roots, rhizomes). At home, powders can be prepared from the roots and rhizomes in coffee mills. In general, powders from medicinal plants are rarely used in medical practice.
Most often, herbal medicinal raw materials are used in the form of infusions and decoctions. Methods of their preparation are given by us in accordance with the State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR.
Infusions and decoctions are aqueous extracts from medicinal plant materials. Infusions are usually prepared from the soft parts of the plant: Leaves, flowers, stems (grass); decoctions - from the coarse parts: roots, bark, rhizomes. Plant materials are crushed: leaves, flowers - to particles no larger than 5 mm, stems, bark, roots, rhizomes - no more than 3 mm, fruits and seeds - no more than 0.5 mm. The crushed raw materials are weighed, poured into an enameled or porcelain vessel, poured over with water at room temperature, closed with a lid and placed in a boiling water bath. The infusion is heated for 15 minutes, decoctions - 30 minutes. with frequent stirring. After heating, the vessel is cooled at room temperature(decoctions - 10 minutes, infusions - at least 45 minutes), after which they are filtered and the residue is squeezed out. Finished hoods are adjusted with water to the desired volume. If the decoctions are prepared from vegetable raw materials containing tannins (rhizomes of the serpentine, bergenia, burnet), then filter immediately after removing the vessel from the water bath. From most plants, infusions and decoctions are prepared in a ratio of 1:10, that is, ten parts of infusion or decoction are prepared from one weight part of crushed raw materials. From plants containing potent substances, infusions and decoctions are prepared in a ratio of 1:30 (Adonis grass, isthod root, rhizome and valerian root, lily of the valley grass, ergot), from poisonous plants - in a ratio of 1:400 (thermopsis grass, larkspur, seeds muzzle, hellebore rhizome). If it is necessary to combine infusions with other drugs (tinctures, extracts and powdered medicinal substances), they are added to ready-made chilled and filtered decoctions and infusions. Since infusions and decoctions quickly deteriorate, they are prepared for no more than 3-4 days and stored in a cool place. Ready-made infusions and decoctions are taken orally with tea, dessert or tablespoons, glasses.
In folk medicine, at home, infusions and decoctions are often prepared without boiling. To do this, medicinal raw materials are poured with boiling water, tightly closed and infused for 4-8 hours, after which they are filtered, the residue is squeezed out and the resulting extract is filtered. It is believed that without boiling, the active substances of plants are better preserved. You can store such infusions for no more than one day.
For various skin diseases, lesions of the mucous membranes, infusions and decoctions are used externally in the form of washings, baths, lotions, compresses, and sometimes in the form of enemas. In this case, they can be cooked more concentrated (1:5). Infusions and decoctions, in addition to the active ones, contain a significant amount of ballast substances extracted by water from plant materials.
From medicinal plants in pharmaceutical factories and in specially equipped laboratories, tinctures and extracts related to herbal preparations are prepared.
As a rule, tinctures are alcoholic extracts from plants (most often in 70-degree alcohol). The crushed raw material is poured into a tightly closed vessel with alcohol and infused at room temperature for 7 days, stirring occasionally. After the specified period, the liquid is drained, the residue is squeezed out, washed with alcohol of the same strength and the amount of filtrate is adjusted to the desired volume. From most plants, tinctures are prepared in a ratio of 1:5, from raw materials containing potent substances - 1:10. Tinctures - persistent drugs, stored long time(up to several years) at room temperature in a dark place in a tightly closed glassware. They contain a large number of active ingredients, so they are dosed in drops (usually 10-30 drops, rarely less or more). At home, tinctures are often prepared with vodka.
Extracts are condensed extracts from medicinal plant materials. More often, like tinctures, they are alcoholic, less often ethereal or water. Depending on the consistency, liquid, thick and dry extracts are distinguished. Liquid ones are prepared in a ratio of 1: 1, thick ones are a viscous mass containing no more than 25% water, dry ones are a loose mass. The preparation of extracts is more difficult than tinctures, so they are made only in factories. Their doses are even less than tinctures. They are dosed in drops or by weight.
In addition to galenic, plants are often prepared at factories for new galenic preparations, which are water extracts that are maximally purified from ballast substances, less often alcohol extracts. They can be used not only inside, but also for injections. Novogalenic preparations for injection are produced in ampoules, for internal use- in vials.
In recent years, in connection with the successes of phytochemistry, pure active substances of plants obtained in factories (individual alkaloids, glycosides, etc.) are increasingly used in medical practice. Widely used in medical practice are boron or h and and - a mixture of dried and crushed medicinal plants, sometimes with the addition of mineral medicinal substances. Fees are intended for the preparation of them at home infusions and decoctions, rinses and poultices, therapeutic baths.
Due to the difficulty of the exact dosage in the collections, poisonous and potent medicinal plants are usually not prescribed. A significant number of fees are issued, approved by the Pharmacological Committee of the Ministry of Health of the USSR and received by pharmacies. Their packaging always indicates in what proportions to cook them. Outwardly, medicinal plants, in addition to infusions, can be used in the form of ointments, fresh juice and leaves.
Ointments are prepared from plant powders, extracts, tinctures and fresh juice. Vaseline, lanolin, unsalted lard and cow butter are taken as the basis for the manufacture of ointments. Ointments prepared with lard and oil easily penetrate the skin and have a deeper effect than vaseline ointments. However, you need to remember that they quickly deteriorate. Quite often, for therapeutic purposes, fresh plant juice is used both externally and internally. To preserve it for the future, at least 20 percent alcohol is added.
Collection, drying and storage of herbal medicinal raw materials.
Rules for the collection of raw materials.
Medicinal plants are harvested during those periods of their vegetation, when they contain the maximum amount of biologically active active substances. It is known that various plants they accumulate differently; in some, they are localized in the roots and rhizomes, in the second - in the stems and leaves, in the third - in the seeds, and only in some plants are distributed evenly in all its parts. Therefore, when harvesting, you need to know in which part the medicinal substance accumulates. The content of active substances in the same organ is not the same depending on the phase of vegetation of plants, the season. Therefore, the value of medicinal raw materials depends on the timing of its collection.At the end of the book is given a calendar of collection of all medicinal plants described in it. However, the collection time given in it should be considered indicative, since it can vary quite significantly depending on the edge zone. In the steppe zone, the vegetation of plants in the spring begins 7-14 days earlier than in the foothill and mountain zones, and ends earlier as well. So, in hellebore, the above-ground part in the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the Altai Territory dies off in early August, and in the mountain zone - only in September. Significant fluctuations in the timing of the vegetation of plants can be from year to year depending on weather conditions (early or late spring, rainy or dry summer, etc.). That is why, on the basis of phenological observations, it is necessary to make appropriate adjustments to the above calendar for each zone of the region.
The aerial parts of plants (leaves, flowers, fruits) are collected only in good weather, as plants moistened with dew or rain do not dry well, deteriorate during drying, and the content of active substances in them decreases. Underground parts of plants (roots, rhizomes and tubers) can be collected in any weather, as they are washed after digging. After harvesting, they should be quickly delivered to the place of drying.
When preparing medicinal raw materials in order to preserve raw material base collect only a part of its operational stocks. Otherwise, exhaustion or even complete disappearance may occur. certain types plants, especially those in which the raw material is the whole plant or underground parts. As already mentioned, the annual volume of preparations for the above-ground parts of medicinal plants should not exceed 60-80% of their operational stock, and for underground parts - 20-30% (Ivashin, 1966).
Buds and plants are harvested in early spring(usually in March - April), when they are swollen, but have not yet started to grow. At this time they are richest in balsamic and resinous substances. The period of bud break lasts a fairly short period of time, calculated in days. During swelling, the kidneys increase in volume, the kidney scales move apart, on which light stripes and borders appear. The collection of buds ends when they burst, that is, the bud top begins to turn green. Large buds, for example, pines, are cut with a knife, and small ones (birches) are cut along with branches, after which they are dried and threshed.
The bark of plants is harvested during the spring sap flow (April-May). At this time, it is easily separated from the wood. Only smooth bark is collected from young branches and trunks, since the old, cracking bark with a thick dead cork layer contains few active substances. The bark covered with fruticose lichens is also not collected, in extreme cases it is cleaned with a knife. To remove the bark, on branches and trunks sharp knife make annular cuts at a distance of 20-50 cm from one another, connect them with one or two longitudinal cuts, and then remove them in the form of grooves or tubes. To prevent the tree from dying, unremoved strips of bark are left on the trunks and branches.
L and s t I begin to collect when they reach normal sizes. Their collection can continue throughout the summer until the plant wilts, but the best time is the beginning of flowering. The leaves are torn off by hand, less often cut with knives, scissors, secateurs. Thick juicy petioles of leaves (watch, coltsfoot), which make it difficult to dry raw materials, are removed during collection. Nettle leaves are harvested from a previously mowed and dried plant when they lose their pungency. In lingonberries, which have small leathery leaves, the branches of the plant are cut off, after drying they are threshed, discarding the stems. Leaves that are faded, covered with rust, damaged by insects should not be collected.
Flowers and inflorescences are collected at the beginning of flowering, when they contain the largest amount of active substances, crumble less when dried and retain their color better. They are usually harvested by hand. Flowers are the most delicate parts of a plant. They must not be compacted in baskets to avoid self-heating and subsequent darkening of the raw material during drying. Dry them immediately after collection and protect from direct sunlight.
Grass is called the entire above-ground part herbaceous plants. It is collected from most plants at the beginning of flowering, cut with knives, sickles, secateurs without coarse ground parts. In some plants, grass is harvested during full flowering (St. John's wort, sundew). With continuous thickets, they mow with a scythe and choose desired plants. In some plants (wormwood, St. John's wort, motherwort, succession), only flowering tops and side flowering branches are cut off. In semi-shrubs, the aerial part is cut off, the leaves and flowers are dried, cut off or threshed, after which the leafless stems are thrown away (thyme). In annual plants, thin roots, when they are pulled out, are left along with the grass (drying swamp).
Fruits and seeds are harvested when they are fully ripe, after which the seeds are dried and aired, removing impurities.
In plants with non-simultaneously blooming inflorescences, fruit ripening is extended over time. They cut off the tops of the plants when half of the fruit is ripe, after which they are tied in bunches and hung to ripen, and then threshed (cumin). Juicy fruits (berries) are harvested at the beginning of ripening, as overripe ones easily crumple and then deteriorate. Rose hips are best harvested a few days before full ripening, when they have acquired a red-orange color, but the wall is still elastic and does not wrinkle during transportation. Harvested fruits must be quickly delivered to the place of drying.
Roots and rhizomes, tubers and bulbs are usually harvested at the end of summer - in autumn, during the period of death of the aerial parts, when the plant passes into the stage rest. At this time, they are larger, fleshier and contain more active ingredients. When harvested very late, it is difficult to find plants. However, at this time they contain a maximum of active substances. It is possible to harvest roots with rhizomes in early spring, before the growth of above-ground parts begins. But this period is very short. In addition, in the absence of the aerial part, it is difficult to find the place where the plant grows, and when young shoots with leaves appear, the roots become flabby and the content of active substances in them is low. Korin with rhizomes is dug up with shovels, special diggers, pitchforks, shaken off the ground, cut off the entire above-ground part, dead and damaged parts are removed and washed in cold running water. It is convenient to wash small roots and rhizomes in baskets, immersing them in water. Thick rhizomes and roots are cut lengthwise so that it is convenient to wash and dry them later. The washed raw material is dried, laying it out on a bedding, and then sent to the place of drying. In cases where medicinal plants grow in large areas, they can be dug up with plows and then harvested by hand (licorice).
Rules for drying raw materials.
The collected raw materials after primary processing should be quickly dried. In case of untimely drying, leaving the raw materials overnight due to the continuation of the vital activity of cells and the activity of enzymes, the active substances contained in plants (glycosides, alkaloids) are destroyed, microorganisms and fungi multiply, which leads to rotting and molding of raw materials. Therefore, the faster the drying is carried out, the higher the quality of the raw material.The nature of drying depends on the type of raw material, on the active substances contained in it. Raw materials containing essential oils are dried slowly, at a temperature not exceeding 30-35 ° C, since the oil evaporates at a higher temperature (thyme, oregano). The alkaloid- and glycoside-containing raw materials are dried at a temperature of 50–60°C, at which the activity of enzymes in plants that destroy glycosides (Adonis, jaundice, etc.) ceases. Raw materials containing vitamin C (ascorbic acid) are dried at a temperature of 80-90 ° C to avoid its oxidation (rose hips, primrose leaves). Depending on the weather, they are dried using natural and artificial heat. Dry in good weather outdoors, in the sun, under awnings, in well-ventilated rooms, in bad weather - in dryers, ovens and ovens. Plants dry quickly in attics under an iron roof, especially if there are opening windows for ventilation.
Above-ground parts (leaves, flowers, stems) and underground parts of the plant containing essential oils and glycosides are dried, protecting them from sunlight. Rhizomes with roots of other plants, as well as fruits and seeds, can be dried in the sun. When drying, the raw materials must be periodically mixed. Drying is considered complete when the roots, rhizomes and bark do not bend when bent, but break with a crack, the leaves and flowers are ground into powder, and the juicy fruits in the hand do not stick together into lumps and do not smear.
Ready dried raw materials are packed in appropriate containers (bags, boxes, bales, bales), to which tags are attached indicating the name of the raw material, its weight, time, preparation. Store it in dry, dark, clean rooms. Poisonous and potent plants must be stored separately from others.
The quality of medicinal raw materials procured in our country through Lekarstrest, Centrosoyuz and the Main Pharmacy Department is regulated by State Standards (GOST), All-Union Standards (OST), Inter-Republican Technical Specifications (MRTU) and articles of the State Pharmacopoeia (GF). The requirements they impose on various types of plant materials are given in the description of individual plants. To determine the quality of medicinal raw materials and their compliance with the standards at the collection points and pharmacies, an appropriate commodity analysis is carried out.
Flora of Altai (flora)
Completed by: Shabanova Marina Gennadievna, primary school teacher, MBOU Sarasinskaya secondary school, Sarasa village, Altai district, Altai Territory 2014
The flora of the Altai Territory is rich and varied. The vegetation here was influenced by the geological history of the development of the territory, and the climate, and a peculiar relief. Almost all types of vegetation of northern and central Asia, Eastern Kazakhstan, and the European part of Russia are found in Altai. Forests cover most of the Altai Territory. The only ribbon pine forests in the entire territory of Russia grow here - a unique natural formation, the like of which is not found anywhere else on our planet.
The origin of ribbon pine forests has an interesting history, which is associated with the period when there was a large sea in the south of the West Siberian Lowland, the water flow from it passed through deep hollows towards the Aral Basin. The overflowing water carried sand, and when the climate became warmer, and the Ob again flowed into the seas of the Arctic Ocean, pines began to grow on the sand-filled hollows of the ancient runoff. Thus, five ribbons of pine forests were formed, which stretch parallel to each other from the Ob near Barnaul in a southwestern direction towards the Irtysh and the Kulunda lowland.
The woody flora of the mountainous part of Altai is richer than on the plain. Cedar-fir forests grow here with admixtures of birch and a large number of pines. This is the so-called black taiga, which is not found in other forest regions of the country. In the black taiga, many shrubs grow - raspberries, mountain ash, viburnum, currants, bird cherry.
A very common tree in Altai is larch. Larch wood is hard and durable, retains its qualities well both in the ground and in water. Larch is a valuable building material: it is used to build houses that can stand for centuries, make dams, build bridges, piers, use it to make railway sleepers and telegraph poles. Larch forests are light and clean and resemble natural parks in which each tree grows apart.
Siberian cedar pine, cedar - the famous tree species of the Altai forests. This is a mighty tree with a dark green crown, with long prickly needles. Forms frequent, solid cedar forests on mountain slopes or occurs as an admixture in deciduous and fir forests.
In the forests of the Altai Territory, the most common hardwoods are birch, aspen and poplar. In the flat part of Altai, both birch and mixed pegs are found everywhere - small groves of trees of these species with abundant shrubs.
There are several dozen species of shrubs in the region, many of which produce edible berries - raspberries, blackberries, currants, honeysuckle, blueberries, lingonberries. The slopes of the mountains are beautiful in early spring, covered with evergreen maral (Siberian rosemary, Daurian rhododendron) blooming bright raspberry-purple color.
Often there are thickets of juniper, cinquefoil, meadowsweet. The region is famous for abundant thickets of useful shrubs - sea buckthorn, which gives berries, from which a valuable medicinal product - sea buckthorn oil is made.
On taiga meadows with mountain forbs, bees collect exclusively fragrant honey, the fame of which is known far beyond the borders of our country. In spring and early summer, the plains and slopes of the Altai mountains are a beautiful carpet of colorful flowers: bright orange lights, dark blue and pink tulips, blue bells, carnations, daisies, white and yellow buttercups.
