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Modern fasteners for all occasions. Fasteners for wooden structures: types. Metal fasteners for wooden structures Prices for wood fasteners

Just a few years ago we would have said with confidence that it could be a nail or a screw, but both the first and second have their own advantages and disadvantages. A nail is used for quick installation, but it does not provide strength to the structure and over time it may simply fall apart. The screw adds strength to the structure, but due to inconvenience during installation, it reduces the speed of work. Therefore, this problem is solved by self-tapping screws, anchors, dowels and screws. They combine both installation speed and fastening force, since a specially selected thread pitch and angle, as well as the tip, provide them with quick fit and a reliable, durable connection. In addition, they have an anti-corrosion coating, which allows several times to increase the service life of the fastening, and therefore the reliability and durability of the entire structure.

Frame The fastener is designed for fastening bars, wooden and structural planks, building facades, window frames and metal profiles.

General purpose fasteners used for light fastenings, as well as various types hooks for fastening scaffolding, ropes, cables, chains. In addition, the retail chain has fasteners for plumbing equipment, light and heavy building structures, For insulating materials and etc.

Self-drilling screws used for fastening sheet steel to heavy load-bearing structures and sheet metal with each other (overlapping), as well as for steel and wooden bases, installation finishing works. Can be used in furniture production.

Roofing screws used for fastening profile sheet metal to wood, to light steel structures or between. by yourself (overlapping).

Hardened self-tapping screws designed for joining wood, particle boards and plasterboard boards, as well as for thin sheet metal.

Screws for installation of plasterboard boards, they are used for attaching plasterboard to sheet metal profiles, to wood elements, as well as for twisting sheet metal profiles.

Self-tapping screws for installation window profiles used for fastening plastic and wooden profiles and others installation work.

Fastening wood

The strength and stability of any product or structure depends on the kind of fastening used that connects its parts into one. Wood occupies an exceptional place due to the ease with which elements made from it can be connected to each other with a variety of fastenings - nails, spikes, adhesives, bolts, staples, dowels, screws, etc.

For fastening strength, the product or connection design must not be selected randomly, but must correspond to the properties and purpose of the product, taking into account fastening along or across the fibers, as well as changes in size due to fluctuations in humidity.

Nails. Nails are the most common type of fastening in building structures and wood products. I produce construction nails of two types: with a flat and conical head.

Nails are made from light-colored, low-carbon, non-hardened steel wire by cold stamping.

Construction nails of round (less often square) cross-section in carpentry are used with a length of 7 to 90 mm and a thickness of 0.7-3.5 mm.

Round nails are used when installing carpentry partitions and barrier panels. Pins are also used - thin nails without heads, which are used to attach the lining, layout, and posts. The connection of the main parts of these products is done with glue, less often with screws.

Tar paper nails length from 9 to 40 mm, thickness from 0.8 to 2 mm are used for upholstering with roofing felt assembled window and door blocks, cones of beams, wooden building structures in places of their contact with walls.

Decorative nails intended for the front surfaces of furniture, mainly upholstered. They are available with round, square and shaped heads, which can be smooth with embossed or molded designs. The sizes of the heads by diameter or side of the square are 6,8,10 and 12 mm. The length of the rod of these nails is no more than 30 mm. When driving nails into wood ( wooden hammer) their heads should not jump off the rod, there should be no dents, distortions or peeling of the decorative layer.

Nails resist pull-out and lateral (shear) loads or the combined action of two types of loads. Resistance depends on the properties of the wood and nail and the conditions of their use. Nails, like other fasteners such as staples and T-nails, should be positioned so that the connection is primarily in shear rather than pull-out mode, so that the nails experience primarily lateral loads and not pull-out forces. The resistance of a nail shank to being pulled out of wood depends on the density of the wood, the diameter of the nail and the depth of its penetration.

The pull-out resistance of nails is greatly influenced by factors such as point type, shank type, nail coating, time the nails remain in the wood, and changes in wood moisture content.

Nails driven perpendicular to the grain of the wood have the greatest resistance to pulling out. When a nail is driven along the grain, that is, at the end, the pullout resistance for softwood is 75 or even 50% of the resistance when driven across the grain.

Crutches. Regular wire crutches are made in the same way as wire nails. Their tip has the shape of a tetrahedral pyramid, length 76-305 mm, with this length their diameter is larger than that of ordinary wire nails.

Bolts They are used to connect parts; they are especially widely used in bent furniture. To protect the wood from crushing when screwing the bolt, washers are placed under its head.

Screws made from low-carbon steel or brass wire. Screw sizes: length - from 6 to 120 mm, rod diameter - from 1.5 to 10 mm, head diameter - from 3 to 20 mm, the threaded part of the rod must be at least 0.6 of the screw length. Screws are used to connect parts of products when the area for gluing is insufficient in size, for example, in bent furniture, screws are used to fasten metal devices and fittings to furniture and to carpentry and construction products. For ease of screwing, its head has a spline groove (slot). Screws are distinguished with countersunk, semi-countersunk and semicircular heads.

For screwing flush to the surface of the wood, screws with flat heads are most often used. Screws with oval or round heads are used in cases where it is necessary to give the surface of wood beautiful view or if it is undesirable to screw the screws in countersunk. The main parts of a screw are the screw thread and the shank.

Modern trends in the development of wood fastening include the use of screws with thread cutting along the entire length of the rod. Commercially available self-tapping screws have certain advantages in some cases.

Pins. It is assumed that the pins driven into the pre- drilled holes, the diameter of which is 3.2 mm less than the diameter of the pin, give good connection. The lateral load on a pin driven across the wood grain should not exceed the maximum shear load of a rod of the same diameter. To compensate for the lack of washers and nuts, the pins are longer than regular bolts.

Staples. There are several types of staples, differing in the shape of the tip, the processing of the rod, the type of coating, caliber, length and diameter. These fasteners are available for use in pneumatically operated installations with clamps or cassettes. They are used for upholstery of furniture.

"Cercaillie"- large screws with a length of 35 mm and a thickness of 6.0 mm with a square or hexagonal head, adapted for screwing with a capercaillie key. Furniture capercaillie have a square shape with a wide base, which acts as a washer, preventing the wood from being crushed when screwing the capercaillie.

Squares metal ones are used for additional fastening of corner joints of parts. Overlays They are straight metal plates with holes for screws: they are attached to one or both sides of the bar (part) in places of insufficient strength or at the site of a fracture.

Used to connect parts of disassembled furniture. metal ties. There are overhead and mortise ones.

Shelf supports serve to support adjustable shelves in cabinet (cabinet) furniture. They are a metal pin with corners attached to them. The shelf holders are supplied with metal frames for the pins (pistons). The casings are tightly inserted into the sockets drilled into internal sides cabinet walls. They protect the walls of the socket from being crushed by the pins of the shelf holders.

Hardware. Loops are called hardware, like other fittings for windows and doors (bolts, handles, locks, etc.). Typically, hardware is made from light-colored mild steel. Facial devices are varnished, chrome-plated, and nickel-plated.

Window and door hinges are used for hanging door panels and window sashes, for raising or lowering; transoms and opening windows.

By design, card loops are distinguished: hinged with a removable hinge rod (bout), semi-hinged with a rod immovably embedded in one card, hinged with a rod that cannot be removed from the hinge, and pinned.

Hinges with a removable rod are used where the wooden panel or window sash cannot be lifted to remove it from the fixed hinge rods.

I use half-hinged hinges for wooden panels and sashes.

Hinges with hinged rods are used for small window sashes, transoms, and vents.

Card hinges are selected taking into account the dimensions of the panels and sashes, and the thickness of the strapping of the bars.

Each hinge consists of two cards with a hinge. The card consists of one steel plate, on one longitudinal edge of which cuts are made, and the resulting protrusions are bent to form a hinge (folded cards).

From the longitudinal edge of the card to the side edge of the heel bar of the door leaf or leaf there should be a distance of 6-11 mm, depending on the size of the bars.

Pinned loops are used for hanging binding sashes and canvases balcony doors with an influx.

IN public buildings with a large oncoming flow of people, the door leaves are hung on spring double-leaf hinges to open the doors in both directions. There are left and right hinges depending on the hinge of the door and sashes.

Pens for doors and windows there is a wide variety. There are door handles for interior doors and balcony doors. Buttons instead of handles are used only for interior doors.

Espagnols- These are keyless locks. There are door and window latches. Door bolts are cut into the folding edge of the left leaf on a double-leaf door. The upper door latch is 370 mm long, the lower one is 230 mm long. They must be installed without distortion or jamming.

Mortise or overhead locks are made only at doors. On the market building materials and products, fundamentally new mechanical locks with a plastic key card are used. Locks of this type have the ability to be recoded multiple times and form branched systems of authorized access.

Opening is done by lightly pressing the card key, and closing is done without using a key.

Window shutters, top and bottom, have a very simple design. They are incorrectly called bolts. Keyless locks also include door and window latches. different devices and hooks.

Devices that help close doors include springs without a lever, with a lever, or pneumatic.

Currently, the trading network has a wide range of devices for windows and doors, mainly from aluminum alloys with anodized coating, which improves their appearance.

Furniture fittings, depending on the type of purpose and material of the furniture, are distinguished by a wide variety, including artistic finishing for its decoration.

Materials for fastening carpentry structures

For fastening wooden products to the walls and connections between each other wooden structures they use brushes, crutches, staples, pads, clamps, anchors, etc. They are called forgings.

Construction forgings are made from malleable, low-carbon steel (iron), most of them are forging products.

Ruffs are used for fastening window and door blocks and partitions at the interface to the walls in the openings of stone-like walls. The pointed ends of the brush are driven into antiseptic wooden or plastic plugs installed in the walls. The ruffs are nailed to the box of blocks through the eyelet in the ruffs. Crutches are used for hanging cornices, paintings, chandeliers, etc. on stone-like walls. After punching a bolt or drilling a hole, they put plugs and drive the crutches in there.

The brackets are used for additional fastening of connections on rafter notches and mauerlat. Depending on the location of the connections of structural elements, they are straight, reverse and angular. Made from round steel rods with a diameter of 10-12 mm or square. 10x10 and 12x12 mm.

Overlays are used for fastening composite beams and lower chords of trusses and arches. They are made from thick rolled steel.

Bolts are used to fasten composite beams, fasten frame and panel walls etc. The hole for the bolts is drilled using electric drills or they are placed in the foundation when pouring.

Tie clamps and non-tie clamps are used for tightly fastening beams made of logs or beams in paving and log houses, fastening beams. They are made from strip steel with a cross section of 4x60 mm.

Anchors are steel parts made of strip steel with a section of 4x40 mm, T-shaped, of various lengths. Used to connect a wooden beam to stone wall. Most often the dimensions are 400x720 mm.

For connection wooden beams with reinforced concrete purlins, T-section anchors 500 mm long are used. The bent ends of the anchor engage with the purlin brand.

Clamps are made from scraps of steel, and are used to fasten sheets of galvanized steel, to fix flat strip tiles. There are different types of clasps. So, one end of a piece of steel is nailed to the sheathing when performing the roof, and the other is secured to a standing seam of galvanized roofing steel. Clamps for fastening tiles allow you to fasten two tiles at once in the following way: the horizontal flap of the clamp lies on top of the laid tile, and under its vertical flap, another, adjacent tile is placed. Clamp hooks are driven into the sheathing from the attic side.

Galvanized screws measuring 5x60 mm or 5x70 mm with a half-round head are used to fasten corrugated slate. To attach auxiliary asbestos-cement corners, use a 5x40 mm screw with a semi-round and countersunk head.

For roofing works I use construction and roofing nails. Roofing nails have a diameter of 3.5 mm and a length of 40 mm. The variety of construction nails allows you to choose the necessary nails in the following range: diameter 2.5 mm, length 50 or 60 mm; diameter 3 mm, length 70 and 80 mm diameter 3.5 mm, length 90 mm; diameter 4mm, length 100 and 110mm and diameter 5mm, length 150mm. Fastening all piece materials with nails.

So, for asbestos-cement flat slate use nails with a diameter of 2.5 and 3 mm and a length of 35–40 mm, respectively. For corrugated asbestos-cement sheets, nails with a diameter of 4 mm and a length of 30 mm are used. For wooden roof(shingles, shingles, shavings) use 2.5 mm nails, 50 or 60 mm long. Fastening the boards with nails with a diameter of 4 mm and a length of 10 mm.

The wire is used as a fastener for stamped and ridge tiles. It is used together with nails with a diameter of 3-4 mm and a length of 40-50 mm. The nails are driven 2/3 into the sheathing and a wire is wound onto the remaining outside part of the nail, the other end of which is tied to the tenon of the tile. Use steel wire with a diameter of 1 mm, copper wire - 2 mm, and aluminum wire - 2.5 mm. Before attaching the tiles, the copper and steel wires are covered oil paint so that it does not rust or oxidize, then it is dried.

For fixed connections in carpentry, fasteners such as bolts, squares, plates, insert plates, nails, screws, etc. are used.

Large nails are used to fasten the skull blocks to the beams when making floor elements, when knocking together panels for partitions, ceilings, and walls. The thicker and longer the nail, the more firmly it holds in the wood. A square nail holds more firmly than a round one. The end of the nail, nailed through, is bent across the grain of the wood.

When fastening with nails, sockets with a diameter of up to 3/4 of the nail are drilled into solid wood. If you need to drive a thick nail close to the edge, then coniferous trees holes are drilled into wood, the same in soft hardwoods.

When constructing buildings, wooden structural elements are often connected using nails. However, this procedure requires a lot of effort, as well as certain skills. To make the work much easier and faster, you should use more modern method, in which special fasteners for wooden structures made of metal are used when connecting. With the help of these parts, even a person who does not have much experience in construction will be able to erect a building without the help of professionals.

What it is

Fasteners for wooden structures are an element with a specific purpose, having different configuration, sizes. These parts are made of high quality galvanized steel sheet with holes for bolts or nails. This material is used in the production of fasteners because it has high strength and resistance to moisture. Products made from it do not corrode and have a fairly long service life.

The metal elements that secure wooden structures must be manufactured in a factory. Only they can ensure the quality and strength of the connections. Today, manufacturers offer a wide selection of different fasteners. The main thing is to choose the right type for a specific type of work.

Types of fasteners and their application

There are two types of parts: plate and shaped. Fasteners for wooden structures of each type are manufactured in different sizes. This allows it to be used in buildings with various parameters.

Perforated fasteners for wooden structures contain holes designed for bolts or nails. It is capable of performing a reliable and durable connection of several elements located at the required angle in the same plane. Mounting plates are attached to the assembly on both sides. They are used in cosmetic and major repairs, fastening facade elements, and constructing the roof of a building.

Serrated metal plates are made by cutting through galvanized steel sheets. They are used in the same place as perforated devices, but their installation is carried out mainly in industrial conditions. Fastening with the help of such plates is carried out using the indentation method. This technology allows you to create absolutely identical designs of any complexity. To ensure a reliable and durable connection, nail fasteners are prohibited. Therefore, it is ineffective to use this type directly on the construction site.

Rafter-beam fastenings are designed for perpendicular ones that rest on each other. They are also used in the installation of transverse parts.

Used in fastening horizontal load-bearing elements with nails or bolts to different parts structures at right angles. They are produced in various sizes.

The sliding connection of rafters is intended for the construction of houses from logs or timber when installing inclined parts.

Metal fasteners for wooden structures are very profitable and effective to use, as they have many advantages. The main thing is that it helps to reduce carpentry work, as well as speed up the entire construction process.

Prerequisites for connections

Fasteners for wooden structures in the form of shaped or flat elements when installed in joints require the fulfillment of certain conditions:

• all parts made from wood must have a thickness of at least 5 cm;
• When mounting, you should use only rough or;
• use self-tapping screws with a diameter of at least 4 mm and a length of 40 mm;
• do not leave gaps between the mounted parts; they must fit tightly.

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Do you need beam fasteners for wooden structures? The catalog of these products in construction stores usually consists of the following models:

• Bracket WB - made of galvanized steel. This product is used to mount the consoles of load-bearing beams during the construction of a house. Fixed with self-tapping screws or
• Separate fastening WBD provides load-bearing elements with non-standard parameters.

Crepe construction drank

On construction market Types of fasteners for rafters with the following markings are in demand:

• LK - used in the construction of roofing and ceilings in the rafter system of a house, secured with self-tapping screws or special nails.
• Reinforced corner KP - used when installing load-bearing parts in wooden houses, fixed with rough nails.

Connections with enhanced properties

Some parts of buildings that bear the greatest load during operation require installation with reinforced elements. For example:

• TM is used in connections between the unit and auxiliary parts, and is fixed with self-tapping screws;
• Angles of models KP5, KP6, KP11, KP21 are designed for mounting wooden parts with heavy loads; they have oval holes that provide strong and reliable anchoring.

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If you need to purchase fasteners for wooden structures, the price will depend on the type of product, size, shape and features. To give you an idea of ​​how much a set of parts will cost, here’s estimated cost their most commonly used types are:

• nail plate - 60 rub.;
• wide corner KS - 6 rubles;
• fastening 135KLD - 46 rub.;
• perforated KL - 14 rub.;
• narrow KW - 2 rubles;
• reinforced KPW - 3 rubles;
• beam KB - 22 rubles;
• fastening of WB beams - 100 RUR;
• flat mount - 6 rubles;
• symmetrical square KP - 5 rubles;
• for rafters LK - 26 rub.

The use of specially manufactured fasteners in the factory during the construction of wooden parts of a building allows us to reduce the cost of purchasing raw materials, as well as significantly simplify and speed up the installation process. After weighing all the pros and cons, we can conclude that the use metal fastenings construction is quite cost-effective, the financial costs are fully justified.

Fasteners, otherwise called hardware, are one of the most widely used parts. Everyone knows what fasteners are and for what purposes they are used.

Their importance during construction work and on the farm can hardly be overestimated. The term "hardware" arose from the abbreviation of the phrase "metal products."

There are two types of fasteners: detachable and permanent. The fastener industry is constantly growing, and the variety of fasteners used is very wide. The reason is that these parts are an indispensable attribute of any development in the field of mechanical engineering. The standard for fasteners is regulated in the GOST document “Fasteners. Terms and Definitions. GOST 27017-86”.

Let's take a closer look at what types of fasteners there are.

Anchor

An anchor is a fastener designed to connect structures and products. It is also customary to call a part that is partially concreted into any structure.

Types of anchors:

• ceiling;
• driving;
• wedge;
• frame;
• with a half ring;
• with a ring;
• with nut.

What unites these parts is the function they perform - fasteners. Thus, a drive-in anchor with an internal thread and a cone-shaped wedge is needed to secure materials and equipment to brick or concrete. Installing such an anchor is simple: it is installed in a hole that has already been drilled earlier. The radius and depth of such a hole are selected based on the size of the anchor.

The wedge anchor is used for quick fastening in concrete, a common material for structures such as planks, profiles, dropped ceilings. This type of anchor is often used to secure heavy equipment to solid foundations. To install a wedge anchor, a hole is drilled in the concrete, into which the anchor is driven with a hammer, after which it is tightened with a nut. Ceiling anchors made of galvanized steel fix metal profiles, facades, railings, gratings on a concrete or stone base without cracks.

The frame anchor is designed for fastening frames and door frames from wood and metal to a brick or concrete base.

Bolt

Bolts are cylindrical metal fasteners with a metric external thread and a head at one end, usually designed for nuts. The bolt head can be hexagonal, cylinder or spherical. Bolts allow you to create a connection using a nut or a pre-made threaded hole in the part to be connected.

A stepped bolt differs in that the diameter of its thread is smaller than the diameter of the smooth part. A foundation bolt has a specially shaped head that helps secure equipment directly to the foundation.

The most widespread type is a bolt with a hexagon-shaped head for a wrench. Bolt sizes may vary.

A fastener such as a bolt is usually inserted into a pre-formed through hole parts to be fastened, then a nut is screwed onto the thread, and the parts are tightened with a wrench. The friction force allows the connection to be secured. To transfer part of the load to the bolt, maximum precision in manufacturing the rod and the hole for it in the parts is required. To prevent parts from becoming deformed, washers are placed under the bolt head and nut. Bolt sizes allow you to find the right fastener for any task.

Nail

The material for making ordinary nails is steel and steel wire. The marking of nails includes two numbers: the first is the diameter of the rod, the second is the length of the rod in millimeters. The head of the nail can be either smooth or grooved. Screw, club and corrugated nails are distinguished by the presence of helical, longitudinal and transverse grooves, burrs or dents on the rod. Such nails have greater resistance to pulling out.

Hardened steel nails can be driven into brick and concrete walls. True, when working with them, it is necessary to take into account their increased fragility. For fastening to rigid bases, roofing felt, wallpaper, and plaster nails are used. They are available with a flat head, wider than conventional nails, and a shorter shank. In aggressive environments, copper nails can be used, which are almost not subject to corrosion, as well as galvanized or alloy steel.

The nailing operation has its own specifics. In order for the nail to be hammered efficiently, you need to follow a number of requirements.

To prevent dents from appearing on the parts during nailing, you need to use a countersink. In order for the fastening to be strong, the nail shaft must enter 2/3 of the length into the lower part being fastened. When driving small nails, it is best to use auxiliary tools. To make the joints of the parts being connected stronger, it is better to drive the nail at an angle. When using thick nails, to avoid splitting the board, you need to slightly blunt their sharp ends. If you plan to hang any weight on a nail driven into the wall, it should be driven not perpendicular to the wall, but at an angle from top to bottom.

A nail that has penetrated through must be carefully bent using a triangular file. In order not to damage the surface of the parts when pulling out nails using pliers, you need to use a plate that is placed under the pliers, reducing the pressure on the part. If you plan to dismantle parts in the future, it is preferable to use screws rather than nails.

In some cases, liquid nails are used to fasten products. They are made from polymer materials and rubber. Liquid nails can provide sufficient fastener strength no worse than metal nails. One drop of nails of this type can withstand a force of 50 kg. But their main advantage is maintaining integrity decorative surface. The scope of application of liquid nails is very wide. They are used for gluing to a variety of wall and ceiling panels, plasterboard, chipboard, fiberboard, wood, cardboard, ceramics, stucco decorations, glass, metal and many other materials.

When purchasing liquid nails you need to be careful. Various brands This material has a certain degree of adhesion.

It is advisable to use liquid nails:

• at high humidity premises;
• for temperatures not lower than -10 0 C.

For example, neutral nails are harmless because they are based on a water solution. However, they cannot be used to glue metal. They don't like either subzero temperatures. Nails made with organic solvents have increased setting speed and can withstand temperatures down to -20°C. Their disadvantage is the presence of volatile harmful substances. Within 5 days after use they emit bad smell. Liquid nails set in 15 to 30 minutes, depending on the brand. However, they completely polymerize only after a day.

Screws

In order for screws to fully perform their function as reliable fasteners, it is necessary to choose their size and type correctly. Thus, screws are fasteners for wooden structures. Their rod tapers towards the end and performs the function of a drill. This type of fastener cannot be driven in like nails - they are screwed in completely. Before using screws small size First, a puncture is made using an awl. Large screws will be easier to screw if you first drill a hole of a slightly smaller diameter.

Screws are used to connect metal structures. The screw head helps to press the parts being connected, and its shape is chosen so that the screw can be easily tightened using a wrench or screwdriver. Screw heads can be hexagonal, semicircular or countersunk. The flat end of the screw has a chamfer to prevent thread entry.

A screw is a fastener that is screwed into a threaded hole. In some cases, a hole is drilled at the end of the screw for the use of a cotter pin - a wire rod with a semicircular cross-section, bent almost in half. The cotter pin serves to prevent spontaneous unscrewing of the fastener.

Often a washer is installed between the part and the nut, the internal hole of which allows the screw rod to pass through it. If the screw is rusty, a hammer or special crimps are used to remove it. Heating the nut can often help with this. gas burner or a blowtorch. If open fire is prohibited for some reason, you can use a hot iron rod or a large soldering iron.

screw

A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole cut inside. The most widely used are galvanized nuts. The shape of the nuts can be hexagonal, round with a notch, square, with protrusions for fingers. The main purpose of a nut is to connect parts using a bolt.

Types of nuts:

• hexagonal;
• square;
• "lamb";
• flanged with a groove for a cotter pin in the shape of a cap;
• T-shaped, with plastic insert.

It is also worth noting that nuts are also divided by strength class in accordance with the bolts with which it is used.

Dowel

Dowels are used for fastening in solid wall bases. Fastening the dowel is based on the principle of friction arising due to expansion fastener when installed with a holding force. The dowel is capable of withstanding large static loads. When installing with dowels, the fastener is destroyed during the pulling process. The dowel is made from polymers. Their physical and mechanical properties can vary greatly depending on various factors. These are the characteristics of the filler, the ratio of components, and the parameters of the binder. The disadvantages of polymers include low heat resistance, tendency to deform under load, and aging.

Only screws correctly selected for the dowel can withstand the maximum load. They must have the maximum permissible length and diameter corresponding to the length and thickness of the dowel. When using other fasteners great importance has a thread profile because it determines the expansion effect. The use of self-tapping screws and self-tapping screws for fastening drywall sheets is not recommended.

A number of manufacturers produce dowels that allow the installation of screws with metric threads. The greatest locking is achieved with a dowel in concrete, stone and other solid solid materials. It must be taken into account that the hole for installing the dowel must be drilled in accordance with the recommendations for depth, diameter and distance from the edge. There should be no cracks or chips as a result of drilling the hole. The hole must also be cleared of debris and dust.

Among the offerings of manufacturing companies, you can find varieties of dowels that have an increased length, necessary for soft and hollow materials. When installed in such a base, fastening can be achieved by fixing the internal stop of the parts. For installations occurring in hollow materials, fastening is based on a combination of friction and internal stop. It is necessary to take into account all the factors that determine the reliability of fastening in all their interrelationships.

Rivet

A part such as a combined type blind rivet consists of an aluminum body and a rod made of galvanized steel. This design is the most common. The purpose of the rivet is to connect two or more surfaces of thin sheet. The need for a rivet arises in cases where a permanent connection using a power tool is required, when access on the side of the closing head of the rivet is limited or blocked.

There is also a rivet nut - a fastener that is widely used in mechanical engineering and electronics. The rivet nut is designed to create threaded connections in metal materials and other thin materials of high strength. Among the rivets, steel rivets are the most durable. Steel rivets are protected from corrosion by galvanizing.

Threaded rivets differ from conventional blind rivets in that they not only connect sheet materials, but also have an internal screw thread.

High-quality threaded rivets are installed in places where it is difficult to reach using such a simple tool as a rivet gun.

Since the choice of lengths and diameters of rivets is very wide, the search for the one best suited for the task must be carried out according to the markings on the product.

Self-tapping screw

To fasten thin metal parts to wooden or plastic surfaces, self-tapping screws with fine threads are used. Fastening of insulation, fiberboard, and wooden parts is done with self-tapping screws with large threads. Having a drill-shaped tip, it is capable of independently making holes in parts to be fastened. If a self-tapping screw is screwed into a hole drilled in advance, self-tapping screws with a sharp tip are used. A universal black self-tapping screw is used to fasten plasterboard sheets to tin profiles. A universal white self-tapping screw is used for fastening steel, plastic and wooden materials. Self-tapping screws are the most widely used fasteners for wooden structures.

Washer

The washer is made from cold rolled steel strip. It is a round plate with an internal hole and is used to increase the strength of bolted joints by placing it under the bolt head or nut. Thanks to the rivet, the pressing surface of the parts to be fastened increases, which helps protect the joined surfaces from deformation when the nut is tightened.

Hairpin

A stud is a fastener that has the shape of a cylindrical rod with external threads cut either along its entire length or at the ends. This connection is used if none of the materials involved in the connection have threads. The connection is then secured with a nut, sometimes supplemented with a washer. The use of studs as fasteners is harmful appearance products.

Screw

A screw is a fastener in the form of a rod with external thread with a conical tip and a head at the other end. It has the ability to create new threads in plastic or wood products. Screws - hardware, fasteners that have found the most wide application in construction and finishing works. They also cannot be replaced during installation. plasterboard sheets on a frame made of metal or wood.

Various types of screws are also used in roofing, facade works for joining metal sheets. The roofing screw has a hexagonal head and is equipped with ordinary and sealing washers, the latter made of weather-resistant rubber. This type of screw is painted and comes in 18 colors, helping to give the building an aesthetically pleasing appearance.

Each type of fastener is produced to perform specific functions. This explains the wide variety that fasteners offer. The price of hardware varies and can range from 2-3 rubles to several thousand rubles per piece, but they are often sold by the kilogram.

Fasteners are intended for specific materials and parts. So, using certain types of fasteners, you can connect metal to drywall, two metal products or metal with wooden parts.

In order to reduce the crushing of wood, a washer made of sheet steel is placed under the nut, the side of which is determined from the conditions of its bending and crushing of the wood under the washer.

1- steel bolt with thread and fixed nut; 2- fixed nut; 3- union nut; 4- thread; 5 - removable round washer.

In practice, the side of a square washer is taken to be 4.5d (where d is the diameter of the bolt).

The dimensions of square washers are taken according to the diameter of the bolts according to Table 3 (Fig. 2).

Table 3: Bolt range.

The minimum distances between bolts and the minimum distances from the edges of the tree are set taking into account permissible stresses chipping wood. This will be discussed in more detail in the following sections of the site.

In capital construction, when reliability and stability of the structure are required, bolts can only be used if, using special means(for example, staples) will prevent the occurrence of shear in the contact seams (node ​​33).

For example, calibrated holes can be used, i.e. such when the diameter of the hole is equal to the diameter of the bolt, or subsequent filling of the gap between the bolt shaft and the edges of the hole is carried out.

Bolts are used in structures that work in tension when suspending building elements (Fig. 3) and as non-load-bearing connections in the form of clamping bolts.

1.2. Connection on rod dowels.

Rod dowels are cylindrical steel rods, usually without nuts and threads, which are driven into drilled holes with a diameter reduced by 0.2...0.5 mm (Fig. 3, item 6).

The tightening bolts (Fig. 3, item 1) have washers (Fig. 3, item 5) installed under the head (Fig. 3, item 2) and nut (Fig. 3, item 3).

1- coupling bolt 12x260 mm; 2- hex head; 3-nut; 4-metric thread; 5- washer; 6-rod dowel, smooth or grooved.

The use of rod dowels is of great importance for load-bearing connections, because with it, you can not be afraid of deformations due to the selection of gaps in the holes and creep of structures.

Connections using rod dowels allow you to achieve high performance: with a small area they can absorb relatively large loads.

They are best used for packages of boards, as well as for connection with steel elements located inside the structure (node ​​- 35).

The picture of node -34 shows an option for attaching the ridge truss assembly. The block braces are attached to the upper chord with four dowels. In the middle there are coupling bolts. The upper chords of the rafters are bolted to the ridge beam.

1- upper chord of rafters; 2- block braces; 3- ridge beam; 4- fastening with dowels; 5- tie bolts for the ridge beam with the upper chord of the rafters.

The sketch of node 35 shows an option for fastening a two-branch rack with a single crossbar. This fastening provides an almost rigid connection of a two-branch rack with a single crossbar using dowels located along the ring.

Tie bolts provide tight connections and are used during installation rafter system and wall partitions.

1- crossbar (beam); 2-pair stand; 3- nails 2 board thicknesses; 4- coupling bolts.

In the connections discussed above, no more than 4 rods per connection should be used.

The minimum diameter of the rod dowel is 8 mm.

Blind steel cylindrical dowels should be buried into the wood by at least 5 diameters.

When using large-diameter dowels, cracks may appear at the ends of the elements being connected, caused by chipping of wood along the fibers.

Therefore, the end distances are slightly larger than the intermediate distances.

2. Connecting wooden structures with nails.

The fact that nails are widely used is explained by the ease of their use, achieved primarily thanks to the invention of an air gun, which can be used to automatically drive nails of various lengths, up to 120 mm.

Larger diameter nails can be driven pneumatically after pre-setting.

The connection on nails has specific features. At the point where the nail is driven in, the wood becomes crushed, forming wire-like cracks and flakes under the nail.

These disadvantages are partially eliminated by the use of cross-shaped nails, for which you do not need to drill holes even with a diameter of more than 6 mm.

They, like ordinary nails, are driven into wood without first drilling out the nests.

For nails with a diameter of more than 6 mm (and for alder wood - more than 5 mm), it is necessary to drill holes equal to 0.9 of the nail diameter.

If fastening structures with nails must take into account pull-out loads (increased wind loads), then drilling holes is NOT ACCEPTABLE.

Below are some types of nails most used in the installation of a roof truss system.

2.1. Connection with round wire nails.

Round wire nail is the most common type of fastener for wooden joints. The nail has a flat or countersunk head and a smooth stem. In cross section, the leg is a pointed rod with a round or square cross-section with rounded corners.

The thickness of wire nails ranges from d=0.8...8 mm. The length of wire nails ranges from 8...250 mm.

Example of designation: nail 5x120 mm.

Where 5 mm is the diameter (d) of the nail, and 120 mm is the length (L) of the nail shaft.

The assortment of nails is given in Table 4.

Table 4: Round construction wire nails.

By doing frame works The most commonly used nails are 60, 75 and 100 mm long. At facing works shorter nails are used.

The nail can be galvanized or non-galvanized. When galvanizing, the thickness of the resulting protective layer of zinc is thicker, so this nail is more resistant to rust. The surface of a regular nail remains rough, due to which the friction between the nail and the wood is greater than that of a galvanized nail.

In cladding (finishing) work, galvanized or otherwise treated nails are used to ensure that workers’ hands always remain clean and do not stain the cladding.

2.2. Connection with corrugated serrated nails.

The nail is corrugated (toothed). This nail has a hidden (recessed) head and a grooved leg. In cross section, the leg is a round rod with a rounded acute angle.

The nail is corrugated (toothed).

The thickness of serrated nails ranges from d=3...10 mm. The length of corrugated nails ranges from 25...100 mm.

The tensile strength of the wood is approximately five times greater than that of regular nails of the same size.

Therefore, their use is preferable in those connections where increased pull-out strength (increased wind load) is required.

2.3. Connection with threaded nails.

Threaded nail (screw). The nail has a hidden (recessed) head and a foot with a shallow thread. The thickness of threaded nails ranges from d=1...10 mm. The length of wire nails ranges from 8...150 mm.

Threaded nail (screw).

The nail can be galvanized or non-galvanized.

They are used in places where the connection may be subject to variable loads.

Wooden floor and external cladding upholstered with threaded nails.

2.4. Connection with screws.

As a rule, connections with screws are single-shear and work by absorbing forces acting at right angles in the direction of the rod.

1- screw nail with a countersunk head (not standardized) d=1...10 mm (example: 6x150 mm); 2- screw with a semicircular head with a longitudinal slot; 3- screw with a countersunk head with a longitudinal slot; 4- capercaillie with hexagonal head.

For screws (screws), the diameter of the drilled holes should be 2...3 mm less than the diameter of the screw (screw) itself.

If fastening structures with screws (screws) must take into account pull-out loads (increased wind loads), then drilling holes is IMPOSSIBLE.

Table 5: Screw range.

Table 6: Assortment of wood grouse (wood screws).

The load-bearing capacity of screws and capercaillie (screws) is determined according to the calculation rules for steel cylindrical dowels with a diameter d equal to the diameter of the unthreaded part of the screw, except for the case when the penetration of the smooth part of the screw into the wood is less than 2d.

In this case, the calculation should be carried out according to the internal diameter of the section weakened by the thread. Which will be discussed in more detail in the following sections of the site.

3. Connection with brackets, clamps and anchors.

Auxiliary steel fasteners (brackets, clamps, anchors, etc.) are most often installed in joints for connection wooden elements during assembly and installation, to comply with the design dimensions of structures and when they operate with little effort.

Steel brackets are placed in the nodes of structures made of beams or logs. Depending on the cross-sectional dimensions of the elements and the length of the staples, their diameter can be 8...18 mm.

The staples are driven into the wood without drilling holes in such a way that the place of driving does not coincide with the core part of the wooden elements.

And the distances from the top of the corner of the bracket to the center of the penetration of the bracket into the structure must be the same.

The distance from the center of the staple to the end of the element (S 1) is the same as for dowels (see the section on installing dowels).

Table 7: Steel fastenings for timber structures.

The development of a clamp for cutting metal is shown in the figure below (Fig. 5).

The nodes for fastening beams using metal clamps are shown in the figure below (node ​​-5).

1- longitudinal beams (rafters); 2- transverse beam; 3- finishing around the root; 4- clamp; 5- nails GOST4028-63.

To fasten roof overhangs and beam joints, T-shaped anchors weighing 2.19 kg are used.

All auxiliary steel fasteners (brackets, clamps, anchors, etc.) protect against corrosion. Protruding metal parts are protected with wooden elements.

Let's take a closer look at what types of fasteners there are:

Anchor– a fastener designed to connect structures and products. It is also customary to call a part that is partially concreted into any structure.

Bolts– cylindrical metal fasteners having a metric external thread and a head at one end, usually designed for nuts. The bolt head can be hexagonal, cylinder or spherical. Bolts allow you to create a connection using a nut or a pre-made threaded hole in the part to be connected.

Nail- the material for making ordinary nails is steel and steel wire. The marking of nails includes two numbers: the first is the diameter of the rod, the second is the length of the rod in millimeters. The head of the nail can be either smooth or grooved. Screw, club and corrugated nails are distinguished by the presence of helical, longitudinal and transverse grooves, burrs or dents on the rod. Such nails have greater resistance to pulling out. Hardened steel nails can be driven into brick and concrete walls.

Screw- a fastener that is screwed into a threaded hole. In some cases, a hole is drilled at the end of the screw for the use of a cotter pin - a wire rod with a semicircular cross-section, bent almost in half. The cotter pin serves to prevent spontaneous unscrewing of the fastener.

In order for screws to fully perform their function as reliable fasteners, it is necessary to choose their size and type correctly. Thus, screws are fasteners for wooden structures. Their rod tapers towards the end and performs the function of a drill. This type of fastener cannot be driven in like nails - they are screwed in completely. Before using small screws, a puncture is first made using an awl. Large screws will be easier to screw if you first drill a hole of a slightly smaller diameter. Screws are used to connect metal structures. The screw head helps to press the parts being connected, and its shape is chosen so that the screw can be easily tightened using a wrench or screwdriver. Screw heads can be hexagonal, semicircular or countersunk. The flat end of the screw has a chamfer to prevent thread entry.

screw is one of the types of fasteners with a threaded hole cut inside. The most widely used are galvanized nuts. The shape of the nuts can be hexagonal, round with a notch, square, with protrusions for fingers. The main purpose of a nut is to connect parts using a bolt.

Dowels used for fastening in solid wall foundations. Dowel fastening is based on the principle of friction, which occurs due to the expansion of the fastener during installation, creating a holding force. The dowel is capable of withstanding large static loads. When installing with dowels, the fastener is destroyed during the pulling process. The dowel is made from polymers.

Self-tapping screws– the most widely used fasteners for wooden structures. To fasten thin metal parts to wooden or plastic surfaces, self-tapping screws with fine threads are used. Fastening of insulation, fiberboard, and wooden parts is done with self-tapping screws with large threads. Having a drill-shaped tip, it is capable of independently making holes in parts to be fastened. If a self-tapping screw is screwed into a hole drilled in advance, self-tapping screws with a sharp tip are used. A universal black self-tapping screw is used to fasten plasterboard sheets to tin profiles. A universal white self-tapping screw is used for fastening steel, plastic and wooden materials.

Screw- this is a fastener in the form of a rod with an external thread with a conical tip and a head at the other end. It has the ability to create new threads in plastic or wood products. Screws are hardware and fasteners that are most widely used in construction and finishing work. They also cannot be replaced during the installation of plasterboard sheets on a frame made of metal or wood.

Fasteners for wooden structures: main varieties. Tapes and supports. Serrated plates and washers

The well-known perforated metal corner can be universal device, which is used both in the construction of wooden structures and furniture assembly, and in the arrangement of ventilated facades. They can be different sizes, but this depends on their purpose, that is, the force of the load on a given node and its configuration are taken into account.

Perforated tape is used to strengthen various nodes that are connected at an angle, for example, this could be the connection of rafter legs, where the tape fixed on top will not allow the joint to move apart. The thickness of the tape varies from 0.8 mm to 1.5 mm, and its use depends on the power of the loads that will be exerted on the unit being formed.