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Seedling observation diary sample. Diary of observation of nature in the cold period. Butterfly spreader

MOU "Klyuchanskaya secondary school"

observation diary

technology teacher

Zhuravleva S.S.

Key - 2015

Experience Theme: find out how the culture of the predecessor plant affects the yield of beet varieties "Monti".

Purpose of experience : to introduce students to the agricultural technology of cultivating crops - beets. Conduct phenological observations of the variety "Monti».

Experience methodology:

1. Sowing seeds in well-cultivated and fertilized soil in the same place where beets grew last year (experimental beds).

2. Sowing beet seeds in well-cultivated soil after the potato predecessor plant (control beds).

3. During the entire growing season, carry out agrotechnical work: watering, weeding, loosening, thinning, top dressing.

4. Conduct phenological observations of the growth and development of beets on experimental and control beds.

5. Harvesting, accounting of grown products by weighing.

6. Compare and draw conclusions: how does the crop of the predecessor plant affect the yield of the beet variety "Monti".

Experience Scheme

No. 1 seeds sown after the crop of the predecessor - beets

No. 2 seeds were sown after the crop of the predecessor - potatoes

Recurrence - 3

date	What they were doing	Observations
12.05	Part of the beet seeds were sown in the place where beets grew last year (experimental plot), the other part of the seeds were sown after the predecessor - potatoes (control plot). Seeds were sown in two rows on plots, with preliminary watering of the rows.	Beets are sown in well-cultivated and heated soil. It started raining after lunch.
14.05		Rain
15.05		Rain.
16.05		Rain
17.05		The rain is small.
18.05		Friendly germination of seeds on experimental and control plots.
01.06		Rain all day
02.06		Rain half a day
03.06		The first true leaves appear at seedlings on experimental and control plots.
04. 06		Rain.
09.06	The first weeding of beets from weeds
12.06	1st Thinning (3 cm spacing between plants)
16.06		Heavy rain.
20.06
22.06		Heavy rain (afternoon).
23.06		Rain in the afternoon
26.06		Rain in the afternoon
06.07	Weeding beets 2nd, loosening row spacing.
11.07	Second thinning (distance between plants 6-7 cm)	Plants develop well in the experimental and control plots, although the leaf mass is larger and stronger in the control plots.
29.07	Weeding between rows on beet plots, watering by artificial irrigation.
		August - normal temperature for this month
In the last days of August		The tops on the experimental plots begin to dry up in some places.
С.09.09		The tops on the control plots dry out, on the experimental plots it has already dried up.
22.09	Harvesting beets from the site, accounting for the crop by weighing, laying healthy root crops for storage in the vegetable store.	When harvesting beets, it was found that the root crops on the control plots are larger and more even than on the experimental plots.

Conclusion: Monty beet seeds were planted in warm and well-cultivated soil. Summer was quite rainy, especially June-July months, but not hot. which gave a good harvest - 310 kg, of which 185 kg were harvested on the control plots, and 135 kg on the experimental plots. So we can conclude that the predecessor plant affects the yield of beets, it is not recommended to plant beets in the same place for two years in a row, this leads to a decrease in yield.

2015

Experience Theme: seedbed preparation

Purpose of experience: to find out the effect of seed vernalization on the ripening time and yield of carrots of the "Samson" variety. Introduce students to the cultivation of carrots.

Experience methodology.

1. Part of the seeds of this variety were subjected to vernalization, the other part of the seeds were not subjected to vernalization.

2. In well-warmed soil, vernalized seeds (experimental plots) and non-vernalized carrot seeds (control plots) were sown.

2. During the entire growing season, we carry out agrotechnical measures: weeding, thinning, watering, loosening.

3. Harvesting and accounting of grown products by weighing root crops. Comparison of carrot yields in experimental and control plots.

Experience Scheme

No. 1 - an experimental plot with vernalized seeds of carrot varieties "Samson"

No. 2 - control plot with non-vernalized seeds of carrot variety "Samson"

Recurrence - 5

Area (m²) - experimental plot 9

Control plot 9

The predecessor is potatoes. In autumn, before plowing, humus was introduced.

date	What they were doing	Observations
12.05	On the experimental plots, vernalized carrot seeds were sown, on the control plots they were not vernalized. The seeds were mixed with dry river sand.	Carrot seeds were sown in well-cultivated and heated soil, in two rows on a plot, with preliminary watering of the rows.
12.05		Afternoon rain
14.05		rain
15.05		Cool, cloudy, rain
16.05		All day rain
18.05		Carrot shoots appear on experimental plots
20.05		Friendly seedlings are observed on experimental plots
22.05		Seedlings observed in control plots
25.05	Loosening the soil crust between rows on all beds	Friendly seedlings on control beds
26.05		hot
29.05		Seedlings thicken on experimental plots
01.06		All day rain
03.06	Weeding and loosening the soil crust between rows	Small rain
04.06		Shower. Afternoon
3.06-8.06	Weeding and loosening of the soil crust between rows on all beds
08.06		The crops are thickened on the control plots. Mainly cloudy
11.06		Rain all day
15.06		hot
16.06	Weeding 2nd, loosening row spacing. 1st thinning of carrots on all plots	Carrots on experimental plots are in the 5-leaf phase., hot
17.06		Rain, overcast
27-28.06	Weeding, loosening carrots 2 2nd Thinning carrots on experimental plots at a distance of 4 cm.	Carrots on the control plots are in the 5-leaf phase. Rain almost every day...
30.06- 03. 07	Weeding carrots on both experimental and control plots, removing weeds
19.07		Seedlings thickened in experimental plots
23.07	Thinning seedlings on control plots
28.07	Irrigation by artificial irrigation.
1.08-2.08	Weeding between rows, removing weeds on all plots
8-11.08	Weeding between rows, removal of weeds on plots of all varieties of carrots.
18.08		The tops on the plots are still green.
23.08		The tops on the plots are green
26.08		The tops on the plots are green
16.09	Harvesting and accounting of crops by weighing.

Conclusion: vernalized seeds were sown on the experimental plots, and non-vernalized seeds of carrot variety 2samson were sown on the control plots. Seedlings were thinned out 2 times on experimental and control plots. All agrotechnical activities were carried out on time. Seedlings on the experimental plots appeared 5 days earlier than on the control plots. Digging up carrots. We saw. That the root crops on the experimental beds are slightly larger and more even than on the control beds. Carrots from the control plots have outgrowths and not a very good presentation. . We collected 335 kg of carrots from the experimental plot, 294 kg of carrots from the control plot. So we can conclude that by vernalizing the seeds, you can get an earlier harvest and a higher one. But of course, only if all agrotechnical measures are observed.

2015

Experience Theme: variety study of mid-ripening tomatoes on the example of varieties "Arinka-tangerine" and "Sugar pudovichok"

Purpose of experience: to study the agrotechnics of growing tomatoes of the Arinka-Mandarinka and Sugar Pudovichok varieties through seedlings.

Experience methodology:

1. Growing seedlings of tomato varieties "Arinka-tangerine", "Sugar pudovichok", care for seedlings, picking seedlings.

2. Planting tomato seedlings on plots

3. Carrying out agrotechnological activities throughout the growing season: watering, loosening, weeding, without pinching.

4. Harvesting and accounting of grown products from experimental plots.

Experience Scheme

No. 1 - tomatoes of the variety "Arinka-mandarinka"

No. 2 - tomatoes of the variety "Sugar pudovichok"

Predecessor - onion

Recurrence - 3

The area of each experimental plot is 2m²

date	What they were doing	Observations
08.04	Sowing seeds of tomatoes "Arinka-tangerine", "Sugar pudovichok" in seedling boxes, the boxes were covered with a film
15.04		Shoots of tomato "Sugar pudovichok" appear
18.04		Shoots of tomato "Arinka-mandarinka" appear
20.04	The film was removed from the seedling boxes
22.04		friendly shoots of tomato "Sugar pudovichok"
26.04		friendly shoots of tomato "Arinka-mandarin"
28.04	Seedling care: watering, fertilizing with ammonium nitrate
11.05	Picking tomatoes of both varieties in the soil of the greenhouse
	Care for pickled seedlings: watering
25. 05	Planting seedlings of tomato varieties "Arinka Mandarinka" and "Sugar Pudovichok" with preliminary watering of the holes on the plots. Introducing into planting holes organic fertilizer(2 handfuls of humus)	Hot. Seedlings are a little wilted
31.05		The seedling has risen and looks good.
3.06	From the beginning of June, the rains begin ....	The seedlings on the plots have begun.
11.06		Rain
12.06	Hole loosening
13. 06	Hilling tomatoes	After the 11th, the weather is not hot during the day up to + 23 ° С
16.06	Rain	Blooming tomatoes varieties "Arinka-mandarinka"
17.06	Hole loosening
21.06	Weeding between rows	Tomatoes of the "Sugar Pudovichok" variety begin to bloom
22.06	Rain	Rain in the morning
1.07	2nd hilling of tomatoes, watering, loosening holes.
2.07	Sunny	Mass flowering of tomatoes of the variety "Arinka-mandarinka"
06.07	loosening holes	Fruits are formed on tomatoes of the Arinka-Mandarinka variety, the Sugar Pudovichok variety blooms
11.07	Mainly cloudy	Fruits are formed on tomatoes of the Sugar Pudovichok variety,
13.04		The fruits of tomatoes of the variety "Arinka-mandarinka" are in milky ripeness
14.07	weeding tomatoes
16.07		Fog in the morning
19.07	Weeding between rows	The fruits of the variety "Sugar pudovichok a" in milky ripeness. There was fog
21.07	The first red fruits were harvested on plots No. 1. 16 fruits were harvested, the average fruit weight was up to 200g Green tomatoes were removed from plots No. 1 and No. 2	Tomatoes began to blacken on both plots
22.07	Collected green tomatoes not affected by late blight
25.07	They pulled out the lashes, removed the infected tomatoes
29.07

Conclusions: in the experiment, we used tomatoes of two varieties "Arinka-tangerine" and "Sugar pudovichok". Both varieties are mid-ripening with the same ripening period of about 115-120 days. Planting mid-ripening varieties, we came to the conclusion that it is necessary to process tomatoes three times during the growing season: at the seedling stage, at the budding stage and at the stage of fruit formation. Since we did not do this, almost the entire crop had to be thrown away, and the summer turned out to be rainy. The fogs began early, which led to the loss of the crop.

2015

Experience

Experience Theme: the influence of timely weeding on the size of onion bulbs of the Spassky variety

Purpose and objectives of the experience:To study the effect of timely weeding on the size of the bulb. To introduce students to the agricultural technology of growing bulb crops.

Experience Scheme

No. 1 - experimental plots of onion varieties "Spassky", timely weeding was carried out

No. 2 - control beds of Spassky onion, where weeding was not carried out in a timely manner

Experience methodology.

1. Soil cultivation with the introduction of organic fertilizer before winter.

2. Planting bulbs in the spring in well-heated and cultivated soil.

3. Carrying out agrotechnical activities during the growing season. Carrying out timely weeding on experimental plots.

4. Removal of arrows from the bow in experimental and control plots, if necessary.

5. Harvesting and crop accounting.

Observation diary

date	What they were doing	Observations
12.05	Planting onion sets of the Spassky variety	The soil is quite moist, the average daily temperature is above +15°C, rain in the second half of the day
14.05-16.05		Rain, every day
17.05	Pre-emergence harrowing of the soil with a rake	Remove small weeds
18.05		Onion shoots appear on both experimental and control plots
19.05		One feather on control and experimental plots
23.05	Weeding and loosening of row-spacings, removal of weeds on experimental plots
26.05		Two onion feathers on experimental plots
26.06		Daytime temperatures +25°С +28°С
1.06-04.06		rains
3.06	Feeding onions (one glass of mullein per 10 liters of water and a tablespoon of urea)	Two onion feathers on control beds
5.06	Weeding and loosening of row-spacings, removal of weeds on control plots	Tall weed Weeds appear in test plots
06.06	Weeding and loosening of row spacings on experimental plots
10.06	Weeding between ridges on experimental and control plots
11.06		Light rain, cloudy
12.06		Mainly cloudy
13.06		Four feathers on onions in experimental plots, three feathers in control beds, cloudy
18.06	Weeding and loosening of row spacings on experimental plots 3rd weeding, on control plots - 2nd weeding	On the experimental beds, the feather is higher and its quantity is greater than on the control plots.
20.06		rain-
23.06		Rain
25-29.06		Rainy, cloudy
02.07	Loosening inter-ridges after rain
07-08.07	Loosening of inter-ridges	cloudy
10.07 – 13.07	Weeding in experimental plots
15.07
16.07		There was heavy rain during the night.
18.07	Removal of weeds in all beds
20.07		The feather on the experimental and control plots is green, on the experimental plots the amount of feather is 5-7, - on the control plots - 4 pcs.
25.07		Feather lodging begins on experimental plots
30.07	Harvesting and crop accounting	We collected 716 kg of onions, and on the experimental plots 405 kg, and on the control 311 kg

Conclusion:

At the end of July, the onion crop was harvested, the yield was 716 kg, and 405 kg were harvested on the experimental plots, and 3111 kg on the control plots. On the experimental plots, the bulbs are larger, and on the control plots, the bulbs are small. The summer has been rainy. The control beds were overgrown with weeds, which affected the onion yield in these plots. Timely weeding affects the size of the bulbs and, as a result, the yield of onions. Because on experimental plots, we carried out timely weeding, then the yield on these plots turned out to be higher, and the size of the bulbs too.

2015

Experience

Theme of the experiment: Variety study of white cabbage.

Purpose of experience: phenological observations of different varieties of white cabbage (which variety grows better, develops and gives the highest yield;)

Experience scheme:

№1

№2

№3

№4

No. 1 - grade "Atria" No. 2 "Rinda"

No. 3- "Kilaton" No. 4 "Amager"

Experience methodology.

Soil preparationfor planting seedlings of cabbage in open ground. With the help of pegs and a cord, basting beds and digging holes according to the 70 × 70 pattern.
Selection well developed plantshaving at least 4 leaves, digging them out of the greenhouse along with a clod of earth.
planting seedlingsto the depth to the first true leaves, without bending the roots and without filling the growth point with preliminary watering of the holes from watering cans. Installation of plates with the name of varieties.
Holding repeated watering until the plants take root completely (within 5 days).
Replanting seedlingsin places of lunge a week after planting.
Carrying out agrotechnical activitiesthroughout the growing season: watering, loosening, weeding, hilling, fertilizing, pest control.
Carrying out phenological observationsfor the growth and development of different varieties of cabbage.
Harvesting and accountinggrown products.

Predicted results:

Taking into account the characteristics of the white cabbage varieties that we use in the experiment, it can be assumed that

harvest in more early dates we will get Atria cabbage, because. it belongs to the middle-late varieties.
cabbages of the varieties "Atria", "Rinda" will have the largest mass
later than all the cabbage varieties “Kilaton” and “Amager” will ripen and will have heads of cabbage weighing up to 3-4 kg;
cabbage variety "Atria" will have a consistently good harvest.

Used varieties of cabbage should not be subject to keel. crop rotation was observed. We plan to collect up to 2500 kg of cabbage from the site (providing school table cabbage for the entire academic year, the dining room of the sponsored kindergarten).

Observation diary

date	What they were doing	Observations
25.05	Planting cabbage of all kinds in the ground with preliminary watering of the holes 0.5l, after planting watering 1l	Cabbage variety "Rinda" a little wilted
26.05	Watering from watering cans	Cabbage of all varieties feels good
27.05	Watering from watering cans. Planting cabbage in places of lunge
28.05	Watering from watering cans
29.05	We plant the grown seedlings of cabbage, planting cabbage in places of lunge in the Amager variety, watering from watering cans	All varieties of cabbage have taken root well
27.05	Watering from watering cans	Planted cabbage "Rinda" begins to take root
30.05	1st Top dressing with a 1:10 solution of mullein on cabbage in experimental plots	Seedlings of all types of cabbage took root and began to grow
31.05
1.06	Rain	The seedling is doing well.
5.06	Rain	All seedlings took root well on all varieties.
6.06- 8 .06	Loosening and weeding cabbage. Mainly cloudy	Large leaves begin to grow on cabbage varieties "Atria", "Kilaton", "Rinda"
8.06	1st Hilling of cabbage varieties "Atria", "Rinda",	Large leaves grow on cabbage varieties "Kilaton"
11.06	----------	Rain
12.06	Loosening the soil between rows and holes
13.06	1st hilling cabbage variety "Kilaton"
14.06	Weeding and loosening cabbage of all varieties. Hot	Large leaves on cabbage grow actively
15.06	Hot	Large leaves on cabbage grow actively
22.06	2nd Top dressing with a solution of mullein cabbage on experimental plots during the period of heading	The dimensions of the stem part on the control and experimental beds are already different.
24.06	Rain
27.06	Loosening and weeding holes and row spacing
28.06	2nd hilling of cabbage varieties "Atria", "Kilaton", "Rinda"	Increase in leaves on experimental beds
29.06	--------------	The leaves on the varieties of cabbage "Atria", "Kilaton", "Rinda" begin to close
03.07	2nd hilling cabbage variety "Amager"	Heads are formed on cabbage varieties "Atria", "Rinda"
4.07-4.07		Cruciferous flea appears
5.07	Treatment with the drug "Knockdown" cabbage from cruciferous flea
5.07		The cruciferous flea has disappeared from cultivated beds
6.07	Weeding and loosening all types of cabbage	Formation of a head of cabbage of the variety "Kilaton" "Amager"
11.07	3rd Organic feeding of cabbage on experimental plots
18.07		Rain
19.07	Weeding cabbage of all varieties
20.07		Rain
23.07	weeding cabbage	Formation of heads of cabbage of all varieties
29.07	Processing cabbage from cruciferous flea	Formation of heads of cabbage of all varieties
1.08	Manual weeding of cabbage	Formation of heads of cabbage of all varieties
22.08		Cabbage of all varieties grows well.
06.10	Cabbage harvesting, harvest accounting

Conclusion:

cabbage variety "Atria" has the largest heads of cabbage, quite dense; yield - about 7.5 kg / m²;
Heads of cabbage "Kilaton" and "Rinda" are approximately the same in size and weight, approximately 65 cm in diameter, weight about 3 - 3.5 kg; yield is about 8 kg / m²;
On experimental plots, where organic fertilizer was used, cabbage heads are denser and larger.
Cabbage varieties "Amager" has small heads of about 2-2.5 kg, but very dense; yield is about 5 kg/m².
The total yield is about 4000 kg per 0.3 ha.
Not a single head of cabbage cracked.
Clubroot disease was not observed on any cabbage variety.
The cruciferous flea has eaten up the marginal leaves of Amager cabbage.
All varieties of cabbage used in the experiment give a good harvest in our climatic zone.
Cabbage variety "Rinda" will go for pickling. this is a medium-late variety, and the rest of the cultivated cabbage varieties will go to maturation.

2015

Experience Theme: effect of vernalization of tubers on the yield of potatoes.

Purpose of experience : Does vernalization of potato tubers affect its yield.

Experience methodology

1. Part of the tubers intended for planting were subjected to vernalization. 40 days before planting potato tubers weighing 70-80 gr. Spread out in a warm, bright room (at 15-20 ºС) in a greenhouse. Turned over every 3-5 days. The rest of the tubers were not subjected to vernalization.

2. The vernalized potato was planted in the experimental plot, not the vernalized potato in the control plot.

3. During the entire growing season, we carry out agrotechnical work: plowing, hilling, weeding, pest control.

5. Carrying out phenological observations of the growth and development of potatoes in experimental and control plots.

6. Harvesting, accounting of grown products.

Experience Scheme

No. 1 - experience (vernalized potato tubers

No. 2 - control (not vernalized potato tubers)

date	What they were doing	Observations
02.04	We got potato tubers from the vegetable store, some were subjected to vernalization
All April	Warmed tubers in a greenhouse	The tubers warmed up and sprouted
5.05	Planting of vernalized potato tubers in experimental plots, non-vernalized tubers planted in control plots	Cloudy, cool
12.05		Heavy rain
14.05		Heavy rain
15.05
16, 17.05		Rain. Potato sprouts on experimental plots
22.05		Potato sprouts on control plots
23.05		After the 25th, hot weather sets in
01-05.06		Rainy, cloudy
8-9.06	Weeding potatoes, removing weeds on experimental plots
09.06	Potato plowing on both plots
11.06		Rain all day
14.06	Potato plowing with hilling	Hot
17.06	Potato weeding, weed removal on control plots	Hot
20.06		The larvae appear colorado potato beetle. rainy cloudy weather
22.06	Processing potatoes from the Colorado potato beetle with the preparation "Colorado"
24.06	Hilling plowing on both plots
25.06		Potatoes bloom on experimental plots
28.06
30.06		Potatoes bloom on control plots
4.07
07.07	2nd treatment of potatoes with the drug "Colorado" from the beetle	Mass flowering of potatoes on experimental plots
9-14.07	Potato weeding, weed removal (manual) on control plots	Mass flowering of potatoes on control plots
20.07	Weed appears on experimental plots	Bushes are green on all plots
18.08		Bushes begin to turn yellow in experimental plots
26.08	The weed on the plots is tall	Bushes begin to turn yellow on control plots
27.08	Haulm mowing
04.09	Harvest

Conclusion: when harvesting, we found that the yield of potatoes in the experimental plot is higher than in the experimental plot by almost 35%. When digging bushes on an experimental plot, the number of tubers was 9-12 pieces per bush, the tubers were even and large. When digging bushes from the control plot, the number of tubers was 6-7 pieces per bush, tubers of medium and less than average size. Yields on the experimental plot, where vernalized tubers were used, were higher than on the control plot, where non-vernalized tubers were used. By the end of August there was a tall weed on all the plots, so the summer turned out to be very rainy in the first two months. And even weeding did not help, all the same, there were a lot of weeds on the plots.

For getting good harvest vernalized tubers must be used. However, with improper care, when plantings are overgrown with weeds. There is no hope for a good result.

2015

Experience Theme: comparative study of late-ripening cucumbers on the example of varieties "Donskoy" and "Pobedel"

Purpose of experience : find out which variety has been fruiting longer, which variety has good taste.

Experience methodology

1. We sow cucumber seeds in open ground.

2. On the first plot we plant cucumbers of the Donskoy variety, on the second plot we plant cucumbers of the Winner variety.

4. We carry out agrotechnical measures for growing cucumbers.

5. We carry out phenological observations of the growth and development of cucumbers in both plots.

6. Harvesting, counting grown products, conclusions.

04.06

Rain

16.06

Rain, cucumber shoots appear on both plots

17.06

Rain

20.06

Shower

22-24.06

Rain in the afternoon

25.06

Loosening, manually removing weeds, watering

26.06

Rain

27.06

top dressing with ammonium nitrate (10g per bucket of water)

29.06

02.07

Weeding between rows

2 true leaves of cucumbers of the Pobedel variety

05.07

2 real leaves of cucumbers of the Donskoy variety

10.07

loosening

16.07

loosening

19.06

Cucumbers of the Pobedel variety have 5 true leaves.

23.07

Cucumbers of the Donskoy variety have 5 true leaves.

24.07

ANIMALS

PREPARATION FOR STUDYING THE WORLD OF INSECTS

COLLECTION OF INSECTS

AND BUILDING A COLLECTION

Insect hunting is an exciting activity not only for young naturalists, but also for adult nature lovers. Those who did not observe insects during their summer holidays, did not collect them, do not even suspect how interesting it is. Wandering through lawns and forest edges, an amateur entomologist with a deft sweep of the net captures light-winged prey. On tree trunks it is

1 Entomology - a branch of zoology that studies insects; An entomologist is a specialist in the study of insects.

Table for the article "PREPARATION FOR THE STUDY OF THE WORLD OF INSECTS".

Butterflies of the European part of the USSR (in life size). Day butterflies: 1 - fiery chervonets (male); 2 - daytime peacock eye; 3 - spotted chervonets (male); 4 - mourning; 5- dawn (male); 6 - admiral; 7 - pigeon-argus (male); 8 - pigeon-argus (female); 9 - swallowtail; 10 - silver pigeon (male); 11- sennitsa; 12 - jaundice (male); 13 - translucent (male); 14 - Lemongrass (male); 15 - urticaria; 16 - velvet; 17 - mother-of-pearl.

Table for the article “Preparation for study of the world of insects.

Butterflies of the European part of the USSR (life-size). Night butterflies: 1 - shovel serrated; 2 - panther moth; 3 - scoop-gamma; 4 - bear-kaya; 5 - lesser nocturnal peacock eye;

6 - female bear; 7 - luxurious scoop; 8 - hawk "dead head"; 9 - grass scoop; 10 - large glass jar; 11 - meadowsweet motley; 12 - big green moth; 13 - grass cocoon moth (female); 14 - oak cocoon moth (male); 15 - moth-larence; 16 - red sash; 17 - sicklewing.

A child of lurking moths and whiskered beetles, and among the green foliage discovers an invisible caterpillar, from which, perhaps, a butterfly will subsequently hatch. The processing and viewing of the collected collections will later vividly remind you of summer excursions and deepen your knowledge of the nature around us.

Going to hunt for insects, the entomologist must take care of the equipment and, above all, make a net. The basis of the net is a strong hoop made of thick wire (an old mattress spring is also suitable for this). On a wire about 120 long cm measured from one end 12 cm, and from the other - 8 cm, the rest is bent into a ring. The very ends of the wire are bent at a right angle and sharpened with a file - these points are needed to attach the hoop to the stick.

The muslin or gauze mesh is not sewn directly to the hoop, but to a more durable material (linen, calico), which should cover the hoop with a narrow cover. The net bag is made deep in 55 -60 cm. How to tailor a net, shows the picture. It is better to paint the material of the net in a dark green color, otherwise it will frighten insects. The stick must be no longer than 130 cm.

An insect flying or sitting on a flower is caught by bringing a net to it from the side. Having caught the prey, they quickly turn the net so that the lower part of the bag overlaps the hoop and presses against it, closing the exit.

Insects hiding in dense thickets, such as nettles, are caught by the so-called "mowing". The entomologist with sharp strokes, reminiscent of the movements of a scythe in a meadow, draws a net over the plants in one direction or the other. After several strokes, he selects the caught prey from the net.

To catch aquatic insects, you should have a special net - made of denser matter and on a longer, durable stick.

In addition to the net, the entomologist needs various glass jars and boxes. Large and restless insects (especially predators) have to be killed immediately in the stain -

Making a hoop for a net.

Net pattern. Dimensions are given in centimeters.

How to attach the net to the hoop: A- hoop; b- canvas; V- seams; G- gauze or muslin. The size is given in centimeters.

Having caught an insect, the net must be turned over so that it cannot fly out.

Mordant for insects.

A small glass jar with a tightly fitting stopper, where a lump of cotton wool moistened with ether or chloroform is attached to the inside of the stopper. When 5 to 8 insects accumulate in the stain, they are transferred to a box on a layer of cotton wool (oblong candy boxes are convenient for this), and the cotton wool in the stain is again moistened with two or three drops of ether and the insects are placed there again. Butterflies (except for especially large ones and except for very tenacious bright she-bears and moths) are killed right in the net. To do this, you need to seize the moment when the wings of a butterfly beating in a net will be raised above its back. With two fingers, through the fabric of the net, her chest is squeezed from the sides, then the butterfly is placed in a box with a layer of cotton wool or placed in pre-prepared paper bags. Each in a separate bag. You can immediately prick a butterfly on a pin and place it in a special excursion box. This plywood box with a peat or cork bottom is usually worn like a bag with a lace slung over the shoulder.

Insects of medium and small sizes (with the exception of butterflies with their delicate wings and predators) are planted alive in small jars or test tubes, through the stoppers of which sections of a thin glass tube or goose feather must be passed for ventilation. Inside these bottles you need to advance

The place where you need to pierce the insect with a pin,

marked with a dot: 1 - grasshopper filly; 2 - dragonfly; 3- bug;

4 - fly; 5a. 5 B- bedbugs; 6 - bee, wasp; 7 - butterfly.

Butterfly spreader.

Butterfly spreading.

Insert long strips of paper so that the insects are placed there more evenly, without straying into a living lump. These "captives" can be killed after the tour. If there is no ether, the bottle with insects is immersed for two minutes in boiling water. Caterpillars and pupae, from which they want to breed butterflies, are collected in boxes with windows covered with mesh or canvas.

The entomologist must also carry a magnifying glass, tweezers and a knife. They should not just be stuffed into pockets, but attached to laces and worn around the neck.

For a collection of insects, they are pricked on pins. Special entomological pins are very convenient for this (their length is 38 mm, thickness varies by numbers). For medium-sized insects, in extreme cases, ordinary pins can also be used, but for small insects it is better to take sewing needles or prepare homemade pins from thin iron or steel wire.

When planting an insect on a pin, it is necessary to stick it strictly perpendicularly into the back of the thoracic region. Beetles and winged bugs (if they are not going to be spread in a flight position) are pierced through the right elytron. Dry insects stored on cotton wool or in bags must first be softened - steamed out. To do this, they are kept for 2-4 days on top of a layer of wet sand in some wide

bowl tightly covered. Winged insects after softening can be easily straightened.

Butterflies intended for the collection must spread their wings as shown on our color charts. For this, spreaders are used; at the base, they consist of two oblong linden planks (pins are easily stuck into them), located parallel, but not in the same plane, but somewhat obliquely to each other (this is so that the straightened butterflies do not “give up” - the wings do not settle) . The planks must be fixed on transverse bars so that a gap is formed between them (the body of a butterfly is placed here), and a narrow peat or cork plate should pass under it. A pin with a butterfly is stuck into this soft plate so that the body of the butterfly fits in the groove, and the wings can be laid out on both plates.

A paper strip is placed on the left wings of the butterfly along its body near the groove itself. The end of the strip near the butterfly's head is pinned to the board with a pin. Behind the other end, the strip is pulled with two fingers of the left hand and the left wings of the butterfly are pressed against the spreader with it. At the same time, with the tip of the needle in the right hand, they hook (without piercing) the thickest vein of the wing, and then, either loosening or tightening the paper strip, move the wings so that the rear edge of the front wing forms a right angle with the body of the butterfly and covers the front edge rear wing. The stretched paper strip is pinned to the straightening with a second pin. In the same way, the right wings of a butterfly are spread. The antennae of the butterfly should also be correctly positioned, trying to keep them pressed against the spreader. The outer edges of the wings are pressed against the board with two other paper strips. The insect should dry on the spreader until its abdomen no longer bends when touched by a pin.

Especially small insects are glued with a drop of glue to small pieces of drawing paper, which are put on a pin.

Insects ready for collection are placed in entomological boxes or boxes, on the bottom of which peat plates are laid, covered with paper glued to the edges of the plates.

At first, you can use candy or cookie boxes, as long as their depth is at least 4 cm and they are tight

A crouched insect is caught by bringing a net to it from the side.

Covered up. At the bottom of the box, you need to glue pieces of cork in regular rows.

Under each insect on the same pin there should be a small label indicating the place and time of its capture (for example: Kaluga, 21VI-64). Without such "passports" the collection has no scientific value. To protect the collection from moths and harmful museum bugs, a pinch of naphthalene wrapped in a piece of cloth should be attached inside the box.

The collection should not be a random collection of insects. It is interesting to make collections of pests of the garden, vegetable garden, individual cultivated plants, a collection of representatives of different orders and suborders of insects. You can limit yourself to collecting any one systematic group, for example, diurnal butterflies or dragonflies. It is useful to collect collections on biological topics, such as "Aquatic insects" or "Mimicry". Often, in such biological collections, insects are glued in natural poses on the bark, on dried plants, etc.

A young entomologist needs to learn how to use special insect identifiers, and not be content with an approximate definition “from pictures”.

CAGE DEVICE

Having found an interesting caterpillar, a novice naturalist places it in some box at hand, and if he remembers that the caterpillar needs air and food, then

with the help of a nail, an awl, or a sharp-toothed fork, he will make holes in the walls of the box for ventilation and put a branch with its leaves for the caterpillar fodder plant.

However, such a “cage” is no good: opaque walls will not allow observing the life and development of the caterpillar, the food will quickly wither, and in general the caterpillar will find itself in abnormal and unfavorable conditions. Therefore, special cages are needed to keep caterpillars and other larvae, to observe them and to remove adult insects from them.

Often, ordinary glass jars are used for cages: a vial of water and a sprig of a fodder plant are placed at the bottom of the jar, and gauze is tied around the top. However, such a primitive cage has many disadvantages: it is poorly ventilated, the air in it becomes damp, it is difficult to remove caterpillar feces from the bottom of the jar, which get wet, rot and become moldy. It is clear that in such unsanitary conditions, caterpillars develop poorly and often die.

To adapt a glass jar for a cage, you need to remove the bottom from it. Holding the jar horizontally, encircle its lower part with a thick thread moistened with kerosene or alcohol (cologne), and both ends of the thread should hang down; these ends are set on fire and, when the thread burns out along the entire circumference, the jar is quickly lowered into a basin with cold water. As a result of this, the lower part of the can along the line of girdling with a thread will break off. The further course of work on the manufacture of a cage from a “bottomless” can will be clear from the explanations to fig. 1.

Rice. 1. Glass jar cage: A- "bottomless" bank; b- strapping of gauze (kisei); V- drawer-saucer on two boards-stands; G - tubule; d - bottle with water.

When populating the cage, you should substitute a suitable-sized water bottle under it, fill the saucer box with sand. Pass a branch of the forage plant through the tube inserted into the bottom of the box, plugging the free lumen of the tube with a loose lump of cotton so that air can pass from below, but the caterpillars do not crawl out.

Another type of caterpillar cage can be made from a cardboard box or plywood box in the approximate shape and size of a shoe box. The garden should be given the appearance of a locker,

Rice. 2. A cage-locker for caterpillars. Left - front view, right - side view: A- hinged cover; b- rubber fastener; V- windows with a grid; G- glazed windows; d- a wooden "floor" (with tubes for branches and with a cardboard side on the buttons), separating the upper "living" room from the "basement"; e- paired planochki glued to the side walls and supporting the "floor"; and- bottle of water.

which is either placed vertically on a table or on a shelf (in this case, an even wider plank as a “sole” must be attached to its bottom for stability), or hung on a wall (then to its back wall you need to attach a loop in order to hang the cage on a nail driven into the wall). Details of the cage-locker device are shown in fig. 2. To the explanations given in the caption to this figure, we add that part of the windows - two side and top, cut in the upper, "residential" part of the cage, should

Rice. 3. Wooden cage for caterpillars: A- removable cover; b- glass walls; V- folding doors; G- removable boxes with soil for caterpillars pupating in the ground; d- a plank with holes and tubes for branches; e- retractable galvanized cuvette for water.

Rice. 4. Cylindrical cage for latent larvae: A- glass jar; b- lid with mesh; V- a wooden block with carnations driven into it; G - free space for larvae and their food.

To be tightened with a metal mesh (sieve) or canvas, and the rest of the windows (in the desktop garden - front and rear, in the wall - front) - glazed.

Of course, a cage of this type will be stronger if it is made not from cardboard, but from plywood.

A cage on a wooden base of a more complex, but also more advanced device is shown in fig. 3 (explanation - in the caption under this figure).

In addition to butterfly caterpillars, open-living insect larvae from other orders can be kept in the cages described above, but for those larvae that live hidden (in soil, wood dust, flour, etc.), cages of a different device are required. Let us briefly consider two types of such cages.

Cylindrical garden.

A piece of a round log or log is selected for a cylindrical glass jar, the diameter of which is two centimeters less than the inner diameter of the jar, and the length is somewhat shorter than its height. Several small nails are driven into this log from different sides,

Rice. 5. Flat-walled cage B. S. Shcherbakov: A- plywood frames; b- glass; V- cover; G- Earth; d- fasteners (clips) from plywood.

so that it enters the inside of the jar, but does not touch its walls (Fig. 4). The space remaining between the block and the walls of the jar is filled with the substrate (nutrient medium) in which the larvae live. You also need to take care of the food they need. For example, to observe wireworms, the free space in the bank is filled with loose soil with cereal roots. The soil or dust should be kept moderately moist, and to protect from light, the cage should be kept under a hood made of cardboard or thick paper.

Flat-walled cage of B.S. Shcherbakov. It is arranged from two identical glasses, for example, negative ones, 9x12 or 13x18 in size cm, three three-sided frames cut from plywood to the size of these glasses, two pairs of U-shaped plywood clips (clamps) and, finally, from a cover in the form of a plywood plate forming the fourth - upper - side of one of the mentioned frames (Fig. 5).

They take one of the frames, put it vertically on the unpaired long side and apply both glasses to it from both sides. It turns out a very narrow box, the walls of which need to be fixed, and for this, the other two frames are applied to the glass from the outside, and they are pressed from below and from the sides with the already mentioned carefully fitted paper clips. The cage is filled with the appropriate substrate in which the larvae live (soil, dust, flour). If the cage is intended for large larvae, such as May beetles, the spacer between the panes is made from 2-3 plywood frames folded together.

INSECT OBSERVATION IN THE WILL

The world of insects gives every schoolchild a plentiful and available material for biological observations. We will meet insects not only on country excursions, but also within the city - in school plots, among the greenery of gardens, in a suburban grove and even in undeveloped wastelands, where a few bushes still survived and weeds and nettles flourished.

True, here small six-legged creatures are not as diverse as in forest clearings and edges or in flowering meadows, but on the other hand

In these places at first it is easier to understand them, it is easier to learn to observe them and, thus, to acquire the research skills necessary for every naturalist in his further work among nature.

So, we go to the site that we have chosen for our " field research”, and we begin to observe the life of its six-legged inhabitants 1 . At the same time, we do not touch on insects - pests of the garden and vegetable garden, which in the volume " Agriculture» is devoted to a separate article.

Ground beetles can be found hiding under stones or old boards - agile beetles with a metallic sheen or with a pitch black shiny color. The captured ground beetle tries to bite the pursuer and secretes a liquid with a very peculiar pungent odor.

The ground beetle is an example of a terrestrial predator, a kind of "wolf among insects": it has long running legs and a forward-looking head with strong jaws (compare with the cow-shaped figure of a "peaceful" May beetle or a brilliant bronze, "grazing" on wild rose flowers).

Ground beetles: on the left - black, on the right - golden.

Like wolves, ground beetles hunt mainly at night and have a good sense of smell (not without reason that their antennae are so mobile); they cannot fly, because under the elytra they do not have membranous wings. The caustic secretions are mainly saved from the enemies of the beetles, and the metallic or generally glossy coloration

ska serves as a signal “warning” the bird about the inedibility of such an insect (see the article “Coloring and imitation in the animal world”).

Large ground beetles can be observed in the cage and in winter, feeding them with bloodworms, worms or small pieces of meat.

Winged predators are more common. At the beginning of summer, among the greenery, small (12-15 mm) oblong beetles with a red pectoral shield and very soft brownish elytra - soft beetles. The bug, taken with fingers, intensively bends the abdomen, imitating the movements of a stinging wasp. At the same time, it is found that his abdomen is red. The caustic taste makes the soft beetle unappetizing for pursuers; his “threat movements” are connected with this, with the demonstration of a “warning” red coloration 1 .

Even more interesting are the protective devices of another predator - panorps, or

Scorpion, a small insect with four spotted reticulated wings of the same size, with a head elongated in the form of a beak (this is not a proboscis, jaws are visible at the end of the "beak"), with yellow legs and an unusually flexible abdomen. In males, the abdomen is bent upwards. The caught panorpa is protected by "menacing" movements of the abdomen (in fact, completely harmless), as well as by the release of a brown liquid from the mouth. bad smell. Therefore, birds avoid touching well-marked scorpions, reminiscent of stinging wasps with their threatening movements, coloring of the abdomen and legs.

Of particular interest are observations of aphids and those insects that feed on them. Of course, aphids that harm cultivated plants should be immediately destroyed, but besides them, colonies of other aphid species can be found on the site, the life of which is interesting to observe. These are aphids living on weeds or plants that are indifferent to us: burdock, thistle, tansy or wormwood, nettle, horse sorrel, bird cherry.

Aphids hatch from overwintered eggs in spring, and, moreover, they are exclusively wingless.

soft beetle

females. With a thin proboscis, the aphid continuously sucks the juices of the plant, grows quickly, changing its skin several times, and then begins to multiply, giving birth to cubs - again females. Soon, on a young shoot or on the underside of a leaf, there is already a whole colony of aphids. Watching the colony from day to day, you can see how its number increases, and then notice that among the wingless females, winged ones also appear. With the help of the wind, they fall on other plants suitable for them and there they give rise to new colonies of wingless females.

Panorpa or scorpion

1 However, direct observations of the feeding of birds have shown that it is precisely soft beetles, along with butterfly caterpillars, that serve as a favorite food for pied flycatcher chicks, which are brought to them by their parents. This a prime example the fact that all protective devices, including “inedibility”, are not unconditional and fail-safe, but have only a relative value (most insectivorous birds avoid pecking soft-bodied birds).

Sirf fly larva.

It has been observed that winged females are born when the aphid-infested shoot begins to wither and becomes unable to feed a larger colony. During the summer, several generations of females are replaced, and by autumn, not only females, but also males are born. Autumn females are already laying wintering eggs. In some species, different generations live on completely various plants("change of owners"). Thus, the winged females of bird cherry aphids always move to grasses in summer, and only autumn females again fall on bird cherry and lay eggs on it.

Ladybugs are seven-spotted and two-spotted. Left - larva.

The development cycle of aphids: the alternation of generations that differ in appearance and in the method of reproduction, depending on unequal living conditions, distinguishes them from other insects. (By continuing to keep aphid-infested plants warm, you can increase the number of viviparous generations.)

It is no less interesting to observe the relationship that has developed between aphids and the environment. Many aphids have a waxy coating on their bodies, giving them an ashen or blackish coloration (try dipping them in ether, gasoline or strong alcohol and the aphids will be "naked"). Wax is not wetted by water, and therefore aphids are not afraid of rain and dew; in addition, the viscous waxy layer makes aphids unappetizing to birds.

Leaves damaged by aphids shrivel and curl; as a result, it turns out that the leaves themselves provide their pests with a reliable shelter (this feature is easy to observe on bird cherry aphid colonies). Finally, there are aphids, the injections of which cause the formation of special sac-like growths (galls) on the leaves, inside which the aphid and its offspring have both a ready table and a cozy home (large reddish galls are especially noticeable on the upper side of elm leaves; they should be taken for research and for observations in the garden).

However, all that has been said does not at all mean that aphids are protected from all dangers: there are many insects that develop solely at the expense of aphids. Near aphids, bright spotted bugs are often found - ladybugs and their larvae - flat, grayish-gray insects with orange markings. Both those and others unrestrictedly "graze" on the colonies of aphids, which are "pasture" for them (you should also look for spotted ladybird pupae nearby).

Here, creatures of a dirty green or dirty yellow color are often found, resembling leeches in appearance. These are the larvae of flower flies of sirphs, or hoverflies, legless and even eyeless predators that only have to bend to the right or left to grab another aphid. Such a larva, together with a colony of aphids, should also be taken into the cage for further observations. Immediately on the shoot or foliage of the plant, the larva turns into a pupa, similar to a frozen drop, and then the sirf fly comes out of the pupa, visiting flowers and resembling a wasp in color (an example of mimicry).

Finally, one more predator can be found in the aphid colony - a gray larva with jaws protruding forward, covering itself with a case of empty skins of eaten aphids. This is a larva of the golden-eyed fleurnitsa - a lacewing insect with delicate light green wings, a green body, golden eyes and a disgusting smell that it emits when disturbed (try it!).

How, then, do the very slow larvae we have listed end up exactly where easy prey is provided for them? It turns out that their mothers “took care” of this: instinct forced them to lay their eggs near colonies of aphids, just as the same maternal instinct induces cabbage to lay eggs on cruciferous leaves, and urticaria on nettles.

Aphids also have many other dangerous enemies for them. It is not uncommon to see dead females in aphid colonies with a darkened and swollen abdomen or with a gaping abdomen. round hole. These aphids are destroyed by a small rider aphidius; aphidius females lay eggs in the body of aphids, and the larva that emerges from the egg eats the insides of its host. (If you find a colony with bloated, but not yet punctured, aphids, place it in a separate test tube, plugged with a ball of cotton wool, to observe the emergence of aphidius.)

Ants often appear on plants affected by aphids. Sometimes it happens that the “torn road” is quite visible, along which they

Larva of golden-eyed fleurnica.

They travel here from their anthill. But for ants, aphids are not prey, but something like “milk cattle” (see Art. “Public insects”). When an ant strokes the abdomen of an aphid with its antennae, it releases a drop of honeydew at the end of the abdomen.

Liquid food that the ant swallows (using a magnifying glass, this process of “milking” aphids is clearly visible).

Thus, observations of predatory insects and observations of aphids and those insects that live or develop at their expense reveal to us a number of most interesting biological phenomena and at the same time show which among the inhabitants of the garden and vegetable garden should be considered our "friends", and whom - "enemies", pests of green spaces.

BIRD WATCHING IN NATURE

In the forest, the call of the cuckoo is often heard, but many have seen the cuckoo only in pictures. And what is she really like? What are her habits? Where does she live - in a hollow, in a nest, or does she not have a permanent home at all? It is easy to distinguish a cuckoo by its voice, but there are hundreds of species of birds in the forest, and each one chirps or sings in its own way. What are these birds? It is difficult to observe only the first bird. And then experience will appear, observation will develop. No wonder one of the best connoisseurs of Russian nature, prof. D. N. Kaigorodov said: “Nothing is so

It does not refine, does not refine one's powers of observation, like the observation of birds. It sharpens eyesight, develops and refines hearing.

An attentive observer, even if he is not even a scientist, but just a schoolboy, can notice phenomena valuable for science in the life of birds.

It is necessary to start observation by identifying the species of birds. If you are still inexperienced and cannot accurately recognize a bird, contact a knowledgeable person or a good book. Better than all others is Promptov's book "Birds in Nature". M., Uchpedgiz, 1960. When

with its help, you can identify any bird in the middle zone of our country. To do this, you do not even need to catch it, but it is enough to examine it from a distance with a simple eye or through binoculars.

In another guide (Sungurov A.N. “Excursion Guide to Birds of the European Part of the USSR”, M., Uchpedgiz, 1960.), there are mostly color drawings of all our birds. This book is very easy to identify birds.

In cities, the identification of birds can be helped by their stuffed animals in the local museum.

If you saw a bird unknown to you and want to identify it from a book, write down its signs in detail:

1. Size compared to well-known birds (sparrow, starling, dove).

2. Coloring. For example, like this: “the throat and chest are brick red, the entire top is gray with an olive tint, the abdomen and sides are such and such,” etc.

The figure (see p. 475) shows the names of the body parts of the bird. In some cases, it is more convenient to schematically outline the contour of the bird, designate the color with different hatching and note what colors these hatchings mean.

3. The habits of the bird: its behavior, mobility, characteristic postures. For example: “turns its tail in a circle when it is worried” (shrike) or: “sitting on a branch, shakes its wings, as if trying to fly” (flycatcher).

4. Voice, if possible, in letters. For example: “pin-pin-tarrah” (alarming cry of a tit). You can compare the bird's voice with some familiar sound. For example: "squeaks in different colors"(Song of the bullfinch). Some species of birds are almost indistinguishable in appearance, such as warblers and warblers, but they can be immediately distinguished by song and call.

The starling is an interesting object to observe.

5. The place where the bird was encountered; plant on which it feeds. For example, goldfinches feed in winter on burdock, siskins and tap dances on birches and alders, and bullfinches on ash trees.

You can watch birds everywhere, even in big cities. The bird species most suitable for phenological observations are listed in the table. Crosses indicate which seasonal phenomena in the life of birds are observed in spring or autumn.

It is especially interesting to observe the life of birds in summer. In a pioneer camp, for example, it is easy to organize observation of bird nests. If the birds are not frightened, they will cease to be afraid of humans. The circle of young naturalists in the camp should take care of the inviolability of bird nests. Even without wanting it, you can destroy the nest: it is enough to go several or at least once with a company to a nest located on the ground. At night, a predator can run along the path you have trodden - a cat or a ferret, which can easily

Designation of body parts of a bird: 1 - forehead; 2 - beak: A- mandible, b- mandible; 3 - crown; 4 - back of the head; 5 - bridle; 6 - eyebrow; 7 - cheek; 8 - throat; 9 - goiter; 10 - breast; 11 - belly; 12 - lower leg; 13 - tarsus, metatarsus; 14 - undertail (lower tail coverts); 15 - steering feathers, rudders (tail); 16 - rump (upper tail coverts); 17 - flight feathers; 18 - covert feathers of the wing; 19 - back.

Find and destroy the nest. It is necessary to go to the nests as rarely as possible and, of course, no more than two observant ones.

Having found the nest and determined whose it is, you should describe it. It is most convenient to describe each nest on a separate card made of thick paper the size of half a notebook page. This card should be pre-drawn and in each column it should be noted that it should describe:

No. (serial number of the nest).

View(Russian name of the bird).

date(year, month and day of the first observation).

Address(region and district where the observation was made).

Place(meadow, forest, field, village, city, etc.).

Habitat(detailed description, for example: "mixed spruce forest with dense undergrowth of elderberry, near a ravine").

nest site(on a birch, in a birdhouse, on a maple, in a hollow of a linden, on the ground, behind a window casing, etc.).

tree diameter(in centimeters).

Nest height above ground(in meters). If it is not measured, but determined by eye, you need to write “about” before the numbers.

The next four columns describe only nests in hollows And birdhouses.

Notch dimensions(its diameter or dimensions in centimeters). If necessary, a drawing of a notch is given on the white field of the card on the right.

Which side of the world does the letok go to.

Depth hollow or birdhouse is measured from the bottom of the notch to the bottom.

Width hollow in the widest part near the nest. It is measured so that it does not harm the birds. For a birdhouse, the dimensions of the bottom are indicated if it is quadrangular, for example: "13X14".

The following four columns of the card refer to the nest:

Socket diameter.

Nest height.

tray diameter(cup-shaped bottom in the nest) and depth nests (dimensions of the recess of the nesting fossa, if there is one in the nest).

Material, from which the nest is made. If the material of the nest itself is different from the material of the lining of the tray, it must be specified separately for each of these parts.

Next, the number and color of eggs, the number of chicks, their age in days is recorded, if you can more or less accurately determine. Then it is noted whether the chicks are blind or have opened their eyes, what is the color of their iris. Then (in millimeters) - the dimensions of the tail feathers - "rudders", the dimensions of the wing feathers - "flies".

This information allows you to approximately determine the age of the chicks.

Dates of egg laying, hatching and emergence should only be entered on the card if they are known for certain.

Surname of the observer. If the observation is carried out by two young naturalists or a group, the names of all observers must be indicated on the card.

The white field of paper on the right is used for a schematic sketch of the nest, its position on the tree or the shape of a hollow and a birdhouse, etc.

The card must be filled out on the spot. If a question is not clear, it is better not to answer at all than to write down guesses or inaccurate information. Answers should be as clear and concise as possible. It is best to write with a soft pencil. Repeated nest observations are recorded on the back of the card.

On the free margins of a sheet of paper, you can also stick photographs of contact printing from a regular Fed film. You can take pictures of the nest and its surroundings.

Birds are very shy. If there are eggs or newly hatched chicks in the nest, you can’t stay near it for a long time: birds can leave it. All observations and records should be made away from the nest, and close to it should be approached only for the most necessary measurements.

It is good to observe nesting birds in hung houses. Artificial nests hang openly, they are usually visible from afar. The birds that settle in them, except for the great tit, are a little shy and do not leave their nests after people have been near it.

Birds are of great benefit, protecting fields and forests from harmful insects and rodents. Every spring, since 1926, Bird Day has been held in our country. On this day, students themselves get acquainted and acquaint the population with the life of birds. In schools, Bird Day is usually celebrated on March 24 - the first day of school spring break or one of the first public holidays in April.

You need to prepare for this holiday in advance: after all, the success of Bird Day is determined primarily by the number of nesting sites made and posted for birds. By the Day of the Birds, special class or school wall newspapers should be published, an exhibition dedicated to the protection of birds should be organized, amateur performances and a report on the benefits of birds should be prepared.

On Bird Day, children with songs, taking made bird houses, go to the place of hanging: to the nearest orchard, to the park, to the sponsored quarter of the forest, to the shelterbelt. The procession is decorated with colorful posters, banners, slogans; kids, like at a carnival, put on bird masks.

The All-Russian Society for the Conservation of Nature annually organizes a competition, which includes the best bird day in schools. More than half a million students of the Russian Federation take part in the competition every year.

Over the past 20 years, on Bird Day, children have been hanging so many birdhouses for starlings that the number of these birds in many places in our country has greatly increased. In some places, for example in the south, starlings even began to bring some harm by eating berries in the vineyards. Now it is much more important to make not birdhouses, but titmouses - small houses for small birds: tits, pied flycatchers, redstarts - and hang them primarily in orchards. Each student should make such a bird house and install it on a tree on Bird Day.

Table for the article "Birdwatching in nature."

Birds at the winter feeder: 1 - tap dance; 2 - big tits; 3 - nuthatch; 4 - titmouse; 5 - crested tit; 6 - Muscovite tit: 7 - titmouse; 8 - siskin; 9 - waxwing; 10 - bullfinches.

Table to Article "Aquarium and terrarium".

Fish bred in aquariums: 1 - haplohilus; 2 - danio rerio; 3 - fighting fish, or blue cockerel (male); 4 - red male fighting fish; 5 - female fighting fish; 6 - zebrafish pink; 7 - guppies males; 8 - female guppies; 9,10 - pterophyllum scalare; 11 - hemichromis; 12 - cardinal; 13 - barbus; 14 - mollienia black; 15- lalius; 16 - sailing mollienisia; 17 - neon fish; 18 - glass perch; 19 - callicht, or armored catfish; 20 - swordsman; 21 - blue gourami.

Scheme of making a simple nest. Dimensions in centimeters are indicated for the titmouse, and in brackets - for the birdhouse. External dimension with a tesa thickness of 2 cm-14(17) X 14 (17); internal size of the bottom - 10(13) X 10(13). Taphole diameter - 3.2 (5).

The drawing on this page shows all parts of a titmouse or birdhouse. The roof can be made of slab or board, but always opening. This is necessary for cleaning the nest.

It is important to comply with the specified dimensions of the houses. For the starling intrinsic value the bottom must be no less than 13x13 cm. If the bottom of the birdhouse is larger than 15x15 cm, starlings can die in cold summers. After all, a starling woman cannot heat such a large room. For small birds

Half-hollow. Inner dimensions: 12X12X12 cm. Notch height - 5 cm.

Suitable for a house with a bottom size of 10x10 cm, and for small species of tits - even less, otherwise they do not settle in houses.

Nests from damp boards are completely unsuitable: when they dry, they give cracks, cracks, birds do not settle in such houses, and if they settle, then the chicks will die in cold weather. This means that boards for bird houses must be prepared in advance and dried thoroughly.

The wooden house must be knocked down very tightly, without cracks. If they do appear, you should cover them with clay, putty or just dirt. The house, smeared with mud on the outside, is more likely to be populated by birds than a white one. Even better, paint it with brown or green oil paint. Such a nest hangs on a tree without repair for 10-15 years. You should not plan the inner walls of the nesting place, as it will be difficult for the birds to get out of it, and it is not necessary to plan it from the outside either.

Titmouses for the city are made with a very small entrance - in 3 cm diameter, so that a large city sparrow does not crawl into it. In cities, they also make half-open nests for gray flycatchers and other birds.

It is very important to hang nests correctly: the best bird houses, if they

Ways to strengthen bird houses: on the left - with a wire; on the right - with the help of a transverse bar. The house is suspended by a pole from the ground.

incorrectly hung, will remain empty. Even the slope of the nesting site matters. It can be tilted forward very strongly, it does not scare the birds. And the houses thrown back are not occupied by birds: it is difficult for them to get out of there. The table shows which nests, where and how to hang for different birds:

Hanging nests, one should not forget about the worst enemies of birds - cats. A house is available for them, placed on a tree knot: sitting on a knot, the cat comfortably wields its paw through the notch. For hanging, choose a thicker tree and, most importantly, without branches at the bottom, so that it would be difficult to climb on it without a ladder. They hang nesting places by climbing a ladder or using a pole.

In a forest, in a city park, or in an orchard, trees must not be damaged by hammering nails into them. Birch trees especially suffer from this: in spring, tree sap flows from a hole punched by a nail for many weeks.

There are many ways to attach titmouse to a tree without damaging the bark. On page 477, a titmouse is depicted tied with a

Glazed feeder, suspended from the outside to the window

frame.

Drag on pads-churbachkah. The wire never even touches the bark. It is simple and convenient to hang a birdhouse with a transverse rear bar. Having hooked with a nail at the end of the pole for the notch, the titmouse is placed in the fork of two knots. Clamped by knots, the titmouse will hang very firmly. This method is good for hanging titmouses on pines with their whorled arrangement of branches and on fruit trees.

You can hang bird nests not only in the forest or in the park, but also on individual trees, even in large cities.

As soon as the birds settle in the house, you can start observing them. At first, the birds are very cautious and are afraid to appear near the nest. As soon as the chicks hatch, the birds will begin to feed them.

Calculate how many times per day birds will fly to the nest with food. If the male is easily distinguished from the female, then the count should be kept separately for the male and for the female. Try, at least approximately, to determine what kind of food they bring to their chicks: earthworms, caterpillars, dragonflies, flies, butterflies, etc. Write down the type of food, the time of each arrival and departure (hour and minute) on the back of the card.

It is very interesting to calculate the number of arrivals of lactating parents for the entire time of development of the chicks. Each time the bird brings at least one insect. Knowing this, it is possible to determine how much one bird family consumes them. For such a calculation, you need to be on duty at the nest during the entire period of development of the chicks, at least every other day or two. Records of these observations require further processing. You can, for example, draw diagrams: how many times the birds flew in the morning, afternoon and evening; who feeds more often - male or female; the number of arrivals decreases or increases with the growth of chicks, etc.

For better observation of birds (for example, sparrows), the birdhouse is lowered from a tree to a height of a little more than a meter from ground level. This should be done when there are already chicks in the house. Lower the birdhouse not immediately, but gradually, every day by half a meter or a meter. Sparrows get used to the observer and are not afraid of him, even when he is near the birdhouse.

Birdwatching requires attention, perseverance and endurance. It happens that in cold, heat and rain you have to lie still for an hour or two, not moving even with mosquito bites. Observations provide the most valuable material if they are carried out from morning to evening, i.e., during the entire bird

"working day". To do this, organize a shift duty of at least two young naturalists.

Two or three days before the chicks leave the nest, ring them. An aluminum ring with a number and the inscription: MOSKWA is put on the right leg of each chick (see the article “Bird ringing”).

Since 1958, in our country, students began to spend not only spring, but also autumn Bird Day - a holiday for the meeting of wintering birds: tits, bullfinches, tap dances, waxwings, etc. The main task of this holiday is to establish winter feeding for useful birds, and above all tits . Start preparing for the meeting of winter birds in advance, as early as August: after all, you need to stock up food for feeding. One of the best feeds is watermelon seeds; tits willingly crush them and eat them out through a hole. But sparrows can't handle them.

The day of the meeting of wintering birds is held in the central zone of the RSFSR on one of the days off in mid-November.

With the onset of cold weather, arrange feeders and regularly pour food into them: hemp, sunflower seeds, watermelon, pumpkin, and for tits - also fat and meat of any animals. Tits are very willing to eat chicken or rabbit offal, first of all carefully collecting fat from them. For grain feeds, a self-draining feeder is convenient. Feed is poured into it once a week or even less often. The front wall of such a feeder moves in the grooves sawn by the saw. Nominate her

Gayut so that through the slot the grain spills out a little on the shelf - the bottom of the feeder, from where the birds take it. If the birds are not frightened, they quickly get used to the person and allow you to look at yourself from a distance of 3-4 m.

An interesting glazed feeder, which can be hung near the window outside. The birds will not see the observer, as he is in dark room behind the glass, and they are in the light. The closer the birds, the more interesting you notice in their behavior. Try to describe the habits of different types of birds that come to the feeder. A titmouse, for example, drags a grain out of it and on a branch of a nearby tree hollows out a seed, holding it with its paws, and a bullfinch easily gnaws a large sunflower seed with its mighty beak.

Phenological observations of an attentive juvenile may have scientific significance. Therefore, the school, the circle of young naturalists and individual schoolchildren should establish contact with the phenological commission of the All-Union Geographical Society. This commission sends instructions for observations, forms and other materials upon request. Commission address: Leningrad, per. Grivtsova, d. 8; Moscow, K-9, mailbox 1245.

Send carefully completed nest observation cards to: Moscow, V-234, Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology and Soil, Department of Vertebrate Zoology. Information sent by young naturalists will be used in the study of bird biology.

How swifts drink water

Many have seen how birds, domestic and forest, drink water. They will run up to the water, lower their beak into it, and then throw their heads up.

But swifts with an open mouth fly over the water and, without stopping, draw water on the fly. Why?

The swift has long wings and short legs. If he falls to the ground, it is difficult for him to take off later.

Check mark "hierarchy"

Jackdaws adhere to a certain "hierarchy". A flock of jackdaws feeds in a strict order - by seniority.

Bird drinkers

So you can call plants in which the leaves form a small groove where dew collects. They are often visited by birds and insects.

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1 Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Municipal budgetary educational institution "Secondary school 18" of the city of Bratsk My first observations on plants Research project Authors: Gorbovsky Dmitry, Baronov Vladimir, Shimko Diana, Sterkhova Tatyana, Supalov Andrey, Malamura Stepan, Usova Elizaveta, Romanova Tatiana, Kozlova Sophia. Bratsk, MBOU "Secondary School 18" 1B class. Scientific adviser: Groo Yana Alexandrovna, Bratsk, 2014

2 2 Contents Introduction 3 1. Description of the experiment and results 4 2. Experiment 1 Plants grow from seeds 5 3. Experiment 2 Plants reach for the light 6 4. Experiment 3 Plants grow in different ways 7 Conclusion 8 Literature 9 Appendix 1. Photographs of the experiment 10 Annex 2. Observation diary 13

3 3 Introduction Man has been friendly with plants since ancient times, from the very moment of the birth of mankind on Earth. Throughout the history of human development, people not only loved flowers, but also worshiped them, endowing them with care and attention. They grew plants, cared for and pampered, crossed and bred outlandish varieties that struck with their magnificence. It would seem that people have already studied plants well and imagine how they grow and what they require for their development, and there seem to be no special mysteries here, but this is still unknown to us as young researchers of nature. Therefore, we decided to test one hypothesis. Hypothesis: Is it true that plants can be grown from seeds in room conditions? Based on this hypothesis, we determined the purpose and objectives of the study. Purpose: to study the conditions for the growth and development of plants in the classroom. Tasks: 1) To study the effect of light, heat and moisture on seed germination; 2) Monitoring the growth and development of germinated plants; 3) Keeping a diary of observations. Research methods: 1) Observation 2) Experiment Equipment: 1) Plant seeds: peas, onions, dill, alyssum snow carpet and alyssum bright mixture; 2) Pots with earth; 3) Petri dishes; 4) Jug for watering; 5) Ruler for measuring height. The result of the project: a bed on the window.

4 4 1. Description of the experiment and results The following plants were used to perform the study: white and colored alissum, dill, onion, peas. Alyssum - unpretentious, relatively cold-resistant, drought-resistant and undemanding to the soil perennial. It is often grown as an annual. It blooms profusely and for a long time, until the very frost; propagated by seeds. Spectacular coloring, unpretentiousness, amazing aroma allow the plant to be used in landscape compositions. Dill is an annual plant. It has an upright rounded stem, reaching a height of cm. The leaves are pinnately dissected, with filiform lobules, the lower ones are petiolate, the upper ones are sessile. It blooms in June-July, throwing out umbrellas, consisting of small yellow flowers. The fruit is a two-seeded oval flat shape. Dill has a strong spicy refreshing taste and smell. Onion valuable product nutrition, which is of great importance in human life. As a medicine, onions have been used since ancient times. long time ago

5 5 the proverb "Onion from seven ailments" is known. Plants, from the presence of volatile essential oils, have a burning taste and a specific smell. Many onions are used in raw, boiled, fried, pickled and dried forms as seasonings, second courses, as well as in the canning and other types of food industry. Peas are a genus of herbaceous plants from the legume family. Peas are demanding on lighting and should be placed in sunny, wind-sheltered areas. Pea is a cold-resistant crop, but it cannot be sown in unheated soil. He does not like heat and is very sensitive to lack of moisture, so he needs regular watering. Peas in Russia have always been the most popular of leguminous plants: it is not difficult to grow, it gives a rich harvest, saturates perfectly and does not require complex culinary processing. In addition, in our country, the healing properties of peas have long been known, which are due to its rich composition: it contains a lot of useful substances, but especially it differs in the amount of vitamins and minerals, including very rare ones. Observation period: March April. Location: classroom. Growing conditions: plants were kept under normal conditions. indoor plants conditions, on the windowsill. We changed the growing conditions of some plants in order to study and draw conclusions from our study. 2.Experiment 1 Plants grow from seeds For the first experiment, we took Petri dishes. They put moistened cotton wool in them, and dry peas on it. To keep the seeds from drying out, we covered them with half a Petri dish upside down. During the experiment, I had to add more water so that the peas did not dry out. Then the cups were placed on the windowsill and every day they checked what was happening with our seeds. On the seventh day, the soaked peas had roots, and then small leaves. Then the peas began to wither, since he had nowhere to take nutritious

6 6 substances. We know that nutrients are found in the soil, but Petri dishes do not. During the experiment, we saw and learned the following: Pea seeds absorb water and swell. Seeds need moisture, light and air to germinate. Seeds in cups where water did not germinate much. When a seed floats in water, it has enough moisture, but oxygen from the air does not reach them. Lightly moistened pea seeds germinate in a few days and grow quickly. Plants grow from seeds where there is an embryo. Pea roots grow down. Seeds must be stored in a dry, dark, airtight container, otherwise they will germinate ahead of time. The next experiment, which proves that plants grow from seeds, we carried out with different plants. They took several pots, filled them with earth and sowed the seeds. Onion, dill, pea, and alyssum seeds vary in size, so they need to be planted at different depths. The smaller the seed, the shallower their planting depth. Alyssum has the smallest seeds, so we sown them very shallowly. Then we put our landings on the window, where it is light and warm. Alyssum seeds sprouted first, on the third day after planting. On the seventh day, peas sprouted, and on the eighth day, dill and onions appeared, which we recorded in our observation diary (Appendix 2). Thus, we were once again convinced that plants grow from seeds. 3. Experiment 2 Plants Reach for Light To check that most plants need light to grow, we conducted the following experiment. We covered the seeds in a pot on the windowsill with earth, but they received enough light to germinate. When the sprouts of our plants appeared on the window, we began to notice that they leaned towards the light. For example, alyssum sprouts turned towards the sun on the ninth day after planting. We unwrapped the pots, but

7 7 after a few days, the seedlings again turned towards the window. This proves to us that plants are drawn to the light (Appendix 1). Plants need light to grow. If there is not enough light, then they grow poorly, and may even lose their green color. We placed one pot of peas in a dark closet, after a week we found that the plant turned light green and did not grow a single centimeter. After standing in the closet for another week, the peas began to wither, and then completely disappeared (Appendix 1). Which also proves the importance of light for the plant. 3. Experience 3 Plants grow differently We planted eight pots with different plants: peas, onions, dill, snow carpet allisum, bright mix allisum. They took wooden spatulas and glued to the end of each of them leaflets with the names of plants that they planted in pots. They stuck the spatulas into the pots so as not to forget what plants grow here. Then they took a jug of water and watered our crops well. They put the pots on the windowsill and watered them a little every day. Pea crops were watered with "live" and "dead" (boiled) water. It turns out that water quality also affects the growth and development of plants. (It has been established that there is no oxygen in boiled water). We watched what was happening. It turned out that the plants that were watered with "dead" water did not sprout well, out of ten peas only three sprouted. We also observed which plant would come up first. As already noted, the first to ascend was the alissum. Soon, due to the density of crops, we transplanted it into a large dish. After transplanting, the plants began to gain strength and grow rapidly. What is noted in the diary of observations (Appendix 2). The height of the plants was measured with a ruler and it was determined that peas grow very quickly. All changes are also recorded in our observation diary (Appendix 2). After five weeks of observation, we began to notice that the plants began to disappear. This can be explained by the fact that they do not have enough space (small pots) and minerals. From this experience we have seen and learned: Germination time varies from seed to seed. Some need 1-2 days, others sprout in a few days. The height of plants under equal environmental conditions depends on the type of plant. So the pea has grown tall, and the onion remains a low plant. One plant can grow from one seed, but not all seeds germinate.

8 8 Conclusion Thus, in the course of our research it was established that: Most plants grow from one seed; Germination requires certain external conditions; Most plants need light to grow; Plants grow towards the sun or light source; Plants grow poorly or do not grow at all in poorly lit areas; Plants need to grow pure water and warmth; The deterioration of the conditions in which the plants are located hinders their growth; Plants germinate and grow at different rates; There are a huge number of plants that differ in shape, color and size. From one single seed grows a whole plant, with leaves and flowers.

9 9 List of sources used 1. Anya and Lyonya are experimenting with nature and the environment. M.: Education, 2012. 2. Anastasova L.P. Plants and the Environment: Textbook.-m., 2009

10 10 1. Planting. Applications

11 11

12 2. The emergence of sprouts 12

13 3. Transplanting alyssum into a large bowl. 13

14 4. Plants two weeks after planting. 14

15 15

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Department of Education of the Administration of the Veydelevsky District Municipal Educational Institution of Additional Education for Children Veydelevsky District Station for Young Naturalists Guidelines

"Mr. bow" Objectives: -To learn to set a goal, prepare tools, workplace and clean up after themselves; -To consolidate the knowledge of children about the structure of the bulb, about the conditions necessary for the growth of the plant.

The results of observations with children in the winter - spring period for the behavior of birds in the cold period, for germinated onions (in jars of water and boxes with soil, soil), grown seedlings, etc., we regularly enter with older preschool children (schematically or sketches) into tables (I bring to your attention an example of tables). Based on the results of observations recorded in our tables, my pupils learn to draw conclusions about the nature around us and the changes (positive and negative) that have occurred in it due to human intervention.

Diary of observation of the behavior of birds in the cold season

Purpose: to clarify external signs birds arriving on the territory of the preschool educational institution, compare them and identify the difference in color and other structural features. Pay attention to the beauty of birds, show the possibility of pleasant communication with them. To form a caring attitude towards birds in the cold period.

Date of observation

Bow observation diary

Target. Clarify the idea that green onions can be grown from a turnip bulb if favorable conditions are created for it, i.e. planted in water, soil, put in a warm and bright place. Green onions are useful for people (especially in winter and spring), as they contain a lot of vitamins.

Seedling observation diary

Target. Clarify the idea that seedlings of flowers, green food for birds can be grown from seeds, if favorable conditions are created for it, that is, planted in the soil, placed in a warm and bright place, watered the ground. To cultivate industriousness, the desire to aesthetically transform the site of the group, take care of the birds in winter.

Diary of observation of flowering houseplants

Target. Clarify the idea that indoor flowers will bloom if favorable conditions are created for it, that is, put in a warm and bright place, water and loosen the ground, take care of the leaves. To cultivate industriousness, a caring attitude towards wildlife, a desire to aesthetically transform a corner of nature.

	Names of indoor flowers

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