Source - Hydrography of Udmurtia. Mineral waters of Udmurtia
The territory of the Udmurt Republic is a hilly plain with rich water resources. All the rivers of the region belong to the basin of the Kama, the left tributary of the Volga. The density of the river network is 48 kilometers per square kilometer (the ratio of the length of all rivers of the Republic to its area). This characterizes the river network of Udmurtia as dense and developed: more than 8 thousand rivers with a total length of over 20 thousand kilometers. The heart of the network is located on the Verkhnekamsk upland: here are the sources of the Kama and Vyatka. Food is provided mainly by snowmelt, due to which a spring flood occurs with a significant increase in water level, lasting 30-50 days, depending on the size of the river. The ice becomes in mid-November, and opens in April. Of the many rivers of the Republic, only the Kama and Vyatka are navigable.
The richness of the water system of Udmurtia is due to its climate: much more precipitation falls than liquid evaporates. Most of them fall into summer time, snow accounts for only a third. Therefore, the rivers here are full-flowing: on average, an average of 70 cubic kilometers of water flows through their channel per year.
Kama
It flows in the European part of Russia and is the left, largest (by length and basin area) tributary of the Volga. In the Udmurt language, the name means "Big", and in the Khanty language - "clean". Length - 1,805 km. , originating from a basin of 507,000 square km in size, is located on the Verkhnekamsk Upland. The food is snow, to a lesser extent underground and rain. An interesting fact is that the geological age of the Kama is greater than that of the Volga. In ancient times, the Kama flowed into the Caspian Sea, and the Volga was a tributary of the Don. The situation changed after the Ice Age, now in some scientific sources the Kama is considered the main river, and the Volga is its tributary. It has been navigable since the time of the Bulgar Kingdom, now in some of its sections for the passage of ships regular work is underway to deepen the bottom. Sterlet, pike perch, perch, ide, bream, burbot, catfish and other fish are found here.
Vine
The Vine is a left tributary of the Cheptsa (on the watershed between the Cheptsa and Kilmez), begins its course in the Volga basin and moves towards the northeast. Belongs to the Kama Basin District. The vine belongs to the class of small rivers and streams. Snow food. Its length is 127 km, and the size of the basin is 3,030 square km. In the Igrinsky district, the Loza is considered the largest river. Near the village, Polom flows into Cheptsa.
Luga
It is a left tributary of the Vyatka, belongs to the Volga basin, moves to the southwest. It originates near the village with the same name. The length is 72 kilometers, and the basin area is 734 square kilometers. Near the village of Kizner it is heavily dammed, and at the confluence of the Tyzhma it is swampy. Belongs to the Kama Basin District.
Buoy
Bui is the left tributary of the Kama, into which it flows in the territory of the Udmurt Republic. It also flows through the territory of Bashkortostan and in the Perm Territory. Its length is 228 km, and the size of the basin is 6,530 square km. The source of the Bui is located on the Tulvinskaya Upland. Below the mouth of the tributary of the Piz River on the Bui there are many sandy beaches. The mouth of the Buy itself is very wide and full-flowing, with a large number of flooded trees.
Vyatka
The Vyatka is the right tributary of the Kama. It is considered the most full-flowing and largest in terms of length and area of the basin. In addition to the Udmurt Republic, it also flows in Tatarstan and the Kirov region. The name is associated with the ancient Udmurt tribe of the same name - Vatka. The length is 1,314 kilometers, and the size of the basin is 129,000 square kilometers. Vyatka is very winding, often changing the direction of its current. It feeds on snowmelt. Vyatka is considered navigable, but the navigation of ships is complicated by vast shallow areas and rifts. IN different time different zones are open for navigation of ships. It is rich in fish, and in the upper and lower reaches there is a different ichthyofauna. Sterlet, burbot, ruff, perch, pike perch are found throughout. The upper course is rich in minnows and roach, and the lower course is rich in golden carp and rudd. In the lower reaches, crayfish are found in abundance.
Votka
It is a tributary of the Siwa and flows from northwest to southeast. The length is 66 kilometers, the basin area is 1,240 square kilometers. In honor of her, the city of Votkinsk was named (in the area of \u200b\u200bwhich Votka is heavily dammed). A dam was installed here (around which the city is located), it separated from the river the largest pond in the Udmurt Republic - Votkinsky.
Izh
Izh is the right tributary of the Kama, flows through the territory of Udmurtia and Tatarstan, moving from north to south. Length - 237 kilometers (from the confluence of the Big and Small Izh), the basin area - 8,510 square km. From the Bulgarian language the name is translated as a river shimmering in the sunlight. The city of Izhevsk was founded here (after the founding of the Izhevsky plant, after which the city was named). This happened after the construction of the dam, which separated big pond. Izh feeds on a mixed type, in summer mainly from under the ground. Belongs to the Kama Basin District. The rich fauna of Izh: pike and perch, numerous populations of beavers on the banks.
Cap
This is the left and largest tributary of the Vyatka. Length - 500 km, basin size - 20,400 square km. very tortuous, flat river with fast flow big amount islands, shoals and rifts. In the past it was full-flowing, often changed course. There is a navigable section in the Kirov region. Perch, pike, pike perch, catfish, tench, roach, bream are found here.
kilmez
It flows into Vyatka from the left side and flows towards the west. Its length is 270 km, the basin area is 17,200 square km. The channel is dotted with islands and sandbars. Most of the basin is located in Udmurtia, but also includes the Kirov region. The kilmez is heavily swamped. Bream, burbot, minnow, roach, sterlet, pike, ide, grayling, crucian are found here.
PART I. GROUNDWATER
1.1. Groundwater monitoring facilities and their provision with observational networks
1.1.1. Characteristics of groundwater monitoring facilities
UR groundwater monitoring objects - aquifers, complexes, formations containing The groundwater, which have a target value in the socio-economic sphere of the republic.
The main aquifers used for domestic and drinking water supply on the territory of the Udmurt Republic are Severodvinskaya (Р3sd), Urzhum (P2ur) and Kazan carbonate-terrigenous formations (P2kz).
In the south of Udmurtia, water is used in small areas Ufa carbonate-terrigenous suite (Р1u), in the valley of the Kama River in the Votkinsk and Kambarsky districts - water Quaternary alluvial horizon (aQ). In limited areas of watersheds in the north of the republic, local aquifers are common. Lower Triassic (T1) and Vyatka (P3vt) terrigenous complexes, but they are practically not used for water supply.
Underground waters of primary deposits are characterized by complex hydrogeological conditions, which are caused by a sharp lithofacies variability of the section of the Upper Permian rocks at short distances, the absence of sustained aquifers and reliable aquicludes.
The characteristics of the main aquifers and formations in natural conditions in 2015 are shown in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1.1.
Characteristics of the main aquifers and formations in natural conditions onterritory of the Udmurt Republic in 2015
| Kama-Vyatka artesian basin II order | ||||
| Index and name of the hydrogeological structure / index and name of VG (VK) | Water-bearing Urzhum carbonate-terrigenous suite (Р2ur). | Aquifer Kazan carbonate-terrigenous suite (Р2kz). | ||
| Purpose of groundwater |
HPV | HPV, PTV | HPV, PTV | HPV, PTV |
| Aquifer thickness (VC), from-to/prevailing value, m |
2 – 47 /5 | 20 – 120 /48 | 40 – 270 / 220 | 85 – 240 / 190 |
| Abs. elev. groundwater level, from-to/ prevailing value, m | 53 – 95 / 76 | 111 – 230 / 183 | 107 – 180 / 167 | 56 – 155 / 133 |
| Head of groundwater level above the roof, from - to / prevailing value, m | - | 2 – 20 / 8 | 6 – 80 / 32 | 21 – 120 / 45 |
| VG security (VK) | not def. | conv. protected, protected | protected | protected |
| Mineralization from-to, prevailing value, g/l |
0,09 – 0,57 / 0,32 | 0,30 – 0,62 / 0,44 | 0,22 – 1,85 / 0,46 | 0,35 – 2,60 / 0,62 |
| Type of groundwater chemistry | HCO3 - Ca | HCO3 - Ca, HCO3 - Na | HCO3 - Ca, HCO3 - Ca-Mg HCO3 - Na | HCO3 – Ca, HCO3 – Na SO4 – HCO3 – Ca |
| Components of natural origin, the content of which exceeds MPC (SanPiN, GN) |
Fe, Mn | Si, B, F | B, F, Si, Na, Cl-, SO4 | B, F, SO4, Sr, Na, Cl- |
The following is a description of groundwater for the main exploited aquifers and suites:
Aquifer Quaternary alluvial horizon (aQ)
The water-bearing rocks in the Quaternary alluvial deposits are quartz sands, inequigranular, with a predominance of fine-grained sands, alternating in the section with loams and clays. The maximum capacity of aquifers is confined to the valley of the river. Kama, where they are 5.5-22.0 m. The waters are porous with a free surface. The depth of groundwater within the floodplain terraces varies from 0.1 to 6.5 m, on the floodplain terraces - 1-22.0 m.
The waters of alluvial deposits are fresh bicarbonate calcium with a mineralization of 0.1-0.6 g/l, in local areas up to 1.68 g/l.
Aquifers are fed by infiltration of atmospheric precipitation. Discharge occurs in the ravine-beam network and in the underlying aquifers.
The Quaternary alluvial horizon in Udmurtia has little practical value. Its share in the total water withdrawal in the republic is only 2%. The waters of the horizon are used for centralized water supply in the south-east of the republic within the floodplain and floodplain terraces of the Kama River: Novy settlement on the right bank of the Kama River near southern border Votkinsk reservoir and the village of Kama on the left bank of the Kama river in the Kambarsky district.
The waters of the Quaternary sediments are subject to pollution from the surface due to their shallow occurrence and the lack of a sustained impervious roof.
Water-bearing Severodvinsk carbonate-terrigenous suite (Р3sd)
The water-bearing Severodvinsk carbonate-terrigenous suite is distributed in the northern part of the republic up to the latitude of the source of the Kilmezi river and the valley of the Lyp river (right tributary of the Cheptsa river). The suite is a complex sequence of multiple alternations of rhythms of flooded and relatively water-resistant rocks, usually beginning with coarse-grained sandstones with interlayers of conglomerates and crowning with clayey, and often carbonate rocks. There are from 2-3 to 10 such rhythms in the aquifer.
The total thickness of the aquifer within the freshwater zone is characterized by a value of 80-100 m. Kamy, Cheptsy, Kilmezi fresh water with a mineralization of 0.3-0.6 g / l. The waters are predominantly bicarbonate calcium, bicarbonate sodium.
Operating resource modules vary in area from 0.5 to 1.1 l/s km2. Smallest values typical for the eastern, and the maximum - for the western part of the area of distribution of the suite.
Due to the water-bearing Severodvinsk suite, water is supplied settlements northern part of the republic: Glazov, Yukamenskoye, Krasnogorskoye, Yar. Groundwater extraction in the reporting year amounted to 19.61 thousand m3/day - 15% of the total water withdrawal in the country.
Water-bearing Urzhum carbonate-terrigenous suite (Р2ur)
This formation is widespread in the central and southern parts of the republic. The water-bearing rocks in the rhythmically constructed strata are sandstone lenses with interlayers of conglomerates occurring at the base of the section of each of the numerous rhythms. The total thickness of aquifers varies from 3.0-5.0 m to 40.0 m, amounting in some sections to 2/3 of the thickness of the suite.
The total thickness of the suite is from 44 to 265 m. larger area distribution - pressure.
The pressure head varies from 6-10 to 80 m, with prevailing values of 40-50 m. Piezometric levels are set at depths of 2-70 m.
According to the chemical composition of the water, confined to the sandstones and marls of the upper part of the rhythms, hydrocarbonate calcium-magnesium with a mineralization of 0.4-0.6 g/l and a total hardness of 3.3-5.8 mol/m3. The waters in the lower part of the formation are bicarbonate sodium with a mineralization of 0.2-0.8 g/l, hardness of 0.2-2.4 mol/m3.
The modules of operational resources are distributed as follows: in the eastern part of the republic (the region of Votkinsk, the village of Sharkan, Yakshur-Bodya), the module amounted to 0.6-0.9 l / s km2, in the western (village of Selty, Syumsi) and central parts (Izhevsk, Zavyalovo village, etc.) it is 0.4-1.0 l/s km2.
Groundwater extraction from the Urzhum aquifer in 2013 amounted to 44.21 thousand m3/day - 35% of the total water withdrawal in the republic. For the central part of the republic, the aquiferous Urzhum suite is the only source of groundwater for domestic and drinking water supply.
Aquifer Kazan carbonate-terrigenous suite (Р2kz)
Within Udmurtia, this formation is ubiquitous, being absent only on small areas south of the territory. To the south of the line Votkinsk - Izhevsk - Uva, the described aquifer is the main one for the purposes of water supply and in the southernmost part of the republic partially lies first from the surface. To the north of this line, it plunges to a considerable depth (up to 500 m in the area of the city of Glazov) and contains mineralized waters.
Water-bearing are fine-fine-grained sandstones with lenses of conglomerates occurring at the base of each rhythm of the complex layered sequence of the Kazan Formation. In the southwestern part of the territory, limestones, dolomites and marls of transitional marine facies are aquifers.
In production wells, water breaks up at depths from 5.3 to 150 m, depths of 15–75 m predominate. -50 m.
The waters of the formation are stratal-fissure, stratum-pore, mostly pressure. The magnitude of the head increases with the depth of occurrence of water-bearing rocks. In the southern part of the territory, the heads vary from units to 70 m.
In the southern part of the republic, the waters of the Kazan suite for 3/4 of the thickness (100-150 m) are fresh with salinity up to 1 g/l, with prevailing values of 0.3-0.6 g/l. According to the chemical composition, they are mainly bicarbonate calcium-magnesium and calcium. Based on the results of regional studies, the modulus of operational resources in most of the formation area is 0.9 l/s km2.
For the southern part of the republic, the water-bearing Kazan carbonate-terrigenous suite is one of the main sources of water supply. Almost half (48%) of the total production of groundwater in the republic falls on this aquifer.
Ufimskaya carbonate-terrigenous suite (Р1u)
It is distributed everywhere, but it is of practical importance in a very limited area of the south of the republic. The share in the total water withdrawal in the republic does not exceed 0.25%. Water-bearing rocks, the total thickness of which is 25-60 m, are mainly sandstones, less often - fractured siltstones and marls. The waters of the formation are porous-fissure, less often - reservoir-pore, pressure.
The presence of an aquiclude in the upper part creates a closed complex and determines the increased mineralization of groundwater. Weakly mineralized waters (1-3 g/l) are of limited distribution in the south of the republic. According to the chemical composition of water, hydrocarbonate calcium-magnesium, sulfate calcium, chloride sodium-calcium and sodium.
Mineral water, enclosed in the deposits of the Permian and Carboniferous systems, are used for medicinal purposes. Their extraction in 2013 amounted to 4.4% of the explored reserves.
The brines produced along with oil from the Carboniferous and Devonian deposits can be used to extract industrial components (iodine, bromine, etc.). Currently, water, after separation from oil, is diverted through special wells into absorbing deposits of the same age or into productive strata to maintain reservoir pressure.
In the Udmurt Republic, there is an acute problem of a rather low quality of waters opened by production wells with large resources of groundwater of drinking quality. The exploitation of natural substandard waters is very widespread. The reason for this situation is the rather peculiar hydrochemical conditions of the territory, the presence of substandard natural waters at shallow depths. Often, bringing such waters to drinking standards is very difficult due to the lack of industrial purification methods.
In the fresh water zone (FWZ), both conditioned drinking waters of the HCO3 - Ca type (excesses of MPC are caused only by anthropogenic activity) and waters unsuitable for drinking purposes due to excesses of MPC for some components and properties are common.
The maximum thickness of 80 - 100 m is reached by the development zone of HCO3-Ca type waters on the watersheds. These values, in contrast to the PPV, are quite constant for the entire territory of the republic. The constancy of the thickness of standard waters on the watersheds suggests that when water seeps through the 100-meter thickness of Permian continental red deposits, the processes of interaction in the "water-rock" system lead to a significant change in the chemistry of waters with the accumulation of individual components above the MPC for drinking water. First of all, this is the process of cationic exchange of calcium and magnesium for sodium, leading to the formation of "soft" waters, their enrichment with boron and fluorine.
This process is decisive, forming the hydrochemical zoning on the territory of the republic. The main feature of the existing zonality is the presence of "soft" waters, mainly HCO3 - Na type, in the lower part of the WAH. Lenses of such waters can also be found inside the zone of HCO3 - Ca waters in areas of sharp deterioration in the filtration characteristics of rocks.
The thickness of the "soft" water zone varies over a wide range depending on the conductivity of rocks and drainage conditions. In the northern and southern parts of the republic, it is generally smaller, varying from 30 to 80 m. In the central part, the thickness can increase up to 100–120 m.
Waters of HCO3-SO4-Cl - Na type are developed fragmentarily in the lowest part of the WBW and are usually found in areas of wedging, which are confined to large surface watercourses.
In the vast majority of cases, production wells open and jointly exploit all available interlayers in the zone of fresh groundwater. At the same time, the chemical composition of the produced water depends on the relative water abundance of the interlayers and may change during operation depending on the intensity of water withdrawal, the installation depth of water-lifting equipment.
On fig. 1.1.3. the state of exploitation of natural substandard underground waters on the territory of the republic is shown. The diagram outlines the territories where a certain number of wells (in percent) discharge water exceeding the MPC of drinking water in terms of boron, sulfates, chlorides and silicon. In non-standard waters of the republic, other components, for example, strontium, manganese, and iron, may be found above the norm. But there is not enough information to generalize the situation on these components.
To determine (in percentage terms) the number of wells discharging substandard waters for various components, the territory of the republic was conditionally divided into cells 10x10 km in size. In each cell, the percentage of substandard wells was calculated (separately for boron, sulfates, chlorides and silicon) relative to the total number of existing production wells. Then, by interpolation, isolines were drawn over cells with an equal number of wells (in %) that discharge substandard waters. Therefore, if in any place the total number of wells is small, and most of them discharge substandard waters, then the percentage of substandard wells will be as high as in places with a large accumulation of wells.
On average, in the territory of the republic, about 30-40% of wells produce natural substandard waters. Most of them (75%) are in wells producing soft hydrocarbonate sodium water with a boron content above drinking norms. The given data should be updated over the years as chemical analyzes are received from subsoil users.
Bor. In the above diagram (Fig. 1.1.3.), polygons show the number of wells with a high boron content, where it is more than 50 or 100% of the total number of wells. However, in the rest of the republic "boron" wells are also present in sufficient quantities.
The maximum share of production wells that bring out groundwater with a high boron content is located in the north-east of the republic in the Kezsky, Balezinsky and Igrinsky districts. Almost all available wells in the contoured areas exploit substandard waters. The same picture is observed at group water intakes in the south of the republic - the water intake "Vala" (for the city of Mozhga) and the village of Karakulino. If for the city of Mozhga the waters of the Valinsky water intake are mixed with the waters of urban wells and their quality is partially improved, then in the village of Karakulino the entire population uses substandard water.
Also, a large proportion of production wells with boron water (about 50%) are located in the areas of group water intakes: Izhevsk, Votkinsk, Sarapul, Kambarka, town. Yar, Uva, Kizner, s.s. Krasnogorsk, Alnashi.
Boron-bearing waters are discharged by wells from almost all the main aquifers distributed on the territory of the republic: from the Severodvinsk, Urzhum and Kazan aquifers (Fig. 1.1.3).
Silicon. Groundwater with a silicon content above the drinking norms is discharged by production wells, mainly in the central part of the republic (Fig. 1.1.3).
At two large group water intakes (the Kuzminsky section of the Glazovsky MPPV and the section of the FSUE "Votkinsky Zavod"), silicon is present in all wells above the MPC. At the Kuzminsky site (for the city of Glazov) in 2012, water withdrawal amounted to 13.4 thousand m3/day. In total, there are 4 production wells on the site. According to two of them, silicon has been determined since 1999 and it has always been above the MPC. Its concentrations varied from 12.9 to 20.4 mg/l. In 2012, the silicon content in the waters was determined 4 times from each well and amounted to 15.5-17.5 mg/l
In the water intake wells of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise Votkinsk Plant, the silicon content is 14.1-19.7 mg/l. Despite the operation of the water intake since 1966, silicon was determined only in 2008 when assessing fresh groundwater reserves. Modern water withdrawal does not exceed 1.0 thousand m3/day.
Underground waters with a silicon content above the MPC output up to 75% of wells in some areas of the Yakshur-Bodyinsky district, up to 50% - in the Debessky and Kezsky districts.
In total, there are about 274 "silicon" wells in the republic (7% of the total number of operating and reserve production wells). They are located in 9 administrative districts of the UR, their number in one district varies from 1-3 to 11-29. For the most part, these are wells in the Debessky, Sharkansky and Yakshur-Bodyinsky districts.
Water intake wells with a high content of silicon exploit mostly the Severodvinsk, Urzhum and partly Kazan aquifers.
sulfates. To a lesser extent, in Udmurtia there are a number of wells, in the natural waters of which sulfates are higher than the drinking norms. Basically, a high content of sulfates in groundwater is found in the south of the republic: in the Uvinsky, Alnashsky, Mozhginsky districts, less often in the north: in the Kezsky and Balezinsky districts (Fig. 1.1.3). In some areas in Kizner, Mozhga and Alnashsky district, the number of such wells ranges from 15 to 30%. About 10% of wells with a high content of sulfates are also located in separate areas near the city of Izhevsk and Uva. In the Kezsky district (in the central part), in 25% of wells, sulfates are higher than the MPC.
In total, there are 97 "sulphate" wells in the republic (3% of the total number of operating and reserve production wells). They are located in 14 administrative districts of the UR, their number in one district varies from 1-3 to 15-27. For the most part, these are wells in the city of Izhevsk, Mozhginsky, Uvinsky, Kezsky and Alnashsky districts.
Basically, groundwater with a high content of sulfates is derived from the Kazan deposits (in the south of the republic), less often from the Urzhum deposits.
Chlorides. For the most part, wells that discharge natural substandard waters with a chloride content above the MPC are confined to the floodplains of large watercourses, such as the Kama, Izh, Cheptsa, Lyp (Fig. 1.1.3), where low-mineralized and saline waters are discharged. "Chloride" wells are available at the water intakes of the cities of Izhevsk, Votkinsk, Sarapul, urban settlement. Balezino and Kez.
In some areas, the largest percentage of wells with high concentrations of chlorides are located in Balezinsky and Kezsky districts (20-50%), in Srapulsky, Votkinsky districts and the city of Izhevsk - 10-20%. In general, these wells are located in 13 administrative districts. The number of wells by region varies from 1-2 to 10-27. The largest number of them is located in the Votkinsk region - 27 wells. In general, "chloride" wells in the republic make up 2% of the total number of wells. In 2012, chlorides above MPC were recorded in 12 wells, their concentration reached 2.82 g/l (in well 11740 in Votkinsk).
Water wells with a high content of chlorides exploit the Urzhum, Kazan and partially Severodvinsk aquifers.
Table 1.1.2. the so-called "problem" administrative regions of the republic have been noted, with a large percentage of wells discharging substandard groundwater in excess of the maximum permissible norms for one or another component of natural origin. The most acute problem of low quality of natural waters is on the territory of Balezinsky, Kezsky, Uvinsky and Igrinsky districts.
Table 1.1.2.
Number of production wells with natural inconsistency in groundwater quality by administrative districts
No. p / p |
Administrative region |
Total number of production wells |
Number of production wells with natural inconsistency in groundwater quality by components (in % of the total) |
|||
1 |
Alnashsky |
130 |
22 |
- |
12 |
- |
2 |
Balezinsky |
48 |
63 |
6 |
5 |
19 |
3 |
Vavozhsky |
121 |
9 |
- |
3 |
- |
4 |
Votkinsky |
304 |
28 |
2 |
3 |
9 |
5 |
Glazovsky |
78 |
13 |
5 |
- |
1 |
6 |
Grakhovsky |
73 |
1 |
- |
4 |
- |
7 |
Debessky |
111 |
34 |
10 |
- |
- |
8 |
Zavyalovsky |
540 |
21 |
- |
- |
- |
9 |
Igrynskiy |
193 |
55 |
- |
- |
1 |
10 |
Kambarsky |
58 |
19 |
- |
3 |
3 |
11 |
Karakulinsky |
109 |
19 |
- |
- |
- |
12 |
Kezskiy |
99 |
65 |
5 |
8 |
16 |
13 |
Kiznersky |
140 |
15 |
- |
2 |
- |
14 |
Kiyasovsky |
85 |
32 |
- |
- |
1 |
15 |
Krasnogorsk |
69 |
30 |
- |
1 |
- |
16 |
Malopurginsky |
166 |
19 |
- |
2 |
1 |
17 |
Mozhginsky |
303 |
24 |
- |
9 |
- |
18 |
Sarapulsky |
238 |
36 |
- |
1 |
6 |
19 |
Celtinsky |
108 |
17 |
2 |
- |
- |
20 |
Syumsinsky |
100 |
12 |
- |
- |
- |
21 |
Uvinsky |
118 |
42 |
3 |
8 |
2 |
22 |
Sharkansky |
152 |
26 |
10 |
- |
- |
23 |
Yukamensky |
98 |
16 |
- |
- |
- |
24 |
Yakshur-Bodyinsky |
166 |
32 |
17 |
- |
1 |
25 |
Yarsky |
84 |
19 |
- |
- |
1 |
26 |
Izhevsk |
229 |
42 |
- |
4 |
4 |
Total for the Udmurt Republic |
3920 |
28 |
7 |
3 |
2 |
|
In general, the wide development of substandard waters, their significant resources in comparison with drinking waters create the most serious problem economic and drinking use of groundwater in the territory of the Udmurt Republic.
Nature of Udmurtia Geographical location Natural zones Climate and water Tectonics, relief, minerals Exit
Geographical position The republic is located in the east of the East European Plain. borders with the Perm Territory, the Kirov Region, the Republic of Tatarstan, the Republic of Bashkortostan. The extreme points are located on the borders of the Glazovsky, Karakulinsky, Kambarsky, Syumsinsky districts. In the north of Udmurtia there is a federal Railway Kirov - Perm, in the south - Kazan - Yekaterinburg. 58°38" 55°12" 54°26" 51°10" MENU
Tectonic structure The territory of Udmurtia is a part of the Russian platform, its geological section consists of a crystalline basement and a sedimentary cover. The foundation is represented by crystalline rocks of the Archean and Lower Proterozoic age. The thickness of the sedimentary cover varies from 1.5 - 2.0 km in the west to 4 - 6 km in the east and more than 6 - 7 km in the southeast of the republic.
The relief of the Republic lies in the east of the East European Plain and consists of a number of uplands and lowlands. Hills (Verkhnekamskaya, Mozhginskaya and Sarapulskaya), although they occupy most of the territory, their heights do not exceed 350m. To the south, Cheptsy distinguish uplands: Krasnogorsk, Tylovaysko-Multan. There are 3 lowlands: Kilmezskaya, Chepetskaya, Kamsko-Belskaya. The entire territory is strongly dissected by river valleys, logs and ravines. The highest point is 332 m, the lowest is 53 meters.
Minerals Oil, peat, bituminous and brown coal are widespread on the territory of the republic. Deposits of various building materials are ubiquitous. There are deposits of mineral paints: ocher, black paint, volkonskoite. MENU
Fuel minerals Oil deposits are found almost everywhere, except for the northwestern and extreme western regions. In general, the oil is heavy, resinous, with a depth of occurrence from 680 to 2000 meters. More than 400 peat deposits have been explored in the republic. Peat is suitable and used for the preparation of fertilizers and fuel on an industrial scale. Stone and brown coals are revealed. Brown coal lies at a depth of 2 to 70 meters from the surface. Coal seams lie at a depth of 1000 to 1100 meters.
Building materials Carbonate rocks can be used as a raw material for the production of lime, lime powder and building rubble. Low-melting clays and loams used for the production of bricks, expanded clay, and tiles are widespread. The largest reserves of sands were found in the valleys of the Kama and Selychka rivers. Sands can be used both for molding and for construction work. Promising for the discovery of new sand deposits are the valleys of the Vala and Kilmez rivers.
Mineral paints Mineral paint deposits are found in different parts republics: ocher - in Balezinsky, Alnashsky, Kiznersky, Grakhovsky districts; Black paint (clay "pen") - in Debessky, Syumsinsky, Selta and Uvinsky districts; Green paint (mineral volkonskoit) - in Sharkansky, Yakshur - Bodinsky, Debessky, Kezsky, Yarsky districts. Udmurtia is one of the few regions of the world where this mineral is found. MENU
Climate of Udmurtia The climate of Udmurtia is temperate continental with pronounced 4 seasons. Most high temperatures are observed in the summer in the southern regions, the lowest - in the northern regions. In winter, the isotherms deviate from the latitudinal direction under the influence of the invasion warm air from the Atlantic. Therefore, the highest temperatures are observed in the southwest, and the lowest - in the northeast. The “pole of cold” is the Debes, where cold air stagnates in depressions and the most low temperatures. Udmurtia is included in the zone of sufficient moisture, the annual amount varies from 600 mm in the north to 500 or less in the south. The warm period accounts for up to 70% of precipitation.
Water resources Udmurtia is extremely rich in water resources. surface water represented by rivers, lakes, ponds, swamps, springs. All rivers belong to the Vyatka and Kama basins. The total length of the rivers is about 30 thousand km. The density of the river network increases from south to north up to 0.80 km per sq. km. There are 368 small rivers with a length of 10 to 100 km, medium (from 100 to 500 km) and large (more than 500 km) 17. The rivers are fed by rain, melt and groundwater. In the water regime, spring floods, summer low water, summer and autumn floods, and winter low water are clearly manifested. There are more than 600 ponds on the territory of Udmurtia. The large ones include Izhevsky, Votkinsky, Kambarsky, Pudemsky.
Boundary of the Vyatka and Kama basins Factory ponds Mineral springs Average long-term water consumption, cubic meters per second. To determine the value, click on a specific triangle. MENU Lekma 9.8 Kilmez 89.5 Vine 7.7 Vala 21.4 Kama 1730 Siwa 21.5
Natural zones The territory of Udmurtia is located within two landscape zones: taiga and subtaiga. The border between them runs a little south of Izhevsk. The southern taiga subzone is characterized by moderately warm and moderate humid climate. The developed river network is connected with the climate. Dark coniferous forests predominate (European and Siberian spruce, Scots pine, Siberian fir) on soddy-podzolic soils. Taiga forests are rich in fauna: about 60 species of mammals, more than 150 species of birds, 40 species of fish. The subtaiga zone is characterized by a warmer climate. In the forests there is a mixture of dark coniferous and broad-leaved (linden, maple, elm, elm) species. Soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils are formed under mixed forests. MENU
This topic is widely covered in scientific and journalistic literature, and many interesting publications can be found at the book exhibition. But the audience present at its opening was simply captivated by the performances of the library guests. And it was clear: they were talking about the water area where we live.
environmental education
Ministry specialists natural resources and protection environment The SD advocates that the topic of water resources should be constantly raised. It cannot be divorced from local history, and indeed it is positioned by many projects related to the pride of Udmurtia - with springs. Over the past three years, about 60 springs have been improved by the efforts of ecologists and schoolchildren. With the environmental education of the young population, everything is also in order: at the competition of research works for schoolchildren named after. Vernadsky's drawings, essays, photographs of young ecologists of the republic were highly appreciated. As a result, Udmurtia received a gold medal for ecological culture. And if you cannot argue with the desire for this culture, then with its practical implementation regarding water, things are different.
Water resources of Udmurtia
Udmurtia is not poor in water. According to Anisa Izmailova, Deputy Head - Head of the Department of the Kama Basin Water Administration for SD, in 2012 alone, the republic took 320 million cubic meters of water from the Kama Basin (such a volume of oil, by the way, is produced in 8-9 years!). Of these cubes, 215 million we receive from surface water bodies, 105 million - from wells and springs. The water resources of Udmurtia will last for a long time, another issue is of concern - the quality of water. How can it be ensured if half of the volumes of water we consume (165 million cubic meters) are returned back to their native environment in the form of wastewater, and only 6% of them meet quality standards?
In Udmurtia, especially in countryside, outdated, worn-out treatment facilities that cannot cope with water purification. Only Kizner and Kambarka, who received them as compensation for environmentally harmful production on their territory, can boast of new systems. The worst water situation is in the city of Mozhga, where used water is dumped back into the rivers without treatment at all. Here, as in Balezino, construction is extremely important. treatment facilities under the Clean Water program.
Rational use and protection of water resources
Not letting a drop of untreated sewage into our reservoirs is still a dream at the level of the capital of the republic. In Izhevsk, it practically does not work storm sewer, and in the spring all dirty water"safely" drains into the pond. Although everything last years Serious work is underway to improve the Izhevsk reservoir: the obligations of large industrial water users were sorted out, in 2012 they put things in order with the discharge of the Izhvodokanal, the reservoir bed was cleaned and the treatment facilities were reconstructed. The last topic was discussed in detail at the May International Scientific and Practical Conference " Contemporary Issues reservoirs and their watersheds. It turned out that Izhevsk was the first in the region to face this issue, and the technology of the reconstruction of treatment facilities carried out in our country delighted specialists.
The continuation of work on cleaning the water basin of our territory is hindered by one thing - lack of funds. For the consumption of water resources in Udmurtia, about 60 million rubles are collected annually from economic facilities and 1.5 million from the population. These are not the means to solve all problems in the near future. Now experts on this topic and environmentalists are pinning certain hopes on the federal target program (valid until 2020) concerning the country's springs. Udmurtia was the first to develop its own program for the rehabilitation of water bodies and is ready to work on it.
So far, the reality is that water is not so much purified as it is regularly examined for sanitary-chemical and microbiological indicators. The Department of Rospotrebnadzor for SD checks our springs and hangs out notice boards (boards with information) about the quality of their water. It, unfortunately, is not guaranteed by the external improvement of the springs.
How to find out about the quality of water in a particular place? This question arose several times during the discussion of the topic at the opening of the Water for Life exhibition. Its participants believe that there is a need for an information resource on the quality of water in different water bodies of the SD: in springs in different regions, in the Izhevsk and Votkinsk reservoirs, in our rivers. In the meantime, such information can be contacted by phone. 68-38-33, to the specialists of the Department of Rospotrebnadzor for SD.
Although it can already be assumed in advance that questions related to Izhevsk water will not receive encouraging answers. According to information and.about. head Department of Sanitary Supervision of the Directorate of Rospotrebnadzor for SD Alexander Gorev, Izhevsk is fed with water by 87 underground sources, a pond, the Votkinsk reservoir. But over the past 3 years, 50 percent of the water does not meet the standards for sanitary and chemical indicators, the figure for microbiology is slightly lower. In August 2012, there were 852,000 cells of blue-green algae in 1 ml of water from the Izhevsk pond, while the standard was 100,000. (That's why the city is not allowed to open the swimming season for the third summer.) In the capital, there is also secondary pollution of water when it is delivered to the consumer: about 60 percent of the city's water supply networks have exceeded their service life. There is only one dubious consolation - the quality of drinking water in Izhevsk is still better than in Kazan and Yekaterinburg.
Water and human health
An inquisitive library audience immediately tried to find a panacea in bottled water. However, Alexander Churakov, head of the Department of Hygiene, Human Ecology and Military Hygiene, IGMA, did not agree with this position. In his opinion, this water has its drawbacks. sounded good practical advice: you need to drink different water: tap water, from wells and springs (we are talking about boiled water in all cases), and change bottled water suppliers once a year. It is necessary to drink water: a person's need for it is 40 ml per 1 kg of weight in an adult and 80 ml per 1 kg in children. But it's better to use drinking water highest quality, which is sold for children in pharmacies. One morning glass of such water for microelements should be enough for the body for a day, the rest will be supplemented by simple boiled water.
As for our famous springs, their water is of unstable quality, often full of nitrates, which is fraught with cardiovascular diseases, and has high hardness, which leads to urolithiasis; very soft water, in turn, leaches calcium from the bones. There is only one way out - to drink different water, changing the risks.
- When talking about the purity of water, you need to keep in mind water regime throughout the territory. We are concerned about the state of the water in the Izhevsk pond, but we should also be concerned about the state of it in the atmosphere, in the ground. Water is the most mobile element of the environment, and if a person achieves its regular quality, he will get a lot. But the main factor affecting water balance, is the man himself.
It sounds strange, but today the ecological situation is improved by the abandonment of many arable lands. The fields are overgrown, which is good for the ecology of the region, and it would be even better if the bare banks of our rivers were overgrown with shrubs - otherwise the river and the water in it remain without protection. Against the background of general sad information about the water that surrounds us, the professor told a gratifying fact: now in certain regions of Udmurtia (Kambarsky, Alnashsky), fish that loves clean water - trout and grayling - are returning to the rivers.
This is a good sign that says that efforts to return clean water not in vain. Society should be aware of them, control them somewhere and, undoubtedly, help to ensure that the theme of ecological culture, combating environmental and water pollution is constantly heard.
Elena IVANOVA
Introduction
Udmurt Republic (Udmurtia) -- subject Russian Federation, is part of the Volga federal district, refers to the Ural economic region.
The capital is the city of Izhevsk.
Udmurtia is located between the rivers Kama and Vyatka. It borders - in the west and north with the Kirov region, in the east - with the Perm Territory, in the south - with Bashkortostan and Tatarstan.
The population by 2010 was 1,526,304 people. Population density - 36.3 people / km?, specific gravity urban population - 67.8%.
The Udmurt Republic is a republic with a developed industry and diversified agricultural production. The republic has the highest concentration of defense enterprises in Russia. The republic has rich oil reserves, in 2006 10.2 million tons were produced, in 2008 an oil refinery in Izhevsk was brought to its design capacity.
Udmurtia occupies leading position in Russia by issue certain types consumer goods. The republic produces 80% of Russian hunting and sporting rifles, 67% of domestic motorcycles, a significant share of enterprises in the production of radio equipment and medical equipment.
The purpose of this course work is to analyze the distribution of productive forces and the economy of the Republic of Udmurtia.
1) Familiarize yourself with natural resource potential Republic of Udmurtia;
2) Explore the human potential of the Republic of Udmurtia;
3) Conduct an analysis of the structure of the economy of the region;
4) To systematize the ways of development and distribution of productive forces in the Republic of Udmurtia;
5) Explore the territorial organization of productive forces in a given region;
6) Identify the problems of the Republic of Udmurtia;
7) Outline ways to solve them;
8) To note the prospects for the development, location and territorial organization of productive forces in the Republic of Udmurtia.
Resource potential of the Republic of Udmurtia
Natural resource potential of the Republic of Udmurtia
Mineral resources
The mineral resource base of the Udmurt Republic, due to its peculiarities geological structure its territory is not distinguished by a variety of solid minerals and is represented mainly by the following deposits and manifestations:
clay rocks for the production of bricks and expanded clay,
building sands for silicate building products,
sand and gravel materials for all types of construction,
limestones for crushed stone and limestone flour,
peat for needs Agriculture and fuel.
All these minerals belong to the group of widespread and have a republican or local meaning. There are also individual deposits of molding and glass sands, flux limestones and for the production of low-grade building lime, sapropel, coals and mineral paints, manifestations of some non-ferrous, noble and rare metals.
Peat
In Udmurtia, all three types of bogs are represented: upland, transitional and lowland, many have peat deposits. They occupy about 3% of the total area of the republic.
On the territory of the Udmurt Republic, 619 peat deposits with a total reserve of 204.7 million tons have been identified and accounted for. There are 4 main peat extraction zones:
Basin Cheptsy;
The Kilmezi basin, the largest deposits are Nyurdor-Kotya, Orlovskoye, Chibyashur;
Kama lowland;
Karambai-Pychasskoye.
Coal
Brown and black coals are mined in the republic. The main coal-bearing regions are Kazakovsky (in the Alnashsky region) and Kambarsky, whose coal-bearing seams lie at a depth of 1000-1500 m. The largest deposit is Golyushurminskoye
Oil
The main resource of the subsoil of the republic is oil. Explored commercial oil reserves are approximately 300 million tons, with an annual production of 10 million tons. In total, the state balance includes 114 oil fields, 72 of which are in development, and 32 are prepared for industrial development. The largest deposits are Chutyrsko-Kiengopskoye, Mishkinskoye, Gremikhinskoye, Elnikovskoye, Vyatskoye, Karsovayskoye.
The Udmurt Republic belongs to the Volga-Ural oil and gas province. Oil prospecting on its territory began in 1945, and the first oil fields appeared in 1969. Everything is currently large deposits have been developed for decades and are in the stage of declining production.
Water resources
A large number of water bodies are concentrated on the territory of the Udmurt Republic: 8925 large, medium and small rivers, about 1000 ponds and reservoirs, including 225 with an area of more than 5 hectares, of which 46 objects have an area of more than 20 hectares.
The hydrographic network of the territory is confined to the basins of the rivers Kama, Vyatka, Cheptsa, Izha, Vala, Kilmezi, Loza.
On the territory of the Udmurt Republic, two federal reservoirs are partially located, which are part of the cascade of the Kama reservoirs: Votkinskoye and Nizhnekamskoye. Also, 6 reservoirs were built on the territory of the republic, with a total volume of water of 179 million m? and about 1000 ponds.
Groundwater is of practical interest. Fresh water is used for domestic and drinking water supply, industry and agriculture, which is 30% of the total water consumption. Mineralized waters are used for medicinal purposes.
Climate resources
The climate of Udmurtia is temperate continental with long, moderately cold and snowy winters and warm summers. The average temperature in January is -15 °С, in July +19 °С. Precipitation falls 500 mm per year.
The comparative homogeneity of the relief and vegetation cover leads to the same uniformity of climatic conditions.
Land resources
The north of the republic is occupied by the Verkhnekamskaya Upland (height up to 330 m), in the west, in the basin of the Kilmez River, there is a swampy lowland in places, in the south - the Mozhginskaya and Sarapulskaya Uplands.
plant resources
According to the botanical and geographical zoning, the territory of Udmurtia is part of the Ural-West Siberian taiga province of the Eurasian taiga region. A distinctive feature of the forests of this province is that the dominant and elements of the tree layer of coniferous forests are Siberian species - Siberian fir, Siberian spruce. Siberian larch (in the northern half) is mixed with the main tree species. Siberian species also play a significant role in the grass layer. TO characteristic species forests include the Ural ribwort, Bunge's chickweed, the red-fruited raven, etc., in addition, the Ural-Ural species of the Tatar corostavnik, Ural tsitserbita are also common here.
Forests are the main zonal type of vegetation in the republic. Mixed forests occupy over 40% of the territory. As early as the beginning of the 18th century, almost the entire modern territory of Udmurtia was covered with dense forests (up to 85%). At present, their area is 46.8% of the territory of Udmurtia. Finnish spruce is among the main forest-forming species of the republic. Pine, drooping birch, aspen, fir, linden, oak, gray and black alder are also forest-forming species in the republic; maple, elm, elm and white poplar are extremely rare.
Deciduous forests occupy about half of all forests of the forest fund, while birch has the highest share (about 30%).
In reservoirs (rivers, oxbow lakes, ponds) aquatic vegetation develops. Communities of individual aquatic plants usually confined to certain zones: plantain and arrowhead grow in shallow water, a belt of reeds, lake reeds, broad-leaved and narrow-leaved cattails and other plants form deeper. The next belt, at depths up to 4.5 m, is formed by a pure white water lily, a yellow water lily, in the deepest places grow dark green hornwort, species of the genus pondweed.
The plowing of the territory of Udmurtia is quite high (about 40%), and weed-garden-field plant communities develop on cultivated lands (fields, vegetable gardens, orchards). Of the cultivated plants in the republic, winter rye, oats, barley, spring wheat, perennial grasses (clover, alfalfa), potatoes occupy significant areas; millet, flax, buckwheat, etc. are less common.
Soil resources
The soil cover is marked by great diversity. Different soils have different fertility. To a large extent it depends on geographical location and natural conditions in which they were formed.
Sod-podzolic soils occupy almost two thirds of the territory of the republic. The fertility of soddy-podzolic soils also depends on the degree of their podzolization, and it, in turn, on the composition of the vegetation under which these soils were formed.
The main features by which gray forest The soils differ from soddy-podzolic soils, there is a well-developed humus horizon up to 40 cm thick. They have good fertility, and most of them are used for arable land. They occupy about 8% of the territory of Udmurtia.
Sod-carbonate soils differ from all others in dark brown color, they are most common in the eastern and southern regions, occupying 2.7% of the territory of Udmurtia.
floodplain soils formed under the meadow - herbaceous vegetation of floodplains and river valleys. When plowing, any crops can be grown on them, but most often their small areas are used for vegetables, and the main areas are left for hayfields and pastures.
swamp soils occupy 3% of the area of the republic. In the conditions of Udmurtia, 73% of the arable land area is subject to planar washout. Losses of humus and mineral nutrition elements reach enormous values.
The basis of the economic use of all lands is made up of two types of land use - agricultural and forestry. 49.0% of the lands of the republic are assigned to forestry enterprises, 47.0% fall to the share of agricultural lands.
Animal resources
The fauna of Udmurtia is diverse and generally typical for the southern half of the forest zone of the European part of Russia.
In total, 385 species of wild vertebrates have been recorded on the territory of the republic, including:
cyclostomes and fish - 49 species;
amphibians - 12 species;
reptiles - 6 species;
birds - 254 species;
mammals - 64 species.
The fox, marten, ermine, badger, wolf, and among the birds - hazel grouse, capercaillie, black grouse, partridge have been preserved here. Bream, roach, perch, ide, burbot are found in the rivers. The invertebrate fauna of Udmurtia, according to approximate estimates, is at least 10-12 thousand species.
Due to the heterogeneity of the zonal and landscape conditions of the republic, some species of animals in the territory of Udmurtia have a limited distribution.
Many species are objects of fishing, breeding or are used in bioindication, the aesthetic value of animals is great.
