Do-it-yourself attic step by step instructions. We make a beautiful attic floor with our own hands. Construction of the supporting structure
If you have made such a decision how to build an attic - it will be the right one. Before the construction of the attic in existing house, first you need to decide on its shape, and whether the roof will be completely redone in attic floor, or not.
After all, the construction of the attic is considered not only more economical, but also a process that will require much less labor in comparison with the construction of the next floor. It is these facts that make the construction of the attic very popular. Projects country houses with an attic, as a rule, they have a special or, as the builders call it, a “broken” roof, as it makes it possible to maximize the use of the usable area.
Particular attention in solving such an issue as building an attic must be paid to the quality of the roof. Since it should not only have an aesthetic appearance, but also have excellent thermal insulation, and also have good waterproofing. The best thermal insulation material roofing is either slate or ceramic tiles, but in no case do not use a metal tile, as it tends to get very hot in the sun. In this case, how to build an attic with your own hands? On initial stage construction of a building, it is possible to make calculations of the supporting structure with maximum accuracy.
It should be borne in mind that the installation of rafters must be done at an angle (from 30 to 60 °), since an increase in the degree of inclination leads to a decrease in the useful area of the attic.
To solve the problem, you can insulate the attic from the inside using mineral wool.
A residential attic requires a large layer of insulation. The material must meet the requirements fire safety and not be toxic. Mineral wool is one of the most suitable options.
Varieties of material
The main types of mineral wool are basalt wool and glass wool. Each has its own properties, pros and cons.
Basalt wool
Basalt wool is produced from gabbro-basalt rock. Carbonate rocks are specially added to it, which allows you to adjust the acidity module. Material of greater acidity is more resistant to moisture, more durable. The addition of binders to basalt wool: bituminous, synthetic, composite, bentonite clays - holds the fibers together, helps to give the desired shape.
glass wool
Glass wool is mineral material, for the manufacture of which raw materials used in the production of glass are used, as well as waste, broken glass.
The properties of glass wool are different from those of basalt, its thickness is 3–15 microns, and its length is several times greater than that of basalt. Therefore, glass wool slabs are more elastic, have greater strength, and are resistant to vibrations. Glass wool is fire resistant, withstands up to 450 °C.
Despite all the advantages of glass wool, there is one significant drawback that reduces the popularity of its use. When laying this material, a lot of small particles that are harmful to health are formed. Therefore, the installation is carried out in special clothes, shoes, a protective mask. It will not work to clean them after work, you will need to throw them away.
Nuances of isolation
When insulating the roof, it is better to use cellulose wool, it provides better moisture conductivity, and does not allow moist air to accumulate under the roof.
The main difficulties of insulation are manifested when working on the slopes of the roof, which has a truss structure.
Here it is necessary to use dense cotton wool, which can be securely placed between the rafters. It should be light and elastic.
The main advantages of mineral wool are its incombustibility, soundproofing, good thermal insulation performance, vapor permeability, high environmental friendliness, and relatively affordable price. It is produced in plates, mats, cylinders, there are options with foil coating.
If the size of the insulation is greater than the distance between the rafters, it is cut into the necessary pieces, adding a few centimeters for a tight fit.
This method is well suited for warming attics, residential premises located directly under the roof. The disadvantage can be considered a decrease in internal dimensions due to a layer of wool, drywall and additional finishes.
Thermal insulation methods
Depending on which structural element of the building is insulated, there are 2 ways to insulate the roof from the inside.
Thermal insulation of the floor
The first option is floor insulation. The method is inexpensive and very easy to implement. It consists in laying cotton wool on concrete plates base or, in the case of a wooden floor, between structural members. Any kind of mineral wool will do, even soft and granular. Laying is simple, it is not required to bypass the rafters, as when insulating roof slopes, you can easily fill all the gaps and cracks.
Thermal protection of slopes
The second option is the insulation of the roof slopes. If the room in the attic is not in use, then this option is not economically viable. The consumption of materials increases significantly, it takes more time due to bypassing the rafters and additional fastening of the mineral wool.
Insulation of slopes can be done in two ways: over open rafters or between them. In the first option, wooden beams remain visible indoors and have an additional decorative function.
Sequence of work
Regardless of which method of mineral wool insulation is used, the general algorithm of actions is as follows: surface preparation, waterproofing, installation of insulation, laying vapor barrier, sheathing.
Preparatory activities
Before starting work on thermal insulation, the surface to be insulated must be prepared. The structure is inspected, if necessary, the identified defects are eliminated, cleaned of dirt and debris. TO preparatory work can be attributed to the calculation of the amount of material.
The thickness of the insulation layer should be at least 15–20 cm, so when choosing wool of a smaller thickness, it will need to be laid in two layers.
Waterproofing
To protect the roof from moisture, waterproofing is installed on the surface to be insulated. It is overlapped, fixed with a stapler and gluing the joints with adhesive tape.
It is important to install the waterproofing membrane so that there is a ventilation gap between it and the insulation, and the material completely covers the entire rafter system and goes a little onto the walls.
A batten sheathing is then nailed over the insulation to the rafters to secure the material and provide a ventilation gap. All wooden structural elements are best treated with a special antiseptic.
Insulation laying
After installing the waterproofing, you can proceed with the installation of insulation. For this mineral wool cut into pieces about 5 cm wider than the distance between the rafters. Then, after laying, the material will straighten out and better fill the space. Installation of mineral wool should be carried out in such a way that the material fits as tightly as possible to the beams and there are no gaps left.
Arrangement of vapor barrier
After laying the insulation, it is necessary to protect it from water vapor coming from inside the room. If this is not done, the mineral wool will gradually get wet and lose its thermal insulation properties. Therefore, a vapor barrier is installed on top of the insulation. As a vapor barrier, special foil materials, polyethylene films or roofing material are used.
For tightness, the vapor barrier is laid with overlapping layers, the seams are glued. It is important to install foil vapor barriers with the metallized side inside the attic. Fix the design wooden slats, on which the sheathing (lining or drywall) is subsequently attached.
Roof insulation with mineral wool is one of the most available ways arrangement of warm and cozy attic. The main thing is to strictly follow the technology. And then everything will work out.
Try to pay special attention to the insulation of the attic roof. If the roof is not insulated, do not expect heat in the attic. A roof is a roof covering. A mansard roof is a “roofing cake” consisting of several layers: a vapor barrier layer from the inside, a waterproofing layer from the outside, a heater between them and an air gap.
Various materials are used as insulation. The characteristics of the materials used depend on several factors: functional purpose room, humidity level, critical temperatures, loads and so on. Non-combustible, basalt materials are the best option.
Various materials are used as insulation for the attic from the inside. The most popular and simple - mineral wool
Styrofoam is not recommended. He is hot. Possesses poor vapor conductivity. Mineral wool is perfect. It is pressed into a plate. WITH inside, a vapor barrier layer is located. From the outside - waterproofing (special layer).
Now it has become quite popular to use polyurethane foam spraying to insulate the attic from the inside. This method is also quite economical and very effective.
If the attic is made from an old attic, then, as a rule, the rafters are retained. The load is minimized by using low-density insulation for this, as they are much lighter. The disadvantage is that they are blown by the wind. Additionally, windproof, vapor-permeable material is laid.
Approach the installation of insulation with due attention. Do not forget about the presence of sufficient ventilation space between the roofing and the insulation layer.
The attic is warm in winter and cool in summer only when all the work on the insulation of the walls and roof is done correctly. Do not ignore these rules and your budget will get a tangible effect.
Attic - fashionable architectural element. F. Mansara (French architect) three centuries ago was the first to use the attic space not only for household purposes, but also for housing.
Now in civil and industrial construction, it is quite widely in demand. IN individual construction the attic is experiencing a real boom. It is equipped both during the construction of a new house, and during the repair of attics (roofs).
The house takes on an expressive look, and the attic space is used functionally and efficiently. The area occupied by the attic is decent. An additional room for a good relaxation room (billiard room) or a wonderful summer bedroom. By making it warm and dry, it will be habitable.
A well-insulated and well-made attic can become great room rest and work
How to properly insulate the attic from the inside? A pre-designed project is required. It will allow you to prepare well, to foresee all the nuances. A competent approach to attic insulation and the mandatory use of high-quality materials will help to avoid mistakes that can play a very bad role over time.
In a private house, as a rule, there are large heat losses. Basically, this happens through the ceiling and upper floors. The processes of wetting (drying) of the insulation under the roof degrade its quality. Violation of the microclimate is often the cause of the cold inside the house. This occurs mainly due to poor performance. construction works associated with the attic.
It is recommended to insulate the attic not only from the outside, but also from the inside. Warming is a technically rather complicated process. The impressive area of the attic floor, its maximum contact with external environment, the complexity of the design - requires certain knowledge and skills from the one who will deal with its insulation.
Attic structures are distinguished by the fact that they can be built from the most various materials, for example, from wood, metal, reinforced concrete. There are no restrictions here, it is only necessary to ensure stability and proper insulation. The ceilings in the rooms can also be very different: inclined, flat with one inclined wall, formed by two slopes converging at an acute angle. All this and much more has made the attic so popular for more than four hundred years.
The main advantages of such a roof are as follows:
1. The possibility of an attic add-on, that is, the use of the infrastructure of an already standing building. At the same time, there is no need to completely disassemble the entire roof, which allows significant savings during the work. This is an additional floor that can be used for its intended purpose.
2. The living area of the house is increased due to the reconstruction of the unused attic space. This allows you to add a full-fledged second floor at a relatively low cost.
3. In places with fairly dense buildings attic second floor is the best way out.
4. The external appearance of the building is improved, the structure acquires a complete, integral look.
5. Attics can be attached not only to one level. If necessary and in compliance with all the rules and requirements, it is possible to build a two-story attic, which will decorate any building, adding additional living space to it.
6. During the construction of the attic, heat losses through the roof of the house are much reduced. In addition, this results in lower heating costs during the winter months.
7. The construction of attics is possible even in a residential building without the need to resettle residents. For this, it is not necessary to use heavy construction equipment, all work is carried out directly on the roof of the building for shortest time. A new floor can be built almost without problems and costs.
But when building an attic, there are also disadvantages, like any design. It is worth noting such shortcomings as:
1. When arranging such a room, some of the usable area is lost.
2. Sloped and sloping ceilings greatly reduce the height of the walls, the ceilings in the attic are usually low, do not exceed 2.4 meters.
3. Windows in many cases can only be located in the ceiling, which is not always convenient.
4. Roof structures due to lack of ventilation begin to degrade quickly. Usually their service life is about three times less than with a cold attic.
5. Large amounts of snow often accumulate on skylights in winter, which reduces the level of already insufficient lighting.
Varieties of designs
When deciding how to make an attic, you must first decide what type truss system will apply. characteristic feature of the attic structure are its broken, rather steep configurations, but we must not forget that this is not an aesthetic function, but a purely practical one. Such broken forms provide:
correct transfer of all loads to load-bearing walls;
allow you to effectively protect the entire structure from precipitation;
· give stability to such negative phenomena as temperature extremes, showers, snowfall, the formation of a large amount of ice.
The simplest form of a residential attic is a triangle, the most complex is with a break. All horizontal logs and vertical racks are recommended to be made of wooden thin beams.
Among the used truss systems for the attic floor, the most commonly used are:
1. Rafter hanging type. They rest on the walls, creating a horizontal load. If you decide to make an attic second floor using this type of truss system, then you need to take into account the design features. To connect the beams, intermediate supports are not used here, only special puffs made of metal or wood.
2. An inclined type of truss system is recommended for small cottages in which the load-bearing wall is located in the center or intermediate supports are available. The rafters rest on the outer walls, the middle part of the structure - on inner wall. Apply such simple system it is possible only for those houses in which the distance between free-standing load-bearing walls is not more than six and a half meters.
3. Hanging and inclined rafters can be in the form right triangles, which have an emphasis on bearing wall. IN this case Mauerlat does not need to be erected; ordinary beams are taken for rafters. Struts are required, all racks cut into the floor beams, the rafters are attached with anchors.
Construction stages
So how to properly assemble the attic structure? The sequence of all work should be strictly observed, which will allow you to build a solid, reliable attic. Be sure to correctly determine all loads, which only experienced designers can do.
The construction of the attic provides for such work as:
1. Dismantling of the old roof. In this case, it is not necessary to completely disassemble the overlap. Unless it is foreseen by the project.
2. If necessary, the floor structures are strengthened. This is done so that the second floor (mansard) does not give unnecessary loads. If necessary, an additional layer of waterproofing is laid at this stage.
3. The construction of the truss system, the insulation of the attic itself.
4. Installation of windows.
5. Interior and exterior decoration of the building.
For the construction of the attic, it is recommended to use wooden beams that have a cross section of fifty by one hundred and fifty centimeters. At the same time, the following sequence of work is observed: first, the frame of the future structure is made, after which the support beams and rafters are strengthened. After the installation of stepped bevels, waterproofing work is carried out, insulation is laid. Now you can strengthen the crate and lay roofing material. Finishing work carried out last, after all windows are installed.
The attic second floor must be insulated to ensure the safety of the structure and the comfort of living conditions. In order for such a process to become effective, it is necessary to observe the construction of a multilayer "pie", which includes:
internal finishing material on the ceiling of the attic room: moisture-resistant plywood, drywall, etc.;
· vapor barrier membrane;
insulation (usually mineral wool in rolls or slabs);
installation of waterproofing
installation of roofing (tiles, corrugated board, etc.).
The insulation layer should be two hundred and fifty - three hundred millimeters, often a special frame is made for its installation, which is attached perpendicular to the rafter system. When laying, it is impossible to allow gaps and cavities to remain between the insulation plates, as this will lead to significant heat losses, low thermal insulation efficiency.
The attic is not only beautiful, but also a very functional architectural element that is able to fulfill the numerous tasks assigned to it. This is a great place to live. Here you can equip a nursery, a playroom or a large gym.
The attic construction technology consists in the high-quality and consistent performance of such works:
1. Development of a project for the construction of an attic floor or its refurbishment.
2. Dismantling of old roof structures.
3. Strengthening the wall structures of the upper floor.
4. Device for waterproofing and thermal insulation of ceilings.
5. Construction of the end walls of the attic room.
6. Erection mansard roof, its insulation and finishing.
7. Installation of attic windows.
8. Arrangement of a new living space.
To work, you will need to purchase materials and tools. It is usually necessary to have wall panels (or other material) for sheathing the end walls of the attic space, thermal insulation materials for walls and pitched roof, roofing materials, beams for roof structure, finishing materials, etc.
After preparing everything that is required for construction, project development, you can begin the main work. First you need to make a frame for the roof. Rafters can be made from beams measuring 50x150 cm. The structure must be well fixed, slings, support blocks must be installed, attic walls erected and rafters installed. The truss structure must be mounted securely and accurately. After that, stepped bevels of the walls, partitions of the attic room are installed, and work is carried out on the insulation and waterproofing of the attic. Next, you should build a crate for the attic roof, lay a heat insulator on it, strengthen it and then finish the roof with roofing material. After that, doors and windows are installed, interior decoration and arrangement of the premises.
Attic roof
In order to understand how to make the roof in the attic correctly, knowledge about the features of such a room will not be superfluous. Leaks in the roof and other roof defects will affect the entire building to a much greater extent than the same defects in an ordinary attic roof. In this case, water will flow into the living room, which is likely to lead to the repair of the premises.
The main feature of a mansard roof is that it is exposed to moisture both from the outside and from above (snow, rain, etc.) and from below (condensate formation from the moisture in the air of the living quarters of the lower floors). To eliminate this problem, the attic construction technology provides for the installation of a special vapor barrier layer that prevents the penetration of wet and warm air from living rooms to tiles.
It is also necessary to make waterproofing under the roofing material and ensure sufficient ventilation of the roof of the attic space. As a roof covering, you can use soft shingles or metal roofing.
Warming and arrangement of the attic
Due to the fact that the attic is usually used as a living space, its thermal insulation is given great importance. High-quality insulation of the attic roof ensures the creation of a comfortable microclimate in such a room and other rooms of the house, effective heat preservation and a long service life of the entire building. There are several ways to insulate the attic. Warming outside means the general warming of the whole house.
Optimal and most effective way is an additional internal insulation, involving the use of a multilayer heat-insulating structure, consisting of the following layers:
The first layer (internal) - finishing material, such as drywall sheets, plywood and other materials that form the ceiling of the attic room
The second layer is a vapor barrier film
The third layer is porous thermal insulation material(mineral wool, etc.)
The fourth layer is a waterproofing material laid with the formation of a small gap and the possibility of a simple withdrawal of water to the outside
The fifth layer is roofing (metal tiles, soft roof etc.).
Advice from the master!
In addition to the thermal insulation of the attic roof, it is also necessary to insulate its walls and floor. The arrangement of the premises in the attic includes the implementation of such works as the installation of skylights, internal partitions, doors, as well as decorative trim.
Installing pitched roof windows is the best solution for an attic. Glazing can occupy a significant area of the attic surface, at least - 12.5%. The glasses in such windows are special: they do not break when pressed hard or hit, but crumble into granules that do not have sharp and cutting surfaces.
The specificity of the attic rooms allows you to equip them in a special way, arrange them in an unusual and original way. Many designers recommend using translucent plastic partitions or partitions decorated with translucent fabrics for zoning these rooms. When choosing a shade for wall decoration, it is recommended to give preference to light colors that will make the interior light and pleasant. It is not recommended to decorate roof windows with curtains, but it is better to choose light-colored blinds.
Having learned how to build an attic yourself, equip it, create a comfortable, cozy and unusual room, you can try to build the top floor at home. This is a great way to make your home unique and individual, increase its usable area and equip additional living space.
It should also be noted that the attic should be at least 3 meters wide, and the height in the center of the room should be at least 2.2 m. But in this case, how to build an attic that was not originally planned? There are always additional questions such as, for example, the device of the stairs. Place a ladder, you can in the area attic hatch, which will simplify construction, and the spiral staircase will also make it possible to save space. In order to prevent the wood from rotting and being damaged by pests, all wooden elements of the roof must be treated with an antiseptic.
To increase fire resistance, it is necessary to impregnate with flame retardants (special wood flame retardants). Also, when deciding how to build an attic, it is necessary to take into account that the attic and attic differ primarily in climatic conditions. The attic is a less ventilated room, which causes condensation to form on the insulation. Therefore, it is necessary to leave a space between the insulation and the roof (at least 50 mm), and another layer of vapor barrier should be laid on the insulation from the inside. When carrying out thermal insulation work, one should also not forget about the insulation of walls, which in attic structures thinner. The layer of their thermal insulation must have a thickness of at least (250-300 mm). DIY construction the attic floor is possible, but for this it is necessary to carefully plan the implementation of all work and thoroughly observe the existing technology.
Of course, it would be much easier not to disassemble it, but to reinforce the ceiling over the premises of the house. As load-bearing structures, you can use bars, or a channel.
After the ceiling is reinforced, you need to determine the size of the attic rooms, their height at the walls should not be lower than 1.5 m, and in the middle part it should be a standard height of 2.5 m, or even more. After that, a guide profile (PN) is attached to the floor, for drywall, and above it, the same profile to the rafters. Marking, which is done with a plumb line, tape measure, or a strong cord. Then, the rack profile (PS) is installed in the guide profiles, the pitch of which should be 600 mm. On sloping ceiling surfaces metallic profile can be mounted horizontally. After that, when the location of the rooms is clearly visible, several skylights can be installed on the roof so that the rooms are well lit. natural light. In addition, it will be necessary to make an opening in the ceiling for the installation of stairs to the attic. The least space on the ground floor will be occupied by a single-flight staircase, with goose step steps.
After that, with outer side the frame of the attic partitions can be sheathed with waterproof drywall, and then laid inside the frame electrical wiring, for connecting switches and sockets. Further, mineral wool slabs, 100 mm thick, or, in extreme cases, 50 mm, are placed in the frame. From the inside, they are closed with a vapor barrier, and an inner lining of waterproof drywall is attached, holes are made in it for the installation of sockets and switches, and wires are brought out into them for connection. Then the ceiling and inclined surfaces are hemmed, which are also insulated with a mineral wool board.
Attic in a private house - perfect solution for the expansion of residential or useful utility space without completing the upper floor. The arrangement of the attic in the attic space is an original and new exterior of the house, saving energy by reducing heat losses in the roof, and increasing living space. But the large size of the house is not a reason to start work on arranging the attic: you need to have a foundation with a sufficient margin of safety for the weight load, since the finished attic space will have to be thoroughly redone.
Features of the attic
The main thing that distinguishes the attic from ordinary rooms is that there are almost no walls in it in the usual sense, since the walls are a modified truss system, constructed from many inclined roofing surfaces. Therefore, the design of the window will be very different - it should not interfere with natural light, and should take on the load in the form of precipitation and strong wind - the impact weather conditions on a sloping roof is stronger than on massive building elements.
Important! The SNiP regulation stipulates that the area of the window opening should not be less than 10% of the floor surface in the common room. Therefore, when dividing the attic space with partitions, it is also desirable to make a window in each newly formed room.
It is easier, cheaper and faster to mount an inclined window in the attic roof than to make a special vertical ledge under it, violating the design calculations. In any case, the window opening must be waterproofed or a window with reinforced glass and a reinforced metal-plastic profile should be ordered.
Benefits of installing an inclined roof window:
- A large stream of natural light, smoothing chiaroscuro;
- There is no need to radically alter the shape of the roof and change its relief;
- Simple installation, feasible for the owner himself.
The degree of illumination depends on the area of the opening, which is proportional to the angle of the roof. Therefore, the conclusion is obvious: the steeper the broken mansard roof, the wider and higher the window opening should be. The thickness of the metal-plastic profile should almost fit into the distance between the rafters, so that there is something to attach the window to without destroying the rafter system. If you order a wider window, you will have to make a reinforced jumper that fastens the rafters cut at the insertion point. If you need to install a wide window, you must first think about the option of installing two small adjacent windows so that the roof remains intact. 
When installing a window-dormer (dormer) vertical window, requires the removal of the frame outside the attic) geometric shapes roofs need to be complicated by the installation of the upper and side valleys, and the laying or installation of roofing is also complicated. Ready system rafters are much more difficult to remake at the same time than laying in your individual new roof window. Valleys must be carefully waterproofed, as their location and geometry relative to constant atmospheric influences make these places the most vulnerable to the penetration of moisture and cold. In regions with an average annual high precipitation, it is recommended to make snow retainers above the dormers. But the main advantage of a dormer - you can stand next to it in full growth - outweighs all the disadvantages that can be eliminated.
A window recessed into the roof is made if an exit to the balcony is organized through this window. In other cases, this is an unattractive option: poor natural lighting, unjustified complication of the roof geometry, high labor costs with a minimum of effect. 
Most affordable option- a window at the end of the attic - cheap and practical solution, which is fully realized without outside help.
Attic truss system
In individual construction, a house with an attic is often built with a sloping roof, although this is an expensive solution. Broken mansard roofs, due to their design features, greatly increase the useful area of \u200b\u200bthe interior of the attic. With the same width of the foundation of the house and the floor, the rooms in such an attic will have a larger area due to ledges and niches than rooms under the roof of a conventional design. 
The standard design of a sloping roof allows you to lower the overhangs of the eaves much lower, not only making the exterior of the house very original - such overhangs protect the walls and foundation of the house from wind and moisture, directing atmospheric precipitation away from housing.
The more complex the sloping roof with your own hands, the stronger the dependence of the reliability of the structure on the materials from which the roof is made, on climatic conditions, on the thickness of the beams of the truss system and other factors. The classic do-it-yourself mansard roof, the drawings of which are given below, has a slope ratio of the lower slopes to the floor of 60 °, of the upper slopes - 30 °. 
SNiP stipulates a comfortable ceiling height in attic rooms - at least 2 m. Therefore, a scheme with a roof slope of 600 is fully justified, and structural reliability is ensured by thicker floor beams and rafters than when arranging a conventional gable roof.
With the classical construction of the attic, the force of the wind and the load from the weight of snow on the sides of the roof with a large slope are not taken into account. Snow will accumulate on the upper surface of the roof, made with a slope of 300-450. The greater the angle of inclination of the roof, the stronger the windage of the roof, therefore, in climates with strong winds, it is necessary to build roofs with a small slope, and this is a problem for arranging an attic - the area of \u200b\u200bthe house in such conditions should be quite large.
Broken roof schemes
The sloping roof frame is constructed from pine lumber of the first or second grade. For calculations, such parameters as the cross-section of timber and sheathing boards, the dimensions and weight of the roof from various building materials, snow and wind loads, and the rafter attachment step are regulated. 
The design of the roof with a hanging truss system is justified if at the base of the triangle (in the upper figure) there is a size ≤ 4.5 m - this determines the width of the attic. If the width is greater, then layered rafters are equipped, which are mounted on the wall.
How to calculate a broken type roof
The step between the rafters is often determined by the width of the insulation - this solution allows you to save on rolled materials, and the distance between the rafters is chosen 2-3 cm less than the width of the insulation material. For example, with a mineral wool slab width of 60 cm, the distance between adjacent posts should be 57-58 cm. 
The boards of the rafter legs are also calculated in width, based on the parameters of the insulation. To ventilate the layers of thermal insulation, it is necessary to provide a ventilation gap of 20-30 mm, otherwise the accumulated condensate will cause wood decay, and then damage to the insulation. For conditions middle lane the thickness of the insulation can be no more than 230-250 mm, therefore the minimum width of the rafter legs is 230 mm with a board thickness of ≥ 50 mm. The greater the wind, temperature and snow loads in the region, the thicker the rafters should be made. 
Recommended: To save lumber, the insulation can be laid in two directions: along and across the rafters, making a thin and rare crate between the layers. With a minimum stone wool slab thickness of 100 mm, a 50 x 150 mm board can be used, leaving 50 mm for the ventilation gap.
Mansard roof installation
Mauerlat on the mansard roof is equipped with standard techniques - fastening the beam to the wall with knitting wire, anchors or studs. If the house is timber or log, then the upper crown of the log house, impregnated with an antiseptic and substances that increase the moisture resistance of wood, can serve as a Mauerlat. 
For a Mauerlat in a house made of cellular concrete, a monolithic reinforced grillage is poured on top of the walls, and the Mauerlat itself is attached to the rods concreted into the wall. For walls made of brick or reinforced concrete, such a concrete grillage is not necessary - the wall material itself is quite durable and will withstand any method of attaching the truss system. It will only be necessary to make a two-layer waterproofing around the entire perimeter of the house, and a Mauerlat beam with a section of 150 mm.
To assemble the elements of the truss structure, long nails are used - 150-200 mm. Corners and intersections bearing walls With internal partitions at home it is better to make bolted connections, or use double-sided threaded studs. Also, all intersections of roof elements are recommended to be additionally reinforced with metal plates-overlays. 
Installation of the attic truss system can be carried out in two solutions:
- Assembling the elements on the ground, lifting the finished structural units up. First of all, vertically corner elements are attached, which form future gables. The remaining elements of the roof structure are vertically inserted into the grooves made in the Mauerlat beam at a calculated distance and rigidly fixed. To give rigidity and correct geometry, you can temporarily fix the elements with spacers and braces, and after mounting the side beams, when the structure acquires the desired rigidity, the spacers can be removed;
- The second method is the sequential assembly of the mansard roof in place. This makes it more efficient and convenient to work, because volumetric system rafters to raise assembled roof manually it will be problematic - you will have to rent a crane. After assembling the structure, floor beams are laid, to which vertical beam racks are attached to the grooves, and temporary braces are installed to stiffen and make the system vertical. Then comes the assembly of the upper and side rafter legs, the jibs and struts are mounted in the same way.
Final stage- installation of the upper beams, which are made according to the template, and the grooves for the rafters are immediately sawn into them. Since the mansard sloping roof does not have a ridge, slopes are mounted on the beam in the middle, which are designed to fix the upper triangle of the attic roof.
Many male people, finding a family, sooner or later think about purchasing their own home. Someone takes an apartment on a mortgage, and someone saves money for. But not many people manage to save up for a big house, and the alternative would be to build a house with.
What is a mansard roof
The attic can be built from or from a suitable material for you.
It will not be difficult to build an attic, but patience, diligence, suitable materials and the availability of a tool are necessary.
The shape and design of the roof must be included in the design of the house in order to avoid incidents during further operation.
You can take a typical project for building a house or order it from professionals. In such documentation, you will be able to understand where to start and choose the right materials for construction.
Now you can buy everything you need, but first equip a place to store building materials and tools. The storage area must be dry and free from rain or snow to damage the building material.
Also, under a canopy, it will be possible to equip a small workshop for the manufacture of some parts of the house or roof. For a house from or who does not have the opportunity to build a full-fledged second floor, the choice of a mansard roof will be the best option. House of will budget option. Next, we will consider the attic device.
Structural elements of the attic in design are practically no different from gable roofs.
Materials required for the construction of a mansard roof
The roof is the outer covering of the roof, it protects inner part attic and can be made of various materials.
For roofing, as a rule, such materials are used:
Stages of building a mansard roof with your own hands
After getting acquainted with the names of the roof device, we can continue to further disassemble the construction in stages.
First stage
The construction of the attic always begins with Mauerlat mounting.
When building on a stone box, you need to think about fixing with studs or anchors at a distance of no more than two meters.
At the locations of the anchors, the timber is marked, a hole is made in it and put on the anchor, then the Mauerlat is fixed with nuts to the wall.
To simplify the marking, it is necessary to put the beam on the anchor and lightly walk with a hammer from above, after these manipulations there should be traces, they will be the places for drilling holes.
Second phase
The second stage in the construction of the attic will be the installation of floor beams.
Actions must be consistent.
First of all, the extreme beams from the ends are installed, then the intermediate ones. Between the intermediate and extreme beams, it is necessary to pull a nylon cord or scaffolding, or you can still use a level. These devices are needed to indicate the plane.
Third stage
Install, align vertical position and fix the supports.
We strengthen with jibs and make horizontal runs.
It should be borne in mind that the racks are placed in equal numbers with the floor beams on two parallel sides of the attic.
The rigidity of the supporting structure is provided by horizontal girders.
Fourth stage (truss system)
The details of the truss structure prepared according to the template are installed according to and fixed to the vertical supports.
Elements can be fixed using boards or metal plates with holes.
Fifth stage (pediments and crate)
W 
we sew the gables, leaving room for, we attach the sheathing boards all over the roof. This is the easiest work in the construction of the attic.
Sixth stage
So we have almost come to the end of construction and this is the insulation of the mansard roof with our own hands.
IN modern construction use a variety of materials for insulation and, you can buy them at any hardware store.
final stage
After the roof is covered with a roof, we lay the drainage system, it is she who will give the finished look. Of course, this is not quite the final, because you have to interior work for finishing, but this is not the subject of this article.
When building such a complex structure as a do-it-yourself mansard roof, a lot of different factors should be taken into account. First of all, you need to choose the type of roof, of which there are many. Next, you need to draw up a project with the calculation of the truss system, the slope of the slopes, the area of \u200b\u200bthe roof and the amount of materials needed for its construction.
The roof is being built according to certain technologies, which cannot be violated. We will talk about how to make a full-fledged attic floor in a country house in this article.
Types of mansard roofs
Before we begin to figure out how to properly build a mansard roof, let's see what varieties of such structures are. Such roofs differ in the shape and number of slopes, their angle of inclination, the type of roofing material used, and the degree of insulation. The choice of one or another type of roof depends on a variety of factors: the architectural design of the house as a whole, the climatic zone in which the building is located, the financial capabilities of its owners, etc. The attic, in principle, is allowed to be arranged under the roof of any design.
Mansard roofs are:
- Shed. This is the easiest type of roof to build. Under the shed roof in the attic room there will be only one full-fledged wall;
- Gable. The device of the mansard roof of this type is also not particularly difficult. Its disadvantage is not too big effective area. After all, the corners of the room under the gable roof form an unused "deaf" zone;
- Double broken lines. This option is much more convenient in terms of housing;
- Tent. Such a roof is arranged in square buildings. hipped roof has four slopes of the same size;
Hipped mansard roof is arranged in square houses
- Hip. It is also a hipped mansard roof. Instead of gables, slopes are provided in the design. The hip roof is also very convenient for arranging an attic under it;
- Multi-forceps. Such roofs have a very complex configuration;
- Pyramidal, conical, domed. Roofs of this type are arranged on buildings of complex shape.
A roof of any design can be converted into an attic
There is also a roof attic type. Its design involves the removal of slopes far enough outside the building itself on special consoles.
On a note: With your own hands, most often, a gable broken roof is arranged under the attic. The technology of its construction is quite simple, and the room as a result is quite spacious.How to make a roof calculation
In order to calculate the amount of roofing material, insulation, hydro- and vapor barrier film, it is necessary first of all to determine the area of the future roof. It is especially difficult to necessary calculations in the event that the roof is broken and has a complex configuration. At the same time, a diagram of the mansard roof is drawn and divided into simple geometric figures. Next, the area of each figure is calculated. The results obtained are added up.
The area of a triangle is calculated by the formula S=(bxh)/2, where b is the length of the base of the triangle, h is its height. The formula for calculating the area of a trapezoid is S=((a+b)/2)xh, where a and b are the bases of the trapezoid, h is its height. The circle formula is S= pxr 2, where r is the radius of the circle. Number n=3.14
Mansard roof. Drawings allow you to easily calculate the area of \u200b\u200bthe roof
- roofing material used. Manufacturers always indicate what the minimum and maximum angle of inclination is acceptable for one or another of its types;
- Climatic conditions. Do-it-yourself mansard roof is arranged taking into account the region in which the building is located. The steeper the angle of inclination, the greater the load on the roof will be exerted by the wind. But at the same time, the load from snow and ice on the roofing cake and rafters will be less;
- The purpose of the building. The design of the mansard roof in our case should be developed taking into account the fact that in the future it will be a living space. Therefore, it is recommended to choose such an angle that the height from the floor beam to the top of the roof is at least 2.5 m, taking into account the thickness of the heat insulator and sheathing.
Continue the installation of the mansard roof by installing the lower (layered) rafters. For them, a bar with a section of 50x150mm is suitable. You should first make a template from a not too thick board. One of its ends is applied to the Mauerlat, and the other to the run. Next, mark out the shape of the gash and cut it out. According to this template, the rafters are cut.
To install the upper (hanging) rafters mark the center of the roof. At the same time, a temporary stand is nailed to the Mauerlat and an extreme tightening is set. Next, a template is prepared from the board and the ends of the upper rafters are cut out along it. In the center they are fastened together with metal plates. Then you need to put hanging racks (beam 25x150mm). After that, the lower rafters are reinforced with struts (board 50x150 mm) and the gables are sewn up.
For fixing all elements of the truss system, galvanized corners, self-tapping screws and nails are used.
crate
Mansard roof projects can involve the use of a wide variety of roofing materials. Very often you can see roofs made of metal or corrugated board. A sparse crate can be installed under them. When using rolled materials, a solid one is mounted.
Mansard roof lathing can be solid or sparse
Waterproofing and installation of roofing material
Do-it-yourself attic roof will turn out to be reliable only if high-quality waterproofing is arranged. Most often, a superdiffusion membrane is used to protect roofs. Mount it start from the bottom. At an angle of inclination of the roof from 15 to 30 degrees, the overlap between the rows of the film should be approximately 25 cm, at an angle of more than 30 degrees - 15-20 cm. The film is attached to the rafters by means of special brackets. A counter-lattice is stuffed over the film. Roofing material is attached to it.
Roofing material is mounted on top of the waterproofing film
Important: During installation, make sure that the film is not stretched. The material should sag slightly. Thus, ventilation of the under-roof space is ensured.Warming
Subject to all insulation technologies, you will get a mansard roof suitable for arranging a living space. Do-it-yourself heat insulator is usually mounted from the inside of the room. In the case of installation of insulation from the outside, the attic is preliminarily sheathed from the inside. After the laying is completed, in order to prevent the plates from falling out, they are covered with wire from below, fixing it to the rafters.
Insulation of the roof of houses with an attic. Photo of basalt wool between rafters
On a note: Most often, mineral wool is used to insulate attics. It lies between the rafters denser than the foam. As a result, the appearance of cold bridges is excluded.Vapor barrier and cladding
The attic of a gable roof is arranged with mandatory use vapor barrier material. On top of the cotton wool, it is necessary to stretch the isospan with foil into the room. Above it, a counter-lattice is stuffed under the skin. Thus, ventilation is arranged. From the inside, the attic is sheathed with drywall, clapboard or plywood.
In this way, a reliable mansard roof can be erected with your own hands. The video below introduces the process of the device roofing cake with outside insulation.
As you can see, the procedure for erecting a mansard roof is quite technologically complicated. However, it is still possible to arrange additional living space in the country with your own hands, with a little effort.
The attic floor is a more spacious and well-prepared attic for life. Features of the room dictate their own conditions in relation to the roof. The arrangement of the mansard roof does not require the performer to have any special knowledge and skills. enough to prepare necessary tools read the instructions in detail and follow their recommendations in everything.
There are several types of mansard roofs. Familiarize yourself with the features of each of these roofs and choose the most suitable option. The main points of the construction technology are common to all types of construction.
The simplest option is a shed mansard roof. This design is carried out with some bias. It is used quite rarely, because. due to the slope, the useful area of \u200b\u200bthe attic space decreases.
The most popular option is a gable mansard roof. Inside the roof space will be comfortable and spacious. Gable roof simple and profitable in the arrangement.
It is a type of duplex design. In this case, the slopes will not be even, but broken. Typically, broken roofs are used in cases with small houses.
hip roof consists of four slopes. The truss system of the hip roof is somewhat more complicated.
Half hip roof is a variety hipped roof. In this case, a half-hip is usually understood as the slope, which, as it were, cuts off part of the end side of the gable roof. The cut can pass from below and form a trapezoid, or at the top and create a triangle.
Interesting varieties of hipped mansard roof are pyramidal and conical roofs. These designs look best on polygonal houses and round buildings. Perfectly combined with other types of roofs.
They are used quite rarely. This design has a smooth parabolic or circular shape. Previously, such roofs were widely used in the arrangement of rectangular houses.
What is the structure of the attic roof?
The mansard roof in the section is a "pie", consisting of several layers.
Mansard Roof Calculation Guide
The attic roof is calculated according to an extremely simple scheme. It is important to take into account not only the useful, but also the deaf area of the attic space. In this case, a zone in which the distance between the ceiling and the floor is more than 90-100 cm will be considered useful. The rest of the places are traditionally considered a dead zone. It is impossible to live in such areas, but in their place you can install a variety of shelves and other household items.
Calculate the total area of the roof. At this point, you will need a roof plan. Break the space into several simple shapes, calculate the area of each of them, and then sum the resulting values \u200b\u200bto determine the total roof area.
Before you start building a mansard roof, pay attention to a number of important little things, which include features of thermal insulation of the structure, the procedure for placing window openings etc.
Deserves special attention permissible angle of inclination of the roof slope.If the slope exceeds permissible value, the area of \u200b\u200bthe attic space will significantly decrease. This moment is individual and is selected taking into account the attic area and other important parameters.
Select the appropriate type of rafter system. Rafters, as noted, contribute uniform distribution wall loads. Additionally, thanks to the truss system, it is provided reliable protection houses from all sorts of adverse weather conditions.
The simplest version of the attic roof is a triangular shape. The most difficult thing is to make a mansard roof with a break. In the absence of appropriate skills, it is strongly not recommended to take on the independent arrangement of complex roofs.
Step-by-step instructions for building a mansard roof
There are no super complicated steps in the construction of a mansard roof. You just need to carefully read the instructions and follow all the recommendations step by step.
First step. Calculate the strength of the building. The attic increases the load on the walls and foundation of the house. It is better if qualified specialists are engaged in the calculation. If you do not plan to carry out work to strengthen the house, you can skip this step.
Second step. Calculate the attic and prepare a project for the future attic and roof. It is also recommended to involve specialists in this work. If you wish, you can try to create a project yourself or use some turnkey solution from available sources.
Third step. Do this as carefully as possible, try not to damage other structural elements of the house.
Fourth step. Make a truss frame. This is the most time-consuming stage of the instructions in question. It is better if at least 3 people are involved in arranging the frame at the same time.
Fifth step. Place and fix the Mauerlat. To assemble this element, use wooden blocks measuring 10x10 cm.
Sixth step. Install the frame for the roof space. The frame elements will simultaneously act as supports for the rafters. First secure the vertical posts around the edges of the building. Racks must be attached to long beams. Self-tapping screws and ordinary metal corners will help you with this.
Seventh step. Attach a jumper to the posts.
Eighth step. Make sure that the elements mentioned above are installed correctly. Any cord will help you with this - simply pull it between the formed arches. If the cord is strictly horizontal position you did everything right. If the cord deviates from the horizontal, trim the mismatched arches or even replace them with new elements.
Ninth step. Fix the arches together. Nail plates or stamping corners will help you with this.
Fasten the first rafters where the roof slope will have the maximum slope. To obtain the required slope, simply cut the bars to the required length.
The first step is preparing the rafters. Cut the bars in advance to the desired length and required angle. At the bottom of the rafter legs, select the grooves for connecting to the Mauerlat. Grooves can be made with a chisel.
Second step. Fasten each bar to its designated place.
Third step. Proceed to the installation of the upper rafters. At this stage, be especially careful. Observe the desired slope angle and overall alignment of the structure.
Fourth step. The crate can be made from plywood sheets or ordinary wooden planks. The type of lathing must correspond to the selected roofing material. As a rule, continuous flooring is made. This is the most versatile and most reliable option.
Laying of protective materials and completion of work
Mansard roofing requires the organization of high-quality protection from various adverse factors.
The first step is laying the vapor barrier material. The vapor barrier must be fixed on the inside of the truss system. The material is attached to the bars with the help of special building brackets.
The second step is laying the insulation. Mineral wool is traditionally used for insulation. If you wish, you can opt for a more modern and expensive material. Insulation plates should fit snugly together and also fit snugly against the rafters.
The third step is the device of the crate. On the laid insulation you need to fill the crate. Use ordinary wooden blocks. Fasten the elements of the crate in increments of about half a meter. Thanks to this system, the insulation will remain in place.
The fourth step is laying the moisture-proof material. Attach the waterproofing to the outside of the truss system. Most often used as a moisture barrier polyethylene film. Waterproofing will protect the elements of the roof from atmospheric moisture.
The fifth step is laying the finish coat. Roofing material choose at your discretion. The best option in terms of cost and quality characteristics is a metal tile. From budget materials, slate or its more modern counterpart ondulin can be recommended.
After you fix the selected roofing material, the construction of the mansard roof can be considered complete. Thus, there is nothing complicated in arranging the considered system with your own hands. Understand the instructions, and you will successfully cope with all the tasks without outside help.
Video - Do-it-yourself mansard roof step by step
