Carrying out painting work by hand. Painting finishing works: execution technology, types, basics, technique. Technology of painting works
20.4. Painting works
Painting work - painting the surfaces of buildings, structures and their structural elements with viscous-liquid compositions that form, after drying and hardening, a uniform film that has a strong adhesion to the base. Volume painting works in construction is very large, so the quality of their implementation and the reduction of labor costs are of great importance. Paint compositions, usually obtained from dry coloring materials (pigments) and binders, must resist external influences well, have sufficient adhesion (sticking to the surface), hydrophobicity (water repellency), be economical, and allow repainting of the coating.
In the production of painting works, various paint and varnish products are used, the purpose of which is varied - from leveling and decorative finishing of surfaces to protecting them from external influences. Paints and varnishes include: building paints, varnishes, binders and pigments, solvents and thinners for varnishes and paints, desiccants, putties, primers, lubricants, hardeners and plasticizers for polymer paints, and other special additives.
Lucky - solutions of film-forming substances - oils, resins, bitumen, ethers, cellulose in organic solvents. They serve to obtain transparent coatings that perform protective and decorative function, or to increase the gloss of the coating of applied layers of enamel or paint. Akin to varnishes drying oils - products of thermal or chemical processing of vegetable oils with the introduction of solvents and other additives. Most often, drying oil is used to dilute paints and less often - to protect wooden structures (oiling).
Putties necessary for sealing cracks and leveling surfaces. They have a thicker consistency than the rest paints and varnishes. Putties with the addition of latex (hevea tree sap) have improved shockproof qualities. Superhard coatings with good adhesion (sticking together of two surfaces) form alkyd putties. For metal, polyester putties are mainly used. After puttying, the surface is sanded and primed.
Primers for construction purposes provide a strong adhesion of paints to the painted surface, in addition, they improve the physical-mechanical and anti-corrosion (for metal surfaces) properties of the entire coating (putty-primer-paint).
Depending on the type of binder, building paints are divided into paintspolymeric (polymer cement, emulsion, volatile resin), mineral-based paints (cement, lime, silicate, glue) and oil paints.
Oil paints construction products are made on the basis of drying oil, enamel - on the basis of varnishes. Enamels are used to obtain upper layers coatings, applying them to primers and fillers. Oil paints are used to obtain not only the top, but also the ground layers of coatings. They are produced ready for use or in the form of a thick paste (thick paint), which requires bringing to a working viscosity by adding drying oil and a desiccant at the place of work. In paints ready for use, the content of drying oil is 40-50%. Paints ground on alkyd drying oils (glyphthalic or pentafgalic) are called alkyd.
Paints based on aqueous dispersions polymers. (synthetic film formers), are called emulsion (water-based, water-dispersed, latex). Their popularity is explained by the fact that, if necessary, they can be diluted with water; they are applied to wood, brick, concrete, plaster.
Facade paints designed to protect the building from atmospheric influences, emphasize the expressiveness of architectural forms. Facade paints serve as long as possible (10 years or more).
All the information necessary for the consumer about the paintwork material is given on the label, in the instructions for use, which gives the full name of the material with an indication of the standard or technical conditions, describes its purpose, method of application, precautions, indicates the manufacturer, date of issue and batch number. In addition, each paintwork material is assigned a designation consisting of letters and numbers. For example, according to the type and chemical composition of the film-forming substance, the following paints and varnishes are distinguished: alkyd-acrylic (AC), alkyd-urethane (AT), cellulose acetate (AC), polyacrylic (AK), polyamide (AD, ID), bituminous (BT), vinyl- and devinylacetylene (VN), glyphthalic (GF), rosin (KF), rubber (KCh), organosilicon (KO), oil- and alkyd-styrene (MS), oil (MA), urea (MI), nitrocellulose ( NTs), petroleum polymers (NP), pentaphthalic (PF), perchlorovinyl and polyvinyl chloride (CV), polyvinyl acetate (VD), polyvinyl acetal (VL), polyurethane (UR), phenolic (FL), fluoroplastic (FP), furyl (FR), chlorinated (CP), shellac (SHL), epoxy (EP), amber (YAN), etc.
Painting work is carried out in conditions that exclude the possibility of damage to the finishing surfaces, as well as their contamination during subsequent work.
Work production technology . Depending on the type of finish, the material of the surfaces to be painted (plaster, wood, metal, etc.), as well as the paint composition painting works include the following operations: cleaning the surface, smoothing, if necessary, cutting out knots and resins, patching cracks, oiling, greasing, grinding, puttying, priming, actual painting and finishing, finishing.
Equipment for grinding, sieving, filtering, mixing, transporting and applying paint compositions to the surface should be rationally combined into lines equipped with additional lifting and transport devices. The lines can be installed both at the production base of a construction organization (for example, UPTK), and in a wheeled van (on a car or transport trailer). The latter are called painting stations. Their use helps to improve the quality of finishing work, increase the productivity of painter teams, and save materials.
The stations are equipped with several (two to four) production lines for the preparation, supply and application of putty paint compositions. They have the necessary equipment to perform the entire range of works (for example, a line for the preparation and transportation of oil paints may include a paint grater, a vibrating sieve, a paint pressure tank, etc.).
Paints are applied to the surfaces to be painted with a brush, roller or spray gun. The main tool of the painter is a brush. In addition to brushes, the painter's arsenal should include spatulas, rollers, various brushes, graters, etc. Tools and paint containers are placed on a special light cart.
As a rule, all processes must be carried out in a mechanized way. The most time-consuming process - filling surfaces - is carried out with the help of mechanized spatulas and installations. Priming, painting compositions are applied with spray guns, electric spray guns, spray guns, as well as fur and perforated rollers. For the mechanized application of varnishes and paints in construction and woodworking, various paint sprayers are used - airless, air-combined and air (under low pressure).
In airless spraying, the paint or anti-corrosion compound is fed to a specially designed nozzle under high pressure and is applied to the surface to be treated at high speed. This technology provides high productivity and low paint loss. Airless spraying is used when applying a layer of sufficiently large thickness.
Air-combined spraying is carried out at a much lower pressure. The air supply directly at the paint outlet from the nozzle provides a fine spray, creates a soft adjustable torch.
A common type of wall decoration is coloring with adhesives.
Before applying the composition, the surface is cleaned with a scraper and smoothed with an articulated brush. To ensure better adhesion (adhesion), it is recommended to treat the wall surfaces with an industrial vacuum cleaner. Cracks often appear at the junctions of partitions and main walls, individual parts of prefabricated reinforced concrete, at door and window frames, at junctions with the main structures of built-in furniture parts, which often reappear after repeated lubrication and puttying. Therefore, painters paste over such areas with gauze strips and treat them with adhesive putty before and after pasting.
Before painting, the surface is primed, best of all with a vitriol primer. It is very difficult to paint an unprimed surface; stripes are noticeable when working with brushes. It is irrational to perform priming in a mechanized way, since copper sulfate can cause metal corrosion. It is not recommended to dry the primer with through ventilation for the first 2-3 hours. As soon as it dries (after about a day), you can start staining.
Glue paints are made from chalk, glue, water, if necessary with the addition of color pigment. The color composition of the paint is called color, and white is called whitewash. The finished paint is checked by test painting a small surface. If there is little glue, the paint gets dirty, if there is a lot, shiny stripes are obtained, the paint may crack over time, and so-called marble spots may appear on the surface. Water must be added to this composition. Surfaces can be painted with brushes, rollers (with internal supply of the paint composition and from the outside - through flat brushes) or paint sprayers (spray gun with a fishing rod, electric spray gun, etc.). The paint composition must be mixed every 5-6 minutes. After finishing work, brushes, rollers, paint sprayers should be thoroughly rinsed, wiped, dried, and then put into storage.
The quality and service life of surfaces painted with oil compositions depend on careful preparation for staining. They are dried, puttied, cleaned, dried and only after that they are painted.
The surface before oiling must be dry and must be free from dust and dirt. Drying oil can be used in pure form, but better tinted with dry pigment or thick paint of any color (missing spots will be noticeable). After the drying oil has dried, small cracks and potholes on the surface are greased. After drying, the applied layer is sanded with sandpaper, dried again and dried.
Priming is performed with liquid oil paint of the color that will be used for painting. To beat the lines (staining field limiter), measure the required distance, pull the cord, previously dyed with dry dye, and, pulling and releasing the cord, mark a straight line. In the upper part of the wall, this can also be done using a telescopic ruler with a stylus and a roller and other devices.
Puttying perform on a dried primed surface with steel, wooden or rubber spatulas. Puttying can be done mechanically. Depending on the quality of the surface, puttying is performed one or more times. Each previous layer is dried, cleaned with sandpaper and oiling or priming is carried out.
Oil paints can be applied with a variety of sprayers, brushes or rollers. Rollers, as well as brushes, paint the walls first in the horizontal direction, then in the vertical direction. Paint should be applied as thinly as possible. In hard-to-reach places, in the corners of walls, at platbands, skirting boards, you can paint only with brushes.
Oil paints can be done textured finish under various types of wood: under "walnut", under "mahogany", etc. The preparation and treatment of surfaces for textured finishing is carried out in the same way as for high-quality oil painting. First, the first, primer, layer of paint is applied to the prepared surface, the color of which should be slightly lighter than the lightest parts of the wood sample. The binder is a mixture of natural drying oil with a solvent - turpentine or gasoline in a ratio of 1: 1 with the addition of 3-5% desiccant.
One of the progressive methods of finishing the surfaces of building structures that improve the adhesion of paint to the surface to be finished is painting in an electrostatic field. At the same time, paint losses are reduced, fogging is reduced during painting. This progressive method is used mainly in the factory, when the product (structure) moves along the conveyor inside the spray booth, and the paint sprayers are in a stationary state.
Textured walls and ceilings. In the production of painting works, a number of artistic finishes can be used: spraying, cutting with a sponge, rolling a pattern with rollers, textured painting, giving relief drawings on the surface, stencil painting, airbrush painting, etc.
Finishing wood-like surfaces, decorative stone and silk, airbrush finishes, setting stencils, drawing panels and more is called alfrey works. At the same time, a fine-, medium- and coarse-grained texture of the finished surface is obtained, without glare and hiding small defects and roughness. This painting method saves labor costs on site,
The facades of buildings are painted with silicate, perchlorovinyl and cement-perchlorovinyl paints, solutions from organosilicon polymers etc. The paint on the facades should last as long as possible - at least 10 years. Modern dyes allow this to be achieved, but careful surface preparation and high-quality paint application are required. To remove old paint, dirt and soot, high-pressure water-sandblasting machines are used to clean surfaces with water and sand. The machines are distinguished by the pressure they develop - from 0.6 to 5 MPa, they are made with an electric, gasoline or diesel engine. Their use allows to increase labor productivity by about 10 times compared to working with hand tools.
The process of painting the facade of the building silicate paints(service life on facades - up to 50 years or more) includes the following operations:
cleaning surfaces from contamination; applying chalk paste to the glass outside or installing portable shields;
priming surfaces; mixing diluted liquid glass with a pigment mixture and filtering through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 0.3 mm;
surface painting; wiping glass.
For the preparation of silicate paints, only potash liquid glass is suitable (ordinary stationery silicate glue is sodium liquid glass). Potassium carbonates do not crystallize due to their high hygroscopicity.
It is possible to paint with these paints only rigid substrates - clay and silicate bricks, ceramic products. When painting surfaces on cement binders, they must first be treated with a 5% solution of oxalic acid, otherwise, after a few months, peeling of the coating from the cement substrate may occur.
The process of painting the facade of the building with perchlorovinyl and cement-perchlorovinyl paints consists of the following operations:
cleaning surfaces from contamination; applying chalk paste to glass outside or installing portable shields; priming; puttying; painting surfaces in two steps, wiping glass. Perchlorvinyl varnish of 5% concentration is used for priming.
Organization of production. Quality control. Safety Requirements. Painting work can be carried out in a building by floors - a horizontal scheme, or by sections - a vertical scheme (more convenient in housing construction). The building is divided into approximately equal in terms of labor intensity sections (captures), each of which should consist of an integer number of rooms, apartments, floors, etc. The capture is assigned to a specific team, which is responsible for the quality of work and the timing of their implementation. The work is carried out by a specialized or integrated team. The brigades are divided into links, which, moving one after another in the order of the technological sequence of work, form a continuous stream. The quantitative and qualification composition of the links may vary depending on the purpose of the buildings and the nature of the surfaces to be finished.
One of the options for the composition of the brigade working by the flow-dissected method may be the following. The brigade is divided into 6 units. Each link specializes in the implementation of separate processes:
the first link prepares the surfaces for puttying in a mechanized way;
the second link applies putty compositions on ceilings, walls of corridors and staircases;
the third link performs puttying of windows, doors, floors, panels in kitchens, sanitary facilities, lubricates skirting boards;
the fourth link clears metal surfaces from dirt and rust, paints panels in kitchens and bathrooms, pipes and radiators, electrical panels, mailboxes, metal railings for flights of stairs;
the fifth link grinds floors in a mechanized way, paints window casings and doors, primes and paints floors;
the sixth link pastes wallpaper over the walls.
When working with a flow-cyclic method, the team is divided into units that perform different types of finishing. For example, in a team of six units, the first and second are painted with water-chalk compositions on ceilings and walls. Third and fourth links paint walls and joinery oil paints. The fifth and sixth paper the walls.
With the conveyor method of producing painting work, the team consists of several links. Each link performs all painting and wallpaper work in the apartments assigned to it.
Facade painting starts from the top floor using suspended mechanized cradles. With a building height of up to 17 m, work can be carried out from telescopic towers; on buildings up to 12 floors high, manually operated cradles are also used. Work is performed, as a rule, in two links from two cradles. Two painters work in each cradle, who perform all operations: raise and lower the cradle, clean the facade surfaces, protect the glass; with the help of a paint-spray rod, they prime and then paint the surfaces. At the end of the work, both painters wipe the glass with a rag. One painter (two links) works at the painting station and ensures the supply of painting compositions to the workplaces.
In order for the painting to be uniform, it is recommended to interrupt the work only in places of architectural articulation of the facade (balconies, corners, etc.).
At the end of work, as well as during breaks lasting more than 30 minutes, the brush and fishing rod hoses are washed with a solvent (xylene or solvent). Unused paint is poured into a hermetically sealed container.
Acceptance of painting works is carried out after the water-based paints have dried and a strong film has formed on surfaces coated with oil compositions, enamels or varnishes.
The following requirements are imposed on the quality of painting work. Painted surfaces must be uniform. Brush marks, stripes, stains, streaks, splashes, wrinkling, gaps are not allowed. Surfaces treated with rollers or sponges must have a uniform pattern.
With high-quality painting, line curvature and painting of mating surfaces painted in different colors are not allowed; with improved coloring, these defects should not exceed 2 mm, with plain - 5 mm.
Borders, friezes, panels should be the same width throughout without visible joints.
For painting work, it is not allowed to use paints and solvents of unknown composition without their analysis and permission from the sanitary supervision authorities. As a solvent, it is forbidden to use highly toxic substances that cause severe poisoning (leaded gasoline, benzene, carbon tetrachloride) or have an increased allergic effect (turpentine).
It is necessary to ensure that containers with paint (cans, barrels, cans) have labels or tags with the name of the material, its brand, type of solvent, batch number, date of manufacture and weight. Metal containers for storing paints and varnishes should be closed with lids and opened with a tool that does not cause sparking.
Internal painting work using compounds that emit volatile vapors harmful to human health is carried out with open windows or the presence of ventilation providing at least two air changes per hour. When working with nitro paints, cross-ventilation is carried out. They stay in the zone of use of nitro-paints for no more than 4 hours and do not perform work that causes sparking and is associated with the use of open fire (electrical wiring must be explosion-proof or de-energized).
Painting works include painting various wooden, plastered, stone, concrete and metal surfaces. The essence of painting work is painting with colored and colorless compounds, which, when dried, form a film. It gives an elegant look, protects metals from corrosion, wooden structures from fire, all painted elements from chemically aggressive environments, improves sanitary and hygienic conditions for the operation of premises. Coloring is also produced for decorative and artistic design. interior spaces and external appearance of buildings, it protects against premature wear and increases the service life of buildings and structures.
In the technological chain construction works painting is performed last (after plastering and facing), with the exception of sanding and rubbing (varnishing) of parquet floors, linoleum flooring, installation of electrical and sanitary fittings.
The following main types of coloring are distinguished - lime, glue, casein, oil, enamel, emulsion and varnishes. The latter type of painting is used for the final finishing of already painted surfaces, and in addition to varnishing, it also includes polishing of these surfaces. The types of painting for each room are established by the project, and the painting work itself is carried out according to samples approved by technical supervision. Painting compositions and semi-finished products for painting works in the form of concentrates, pastes, briquettes and dry mixes are prepared mechanically at factories or in procurement workshops. At the work site, it is only allowed to bring the compositions to a working viscosity that provides surface coverage without running off the compositions and without noticeable brush marks.
Prior to the start of painting work, glazing is made, the heating system is installed and launched. Interior decoration perform at a room temperature not lower than +10 ° C and a relative humidity of not more than 70%.
2. Painting compositions and their properties
The decoration of the premises is carried out using a large number of different compositions, divided into painting and auxiliary.
Painting compositions should have certain properties that enable them to play the role of finishing, protective and decorative coatings. These properties include light, atmosphere, alkali and acid resistance, viscosity, coloring ability, tensile strength of the resulting film, bending, adhesion, etc. The main characteristics of paints that determine their quality are: service life, consumption per 1 m 2 of surface, appearance, environmental friendliness and ease of application.
Painting compositions are aquatic And non-aqueous. IN the composition of any edge includes a pigment, a binder, a solvent or thinner, fillers.
Pigments- dry coloring matter of organic and mineral origin, insoluble in water and solvents. Pigments can be natural or artificial.
Binders in aqueous solutions - bone glue, casein, starch, lime, cement, liquid glass; in non-aqueous formulations - natural drying oil, drying oil oxol, synthetic binders and emulsions. The purpose of the binders is the adhesion of the pigment particles to each other and the creation of a thin coloring film that is firmly fixed on the surface to be painted.
Drying oil- a substance that has found a very wide application. It is obtained on the basis of vegetable oils (linseed, hemp, sunflower) that have undergone special processing - oxidation or prolonged heating at high temperatures. Drying oil as a binder is needed for the preparation of paints, putties, putties, it is impregnated with wood before staining. Drying oil oxol is a solution of oxidized vegetable oil and a desiccant in a solvent - gasoline. Due to the oxidation of drying oil, oxol is more active as a binder, dries faster, which means that the coating layer based on it has the same properties, but the resulting coating has increased brittleness and less durability.
Thinners And solvents
serve to provide the necessary
viscosity and color composition and dilution of thickened and thickened
colors.
Fillers added to paint formulations to improve them
adhesion to the base, increase in strength, fire resistance, etc.
For this purpose, ground talc, asbestos, mica, tripoli, kaolin,
sand of various sizes.
To improve the technological and operational qualities of paints
serve as emulsifiers, water repellents, plasticizers, desiccants, antiseptics, etc.
Auxiliary compositions include primers, putties, lubricants, grinding materials.
Primer- a paint composition containing a pigment and a binder. These are more liquid paint compositions that serve to reduce the porosity of the painted surfaces and improve their adhesiveness. Water primers include vitriol, alum and silicate compositions. Oil primers- drying oil, oil color liquid diluted with drying oil, oil-emulsion composition, etc.; synthetically and compositions - perchlorovinyl, polyvinyl acetate, styrene-butadiene, which are prepared by diluting the corresponding paints with water. Putties and lubricating pastes are prepared on the same binders as paint compositions, but with a large amount of filler, as a result of which they have a pasty consistency. The purpose of putties is to level primed surfaces, lubricating pastes - to seal individual small irregularities, cracks, surface damage.
3. Preparation of surfaces for painting
The painting of surfaces consists of a series of sequentially performed operations, which can be divided into preparation for painting him mediocre painting. The operations of preparing the base for painting include: cleaning and leveling the surface of the base, priming the surface (prooling), puttying, grinding and the second priming.
The surface to be painted must be dry, free from dust and dirt, mortar splashes, grease stains, corrosion and carefully leveled. The rough surfaces of the plaster are smoothed out, small cracks are embroidered and sealed with mortar to a depth of at least 2 mm. Plastered surfaces after they have dried, smoothed with pumice or a wooden block, metal surfaces are cleaned of rust with metal brushes or sandblasting machine
The humidity of the plastered or concrete surface before painting should not exceed 8%, wooden surfaces- 12%, wetter surfaces can be painted, but only with lime, cement and silicate paints. Painting on previously painted surfaces is carried out only after thorough cleaning of old damaged paint and putty. Before painting, the surface is primed, puttied and sanded.
Depending on the quality of the readiness of the surface for painting, they are divided into four groups:
1) concrete and gypsum concrete, not requiring putty;
2) lined with fibreboard, patching cracks and
putty on which is approximately 15% of the area;
3) plastered, sealing cracks and putty on which occupies approximately 35% of the area;
4) surfaces, on the entire area of which it is necessary to seal cracks and putty.
Surface cleaning from dust produced by compressed air or brushes. Pollution, grease and resin stains are removed with rags, steel spatulas, various solvents are used. Metal surfaces are cleaned of rust with spatulas, brushes, scrapers, pneumatic and electric grinders. For large areas of surfaces to be cleaned, it is advisable to use sandblasting machines.
priming(applying a preparatory layer) - preliminary painting with liquid paint compositions - is carried out in order to impregnate the surface, which will ensure strong adhesion of subsequent paint layers to it and give the surface uniformity. i Primers for adhesive painting are made on the basis of vitriol (0.3 kg of copper sulfate, 0.25 kg of tile adhesive and 0.3 kg of laundry soap are taken per 10 liters of water), lime soil, soap maker, alum, etc. are used. Under lime and casein coloring is done with a lime primer, under oil painting the surface is covered with drying oil.
When preparing the surface for painting with aqueous compositions, the primer is performed several times - before partial lubrication of individual places, before applying each layer of putty and before painting; vro secures and levels the base. The primer is applied to the surface with rollers and brushes, mechanized spraying - with the help of paint rods and sprayers.
Surface preparation for painting is carried out manually by oiling the base with brushes or rollers. A small amount of pigment (5 ... 10%) is added to the drying oil or the finished paint for priming the surface is diluted with drying oil in a ratio of 1:8 to 1:10. The presence of pigment in the priming composition allows you to find possible gaps on the surface during the work and immediately prime them. Oxol drying oil is used, which, under favorable conditions, dries out in a day. Applying a putty or paint composition to a still wet base leads to the formation of bubbles and peeling of the coating. For priming, water-oil primer has recently begun to be widely used instead of drying oil.
grease- filling with putty compositions of obvious irregularities on the treated surface: cracks in wooden structures, cracks in plaster, damaged places on concrete surfaces.
Puttying surfaces - applying the putty composition on the primed surface with a uniform layer of 1 ... 3 mm. Depending on the binder, putty pastes are made into adhesive, oil, oil-adhesive and varnish pastes. To apply pastes to the surface with the manual method, wooden, metal and rubber spatulas of various sizes and designs are used. With the mechanized method, air sprayers and mechanized spatulas have become widespread, the composition is applied to the surface under pressure. Depending on the requirements for painting, the surfaces are puttied one or more times with intermediate grinding and priming. Paste for lubrication should be thick, for putty - medium consistency.
grinding- smoothing the surface and eliminating all irregularities on it is carried out after each lubrication and puttying with pumice or sandpaper manually, with pneumatic or electric grinders.
Painting compositions and semi-finished products are prepared in special workshops and in mobile painting stations, which include paint grinders, mixers, grinders, glue cookers, vibrating screens.
4. Surface painting
Depending on the purpose of the buildings, the category of painting works is established. There are three types of coloring in terms of quality: simple, improved and high quality. The difference between them is determined by how well the surface of the wall or ceiling is prepared for painting, as well as the quality of preparation and application of coloring compositions to the surface. The category of finishing is assigned depending on the requirements for finishing. All coloring compositions are applied to the surface in a thin and even layer so that no brush marks are visible and the entire surface is painted evenly without smudges.
simple coloring used when finishing the surfaces of auxiliary and temporary buildings, warehouses and other minor structures.
Improved coloring used in the decoration of residential, public, educational and domestic premises with a permanent stay of people.
High quality painting used in the decoration of theaters, clubs, stations, palaces of culture and similar public buildings. The higher the requirements for the quality of finishing of buildings, the more operations have to be performed when preparing surfaces for painting.
Coloring is divided into internal and external . Higher requirements are imposed on exterior painting in terms of weather and frost resistance of painted facades, enclosing structures of loggias and balconies.
The painted surface can be obtained smooth and rough, the latter is called "shagreen" painting and is applicable when painting ceilings, walls of staircases and facades of buildings. Depending on the intensity of the gloss, the painted surfaces are divided into glossy and matte. When decorative and artistic decoration of the surface of the walls can be painted under precious woods or expensive fabrics.
Before starting the painting work, it is necessary to prepare the surfaces and complete the general construction work in the apartment. In particular, it is necessary:
- Complete the installation of all structures, complete the laying of communications, engineering, electrical networks;
- Lay waterproofing, sound and thermal insulation materials; close the connecting seams in the joints of panels and blocks, as well as the interface between the walls and door and window frames;
- Windows must be glazed;
- Installed built-in interior elements;
- Checked ventilation systems, heat, water and gas supply;
- Installed fasteners for facing materials, suspended structures;
- Suitable temperature and humidity conditions are maintained;
- Plastering and drywall installation work completed.
The technology of painting works consists of several stages:
Surface preparation
Preparation for painting work is to dedust the surface and perform priming. To do this, it is necessary to use special impregnating and penetrating primers.
Pre and final leveling
Puttying is a surface finish with special putty mixtures. This stage is the preliminary decorative trim and painting. There are two types of alignment - this is the base layer and the finish one. The first layer is applied in order to close up large recesses, holes, chips, cracks and crevices. The initial putty is carried out with coarse-grained compositions. The putty layer can reach two centimeters, while all the recesses and recesses are filled with a solution, and then it is leveled over the entire surface. If the wall has large defects, several putty layers are created: after applying each layer, they wait for drying, then the surface is sanded, primed and the next layer is applied again. In some cases, when pre-puttying walls with large recesses and cracks, a special fiberglass mesh is used so that microcracks do not appear on the walls after painting. After carrying out these operations, finishing puttying is carried out from fine-grained materials - the final stage of puttying work. Thanks to the finishing putty, you can achieve perfect flat surfaces in the premises.
After the putty has dried, a thorough sanding of the surface is carried out. The last procedure will give you the opportunity to get the perfect smooth wall or ceiling, which can be subjected to painting or other types of decorative and finishing work. Wall putty, as well as ceiling putty, is carried out with a special spatula made of stainless metal, hard plastic (depending on the type of putty and the density of the solution). requires special attention, as it is the most complex view painting works. During this work, the solution is distributed over the surface with a spatula, which is held at an angle of approximately thirty to thirty-five degrees to the plane of the wall or ceiling.
Putty application technology
To apply putty, a spatula is used to collect a certain amount of mortar, which is applied to the surface, trying to make the layer not very thick. Then, pressing the tool against the wall surface and holding it at a certain angle, level the solution, creating a layer of the required thickness. When pre-puttying walls and ceilings, several layers are created until all irregularities are completely leveled.
Surface grinding
Craftsmen usually use a skinner, which rubs the surface in different directions, achieving absolute smoothness before painting work. Particular attention should be paid to the force of pressing the skinner on the surface, it should be the same throughout the work. Sanding is a very important part of the painting process. To check the quality of the work performed, you must use a spotlight. It often happens that after checking, some places have to be puttyed again and sanded again.
Painting
Painting works
Rice. 1.
Painting tools and accessories:
1 - flywheel;
2 - flute brush;
3 - brush-brush;
4 - handbrake;
5 - panel brush;
6 - trimming brush;
7 - steel brushes;
8 - roller;
9 - metal spatula.
Painting works Finishing work associated with coloring various surfaces ceilings, walls, floors, equipment, etc. to increase their lifespan, make them look beautiful, and improve indoor hygiene. When performing painting work, various paint compositions, or paints containing pigments and liquid binders, both water-based and non-aqueous, are used. Lime, cement, liquid glass and adhesives are usually used as binders in aqueous paint compositions, and natural and artificial drying oils, synthetic resins and bitumen are used in non-aqueous . For interior decoration, the most common are glue, lime, oil, enamel, water-based paints and various varnishes. Most paints and varnishes can be purchased in stores ready-made or in the form of semi-finished products, but some are easy to make yourself. From other materials, paint thinners (,) will also be required for work, as well as auxiliary painting mixtures - primers, fillers and lubricating pastes.
The main operations during painting work: cleaning and leveling (smoothing) the surface, applying a primer, lubricating defective areas, puttying and grinding, the actual painting and final finishing surfaces. In some cases, all kinds of artistic finishes can be classified as painting work: spraying, rolling a pattern with a roller, textured painting, stencil painting, etc. Only with the right work can you get durable coatings that will last a long time.
Tools and fixtures. To perform painting work, various (including special) tools are required, the main of which are shown in Fig. 1. To apply paint compositions and primers, brushes, rollers, spray guns (spray guns) and spray guns are used.
Paint brushes are usually made from bristles, horsehair or mixtures of bristles and hair (most common); Depending on the purpose, they come in various sizes and shapes.
Fly brushes, having long hair, are used mainly for painting large surfaces walls, ceilings. The industry produces fly brushes, both requiring a special garter (so that the hair does not fall out), and ready-made, the hair of which is strengthened in a metal ring with a handle (the diameter of the finished brushes is 6065 mm, the length of the hair is about 100 mm). To tie the brushes (Fig. 2), first, a loop is made from twine 23 mm thick so that one (short) end of it has a length of 5060 mm, put the loop on the brush, stepping back from its end by 10 mm, and tighten it tightly . Then the short end of the twine is pulled along the hair bundle, and the long end is wrapped around the brush for a length of 5060 mm, a loop is made and the ends are tightened. The tied brush is tightly planted on the handle - a sharpened round folder (pin), the end of which is pointed in the form of a pyramid so that the brush does not rotate on the pin. Before work, the finished flywheel should be wrapped (tied) with strong twine so that the length of the free hair is 7090 mm (when working with water-based paints) and 5070 mm (when using oil and enamel). A tied brush becomes more elastic, rubs better and is less clogged with paint. As the hair wears out, the strapping should be gradually reduced. During staining, the fly brush is held perpendicular (or at a slight angle) to the surface, while making uniform waves with the hand and covering the surface with long wide stripes (the so-called strokes), which are shaded in the course of work. The pressure on the brush during the stroke should increase as the paint is used up. They hold the flywheel with either two hands on the pin and drive it in full swing, or hold the pin firmly with the left hand, and drive it with the right hand; while the right hand slides along the pin, then approaching the left hand, then moving away from it. The paint is applied to the wall with both horizontal and vertical strokes, blending them well (Fig. 3). So that the paint composition does not flow onto the hands, the pin is wrapped 3050 cm below the brush with a rag or foam rubber in the form of a roller.
When stained with chalk and lime compositions instead of fly brushes, it is recommended to use wide whitewash brushes and brushes, characterized by high productivity and allowing to obtain high quality coloring. Surfaces painted with these brushes do not need to be flattened.
Handbrakes small brushes with a short wooden handle; are intended mainly for painting small surfaces window frames, doors, radiators, skirting boards, etc. They are used in cases where it is impossible to work with large brushes, as well as when painting with oil paints. Handbrakes are made either entirely from semi-spinal bristles, or with a 50% addition of horsehair; their diameter is from 25 to 55 mm. Bristle (hair) can be fixed directly in the hole wooden handle(using glue), in a metal cartridge (clip) or in a thick metal ring. There are handbrakes that have voids between the bristle layers; this is done so that the brush springs better and picks up more paint. Brushes with bristles “on glue” should not be used for coloring with glue and other water-based compositions in order to avoid soaking of the glue and hair loss. Before starting work, the handbrakes, as well as the flywheels, must be tied up, leaving a hair no more than 4045 mm long (when using glue paint) and 3040 mm (for handbrakes of medium size when painting with oil). The paint is picked up with a handbrake in small portions, immersing the brush by 1020 mm, and applied with wide, even strokes, followed by shading with a thin layer, first in one and then in the other direction. The handbrake is held so that the hair of the brush works not with the end, but with the side part (Fig. 4, pos. 1). In this case, the pressure should be so strong that the hair slightly arches.
Flutes flat brushes with long, thin and elastic hair; are made of high-quality semi-spinal bristle or badger hair with a width of 25 to 100 mm. They are mainly used for smoothing (flatting) freshly applied paint - removing streaks, clots, translucent areas and other defects, but can also be used for painting various surfaces to obtain a smooth, glossy finish. The freshly painted surface is fluted with the ends of the brush along the last shading. The flute should be carried over the paint layer with little or no pressure, with the very tip of the hair (Fig. 4, pos. 2). In the process of fletching, the brush is impregnated with a coloring composition, so it must be regularly wrung out and wiped with a rag. You can only flatten with a dry brush, so after washing, the flutes must be thoroughly dried.
Panel brushes from hard bristles are produced with a diameter of 6, 8, 10, 14 and 18 mm and are designed for applying narrow strips of paint (so-called panels), as well as for painting surface areas that are not accessible to the handbrake. If necessary, panel brushes are also tied.
Trimmers rectangular brushes made of hard spinal bristles, reinforced in a wooden block with a handle (block size 154 × 76 mm). Serve for processing a freshly painted surface "under the shagreen". Trimming is applied with weak uniform blows so that the hair of the brush only slightly touches the paint (Fig. 4, pos. 3). From blows, the paint is leveled, forming a coating with a rough surface (in the form of tiny tubercles). It is not recommended to hit the same place more than once with a crosscut: after the paint dries, these places will stand out. Coatings of glue and oil paints are usually trimmed, always with a clean and dry brush, therefore, during work, the brush often has to be wiped with a dry cloth. After washing, the trim should be dried well. (In the absence of a special brush for trimming, a regular clothes brush can also be used.)
In the course of work, all brushes wear out. To ensure uniform abrasion of the hair around the entire circumference of the brush, when coloring, it must be rotated from time to time, turning different parties to the painted surface.
For priming and painting smooth (non-embossed), large surfaces (e.g. walls, ceilings, door panels) instead of brushes, special rollers are used, with which you can apply any paint compositions. The roller is a wooden, plastic or duralumin cylinder, covered on top with a replaceable cover made of fleecy fabric, fur or foam rubber, freely rotating around the axis of the handle-holder, to which it is attached with a nut. Roller diameter from 40 to 70 mm, length from 100 to 250 mm.
To work with a roller, the paint composition is poured into a bucket or a special tray, into which it is necessary to insert a grid on a frame or steel sheet with punched holes for squeezing out excess paint collected with a roller. Having dipped the roller in the paint, it is rolled over the grid, brought to the surface and pushed in the right direction with pressure (Fig. 5). The paint must be carefully shaded, for which the roller is rolled several times in the same place (on the walls, usually first from top to bottom, then from bottom to top), applying stripes of paint (the so-called lases) one on top of the other so that they overlap by 4050 mm. Excess paint collected by the roller is transferred to the unpainted part of the surface. As the paint is used up, the pressure on the roller is increased; at the same time, it is necessary to ensure that no streaks remain during the staining process. Roller painting is usually done in 12 times. Since the roller (compared to brushes) does not rub the paint into the surface as much, it is not recommended to use it for painting. textured surfaces, as well as if there are cracks, potholes and other minor defects on them.
Water-based paints can be conveniently and quickly applied using various sprayers, such as a spray gun, a garden sprayer or a spray gun included with a vacuum cleaner. Before spraying, the paint composition must be carefully filtered.
When preparing surfaces for painting, you need to have a spatula for applying and leveling putties, pastes and some other purposes; scraper, bream (pieces of brick made of white refractory clay), pumice or sandpaper for cleaning and grinding surfaces, removing old paint; steel brushes for cleaning metal products from rust.
For work, you will also need a wooden ruler (for marking, removing panels), a chopping cord with a hanging load, a level, a folding rule, a knife, a chisel, as well as various containers (basins, buckets, etc.) for the preparation and breeding of paint compositions and primers, a frequent sieve or gauze for filtering them. Enamelware is the most convenient: it does not rust, does not collapse as quickly as galvanized, and is easy to clean. In order to protect against premature destruction, utensils made of galvanized or black steel are preliminarily coated with oil paint 23 times (after each painting, the utensils must be dried for at least 2 days).
At the end of the painting work, the dishes and tools must be thoroughly washed. Adhesive and other water-soluble paints are easily washed off with warm or hot water. From oil and enamel paints, the inventory is first cleaned with kerosene, turpentine or white spirit, and then washed with mild soap or water. soda solution(after removing the temporary strapping from the brush) until the water stops coloring. It is not recommended to use gasoline and acetone for washing brushes, as they dry the hair and make it brittle. Washed brushes are squeezed out of excess water and dried in a suspended state with the hair down, giving the hair the shape of a torch and lightly tying it with twine or gauze so that it does not diverge to the sides when it dries.
All paint and varnish materials and solvents should be stored in hermetically sealed containers.
Preparation of surfaces for painting. Painting work begins with the inspection and preparation of surfaces. The list of basic preparatory operations and their sequence when finishing the room depend mainly on the surface material, the choice of paint composition, and also on what kind of finish is supposed to be - simple, improved or high-quality (table).
List and sequence of basic operations when painting walls and ceilings
| Operations | Type of finish | ||
| simple | improved | high quality | |
| Surface cleaning | + | + | + |
| Surface Smoothing | + | + | + |
| Cutting and jointing of cracks and other defects | | + | + |
| First priming | + | + | + |
| Lubrication of defective places | | + | + |
| Sanding smudged areas | | + | + |
| Solid putty | | | + |
| Sanding the putty surface | | | + |
| Second priming | | + | + |
| First coloring | + | + | + |
| Flaming | | | + |
| Second coloring | + | + | + |
| Flattening or trimming | | + | + |
New plastered and concrete surfaces must be leveled (smoothed) before painting; they are cleaned with pumice, bream or sandpaper, removing bumps and roughness. Cleaning is carried out on dry surfaces. If there are cracks in the plaster, then they are “embroidered”, that is, grooves with a depth of at least 3 mm (usually triangular in section) are cut out with a knife or a metal spatula along the cracks, cleaned of plaster residues, moistened with water and filled plaster mortar or specially prepared lubricating paste of chalk and gypsum, after which it is well dried and rubbed.
In preparation wooden surfaces first, it is necessary to cut down all the knots, dowels, resins in the wood to a depth of about 3 mm, to cut the cracks; then prime the surface and, after drying, apply putty or lubricating paste to the defective places, dry the leveled surface again and clean it. If knots, dowels are not removed and nails are not drowned, then when the wood dries out, they will protrude above its surface; as a result, the paint in these places will crack and flake off.
Preparation metal surfaces painting is reduced mainly to cleaning them with a metal brush from rust, dirt and subsequent priming.
Preparing earlier painted surfaces(this applies primarily to walls and ceilings) they begin with the removal of whitewash - an old, usually thick layer of paint, cutting cracks, eliminating stains, chips and other plaster defects. Old stains and heavy dirt are abundantly moistened with hot water and scraped off with a scraper. If the nabels are difficult to remove, they are moistened with a 23% hydrochloric acid solution; the paint swells, after which the surfaces are washed with water.
Stains of rust and soot on plastered surfaces are treated with hot grass vitriol solution (for 1 liter of water from 50 to 100 g of copper sulphate); greasy stains with hot 2% soda solution. Rust stains can also be removed with a paste consisting of 1 part sodium citrate dissolved in 6 parts water with chalk or glycerin added, or washed with hot concentrated oxalic acid. If the stains on the plaster cannot be eliminated by the indicated methods, then they should be painted over with whitewash or oil paint.
Sooty surfaces are recommended to be washed with a 2% solution of hydrochloric acid, then with clean hot water and primed after drying. In case of severe contamination, after washing with acid and water, the surfaces are ground lime mortar cooked on fine sand.
Leak stains on the ceiling are best treated in one of the following ways:
wash the stain with water, dry, cover with white enamel or zinc white, then putty and proliferate before painting;
after drying, cover the stain with a hydrophobic putty prepared on the basis of an ordinary oil-chalk putty with the addition of a hydrophobic liquid (such as GKZH-10 or GKZH-11);
wash the stain with grass (see above), putty and dry.
To destroy mold on plastered surfaces, the affected areas should be smeared several times with a 15% solution of salicylic acid in denatured or pure alcohol, or with penicillin diluted in saline or novocaine.
Efflorescence (white salt deposits on paint or plaster) is usually removed with a wire brush, washed with a weak solution of hydrochloric acid, which is washed off with water.
When repairing surfaces previously painted with oil paint or other non-aqueous compounds, loose or weakly adhering layers of paint are scraped off with a spatula. If old paint holds firmly, it is cleaned with sandpaper, contaminated surfaces are washed with warm soapy water, and in case of significant contamination with solvents (turpentine, kerosene, gasoline); defective places close up with putty. If there are many defects on the old coating, then it has to be removed completely. In this case, it is best to treat the surface with special chemical compositions - washes (See about them in the article). Oil paint can also be softened with a mixture ammonia and turpentine, taken in a ratio of 2:1. The composition is applied to the surface with a paint brush, after softening the paint is cleaned off with a spatula or scraper, the surface is washed and dried.
To remove the old varnish coating, a paste consisting of ammonia and soap is applied, the surface is wiped with a rag, while the varnish is removed along with the paste.
Before painting surfaces over old oil paint, newly plastered or puttied places should be pre-coated 12 times with paint of the same color as the old one, otherwise these areas will stand out due to uneven absorption of drying oil, which is part of the paint, and in addition, one-color the surface is easier to paint. Instead of pre-painting, puttied places can be covered 23 times with a primer (primer).
Surface priming one of the main operations that is carried out to create an additional layer that provides a strong adhesion of the paint to the surface. Forming a thin waterproof film on the surface, primers also provide uniform absorption of the paint composition, which makes it possible to obtain an even, uniform coating. Without priming, it is impossible to perform high-quality painting.
Depending on the quality of the surface, the primer is applied in one or more layers. Only dry surfaces are primed; each new layer of soil is applied on a well-dried previous layer. The last coat of primer should be carefully shaded, as otherwise streaks will remain on the treated surface, affecting the purity of the color. If the coloring is supposed to be done at one time, then the shading of the primer and paint should be carried out in opposite directions: primers with horizontal strokes, and paints with vertical strokes. Strokes, intersecting, will allow you to get a more even color of the surface.
As a rule, primers have a strictly defined purpose, for example, only for adhesive or lime paints, but there are also universal ones.
Primer-soap maker. For 10 liters of the composition you will need: 23 kg of lime dough or 12 kg of boiled lime (lumpy quicklime), 200 g of laundry soap (40%), 100 g of drying oil and water. The soap is cut into small chips and dissolved in 23 liters of boiling water. Drying oil is added in a thin stream to hot soapy water, after which it is thoroughly mixed until a homogeneous composition (emulsion) is obtained. The resulting soap-oil emulsion is slowly poured into the lime paste, after thorough mixing, the mixture is diluted with water and filtered through a fine sieve. If boiled lime is used, then it is quenched in 5 liters of water and, during quenching, the emulsion is gradually added to the solution, stirring constantly. Oil drops should not float on the surface of the finished primer.
When processing heavily smoked surfaces in the composition of the soap maker, it is necessary to increase the content of soap by 2 times and drying oil by 34 times.
The primer-soap maker is suitable for both lime and adhesive compositions(provided that alkali-resistant pigments are used in the paints), however, for glue painting it is better to prepare a vitriol or alum primer.
vitriol primer. For 10 liters of composition: 100150 g of copper sulfate, 250 g of laundry soap (40%), 200 g of dry wood glue, 2530 g of drying oil, 23 kg of sifted chalk. First, copper sulfate is dissolved in an enamel bowl in 3 liters of boiling water. In another bowl, glue is boiled in 2 liters of water; soap is dissolved separately in 2 liters of water, poured into the glue and mixed thoroughly. In a hot soapy-adhesive liquid, the drying oil is gradually introduced with constant stirring, and then a solution of copper sulphate. After cooling, chalk is added to the resulting mixture and topped up to a volume of 10 liters. The prepared primer (a homogeneous liquid of a greenish-bluish color) is filtered through a frequent copper sieve or several layers of gauze and poured into a wooden or enamel bowl for storage.
Alum primer. For 10 liters of composition: 150 g of potassium alum, 200 g of laundry soap (40%), 200 g of dry wood glue, 2530 g of drying oil, 23 kg of sifted chalk. Dissolve alum in 3 liters of boiling water, in another container (in 23 liters of boiling water) glue. Soap is also better to dissolve separately in 2 l hot water. Pour soap solution into the glue solution, mix and add drying oil. Then pour alum solution into the resulting emulsion with constant stirring, cool, add chalk and dilute with water to the specified volume, then mix the primer thoroughly and strain.
Priming water compositions are applied with fly brushes in 12 layers. In the process of priming, the brush must be moved sequentially, first in one (for example, longitudinal), and then in the other (transverse) direction. If dark stripes or spots remain after the primer dries, the surface is primed again. It is possible to cover the primed surface with color only after the primer has completely dried (in about a day).
If the surfaces are heavily smoked and they have to be primed 23 times, the first priming is performed with a strong (concentrated) hot composition with a temperature of 7080 ° C, the second with a slightly weaker concentration of a warm composition (4050 ° C); for the third layer, an even weaker composition is used, slightly lukewarm or cold. Lowering the temperature is necessary so that each subsequent primer cannot “melt” the previously applied one. Primers different concentration obtained by increasing or decreasing, respectively, the amount of water or the amount of vitriol, alum and chalk, against that indicated in the recipe. It is recommended to store primers for adhesive painting no more than 2 days from the moment of preparation.
IN as a primer for oil painting when processing metal, plastered and wooden surfaces, drying oil is used in its pure form or with the addition of a small amount of pigments or grated paint. Coloring agents are added to drying oil in order to see gaps and other errors in the primer during work and correct them in time. In order for drying oil to penetrate deeper into wood or plaster, it is heated, then pigments are added, mixed and applied to the surface for 12 times.
In the case of an improved or high-quality finish, the surface is first primed, puttied, then thoroughly oiled before painting or (preferably) primed again with liquid oil paint of the same color as the main composition. To do this, thickly grated oil paint is diluted with natural drying oil in a ratio of 1: 1 (2). Drying oil is poured into the paint, everything is thoroughly mixed and filtered through a fine sieve. Sometimes the RS-2 solvent is introduced into the primer (up to 100 g per 1 kg of drying oil).
grease defective areas also refers to the preparatory operations preceding painting, and consists mainly in sealing cracks, potholes and other small irregularities on the surface. Special pastes used for this purpose, as well as primers, are prepared on their own, depending on the type of paint composition used. Pastes are applied to cut cracks with a spatula, leveled, after drying, the surface is cleaned (grinded) with a piece of pumice stone or sandpaper and, if continuous puttying is not required, they proceed to re-priming.
As a lubricant paste for adhesive coloring, it is recommended to use the following compositions.
Gypsum paste on glue: gypsum (1 kg), chalk (23 kg), 25% wood glue solution (until a working consistency is obtained). Gypsum and chalk mixed together. Pour the glue solution into a baking sheet, while stirring, pour in a thin stream of the gypsum-melon mixture, then mix everything thoroughly until a homogeneous mass is obtained. The density of the paste can be adjusted by adding a gypsum-melt mixture or an adhesive solution.
vitriol paste. It is prepared on the basis of a gypsum-melt mixture (composed in a ratio of 1: 2) and a vitriol-glue emulsion obtained by adding a 10% glue solution to the vitriol primer (150 g of glue per 1 liter of primer). Gradually introduce the gypsum mixture into the emulsion with constant stirring, bringing the mass to a paste-like consistency.
For oil painting, it is best to use an oil-adhesive paste consisting of drying oil (1 kg), a 10% solution of wood glue (100 g), and chalk (2.53 kg). While stirring, slowly pour drying oil into the prepared hot adhesive solution, then pour chalk into the resulting emulsion in a thin stream and mix everything thoroughly. The density of the paste is adjusted by adding chalk or emulsion.
Solid spatula. The surfaces to be painted are not always smooth, so they have to be leveled with putty. The special compositions used for this purpose - putties should have the consistency of loose dough (thick putties are difficult to level).
Putties on animal (bone) and vegetable glues are recommended for glue coloring. Widely used adhesive putty, which includes a 10% solution of bone glue (1 kg), drying oil (25 g) and dry chalk sifted through a fine sieve (about 2.5 kg). Drying oil is poured into the hot adhesive solution in a thin stream and mixed until a homogeneous emulsion is obtained. Chalk is kneaded on the emulsion, the amount of which is determined by the density of the putty. To facilitate leveling the putty on the surface, 15 g of laundry soap can be added to the composition; it is cut into thin chips, placed in a hot adhesive solution (before the introduction of drying oil) and continuously stirred until the soap is completely dispersed.
Putty on vegetable glue: 5% adhesive solution (1 kg), drying oil, preferably natural (30 g), sifted dry chalk (about 2.5 kg). A 5% paste is prepared from flour or starch; in a hot paste with constant stirring, first add drying oil, and then chalk, bringing the putty to a working density.
Adhesive putty with primer: 10% glue solution (150 g), vitriol or alum primer (9001000 g), chalk (about 2.5 kg). The vitriol primer is mixed with an adhesive solution and chalk is kneaded on the resulting composition.
Under oil paints and enamels, semi-oil or oil putties are used. Semi-oil putty on natural drying oil it consists of 1 kg of drying oil, 250 g of solvent (turpentine), 50 g of a desiccant, 200 g of a 10% glue solution, 20 g of liquid soap and about 2.5 kg of sifted chalk. First, a soap-adhesive solution is prepared, drying oil is poured into it with thorough mixing, then a solvent, a desiccant, and chalk into the resulting emulsion. Semi-oil putty can also be prepared on drying oil Oksol; in this case, no solvent should be added to the putty.
Oil putty obtained by mixing natural drying oil (1 kg) and desiccant (100 g), followed by the addition of dry sifted chalk to the desired density. This putty is characterized by slow drying, but has increased strength. It is recommended for use in preparation for painting floors, window casings, window sills, exterior doors and other surfaces exposed to moisture.
As putties for alkyd paints, you can also use ready-made compounds produced by the industry: pentaphthalic putties PF-002 and PF-0044 for filling wooden and oiled surfaces, Karbolat, Polyplast mastic and some others. When preparing surfaces for painting with nitroenamels, nitrocellulose putties are used (for example, NTs-007 and NTs-008).
Putty is usually applied with a wooden or metal spatula. IN right hand take a spatula, take a small portion of putty with it and spread it on the surface; then press the spatula blade with the left hand and level with vertical or horizontal movements, holding the spatula at an angle to the surface (Fig. 6). The stronger the pressure, the thinner the layer of putty. Bindings, platbands, as well as various bottlenecks (in cases where it is inconvenient to work with a spatula) are smoothed out using hard rubber strips of the desired width with evenly cut or curly edges.
Depending on the quality of the surface, puttying has to be done from one to three times. After applying each layer of putty, the treated areas must be cleaned with sandpaper or pumice. It is better to apply the second layer of putty on a previously primed and dried surface it lays down in a thinner layer, and besides, it is easier to putty on the primer. To clean the putty, the sandpaper is folded in several layers and rubbed with it in different directions. It will be more convenient to work if you wrap a wooden block with sandpaper. The remaining roughness, scratches are corrected by repeated puttying and cleaning (grinding). Cleans putty surfaces both dry and wet. Dry grinding is used for adhesive putties, wet for semi-oily and oily ones.
In terms of surface finish, wet processing is generally superior to dry processing. The sanded surface is re-primed, allowed to dry and proceed to painting.
Preparation of paint compositions. Coloring. When performing painting work, paint compositions are used that are ready-to-use (factory-made) or prepared independently from dry building paints, chalk, lime, water, etc. There are simple and complex paint compositions. Simple ones are obtained by mixing one pigment (for example, minium, ocher, mummy) with a binder. To obtain a complex color (colour), several pigments are usually required, which are mixed together in certain proportions. So, to get a beige color, mix chalk, cinnabar, umber. To give whiteness to chalk compositions, a little ultramarine is added to chalk, which has a pure yellowish tint. Compositions containing more than one pigment are called complex.
Not all pigments can be mixed with each other. Do not mix: zinc white with mercury cinnabar, barite yellow, zinc yellow and azure; white lead with lithoponic, mercury vermilion, barite yellow, zinc yellow, ultramarine; lithoponic white with zinc, yellow crown, lead chromium green, cobalt violet; titanium white with azure; crown yellow with mercury vermilion and barite yellow; zinc yellow with cobalt blue, violet, ultramarine, etc. Violation of this condition reduces the quality of the color, as it leads to a rapid change in the color of the coating. With all paints, you can mix chromium oxide, ocher, mummy, umber, iron minium, sienna, emerald green, malachite, burnt bone.
To get the color composition High Quality, it is necessary to strictly observe the technology of its preparation. All materials included in the composition must be pre-sifted through a fine sieve; before use ready composition it is desirable to strain. Pigments should not be introduced into the binder in dry form, as they do not always mix well and the remaining small grains can be smudged under the brush, leaving streaks on the painted surface. Dry paints are recommended to be diluted with water to the density of liquid sour cream, let stand for 13 days, stirring occasionally, then strain through a fine sieve and only then add to the composition.
Painting compositions are conditionally divided into water (lime, adhesive, silicate, etc.), water-based, oil and enamel.
Aqueous paint compositions are intended mainly for painting walls and ceilings. To give such compositions the necessary strength, they are fixed (or, as they say, glued) by adding glue, drying oil or table salt. White water-based paints are commonly referred to as whitewashes.
At self-cooking water painting composition, it is required to check it for the selected color, density and gluing. To check the color, you need to apply a small amount of the composition to a piece of glass or tin and dry it over a fire, then determine the color and, if necessary, add the missing pigments to the color scheme. To check the composition for density, a stick is immersed in it, after a while it is removed and held vertically. Density is considered normal if the stick is painted with an even continuous layer, and the excess composition flows down in a thin continuous stream. You can check the density and others in a different way. On a piece of clean, dry glass, apply a drop of the composition, put the glass vertically. If at the same time the drop flows down to 23 Look, then the composition has a normal density. To check for gluing, a trial coloring is done. With an excess of fixing material after drying, the paint film cracks and moves away (flakes off) from the painted surface; with a lack of , the applied paint is shallowed (dirty).
- (from German Mahler painter) application of paint compositions on the surface of structures of buildings and structures in order to increase their service life, improve sanitary and hygienic conditions in the premises and give them a beautiful appearance. IN… … Great Soviet EncyclopediaThe composition of technological operations
Building codes establish three types of paints in terms of quality: simple, improved and high-quality, and a list of technological operations that must be performed so that the corresponding paint meets the sanitary, technical or aesthetic requirements imposed on it.
The use of foreign-made paint and varnish materials, which are distinguished by high technological and operational qualities, does not contradict the technology adopted by us regarding the reduced composition of operations in their technological sequence, but gives real opportunity significantly improve the quality of painting work and reduce the time of their implementation. To do this, it is necessary to study the composition of technological operations and select the necessary materials according to their purpose and properties, using the information contained in this manual and the instructions of manufacturers.
Table 1. Technological operations performed in the preparation and painting of indoor surfaces with oil, enamel and synthetic paints
|
Type of coloring |
||||||||
|
Technological operations |
improved and high- quality |
improved and high- quality |
improved and high- quality |
|||||
|
on wood |
for plaster and concrete |
for metal |
||||||
|
1. Cleaning | ||||||||
|
2. Surface smoothing | ||||||||
|
3. Cutting out knots and resins with grouting | ||||||||
|
4. Jointing of cracks | ||||||||
|
5. Priming (pro-oiling) | ||||||||
|
6. Partial grease polished greased | ||||||||
|
7. Priming of greased places | ||||||||
|
8. Solid putty | ||||||||
|
9. Sanding | ||||||||
|
10. Priming | ||||||||
|
11. Flattening | ||||||||
|
12. Sanding | ||||||||
|
13. First coloring | ||||||||
|
14. Flattening | ||||||||
|
15. Sanding | ||||||||
|
16. Second coloring | ||||||||
|
17. Flanging or trimming | ||||||||
Table 2. Technological operations performed in the preparation and painting of external surfaces
|
Technological operations |
Paint compositions |
|||||
|
silicate |
lime- vye and cement |
emulsion synthetic |
perchlor-vinyl |
oil and enamel |
cement and viscous cement |
|
|
1. Cleaning | ||||||
|
2. Stitching | ||||||
|
3. Lubrication | ||||||
|
4. Sanding | ||||||
|
5. Puttying | ||||||
|
6. Sanding | ||||||
|
7. Wetting | ||||||
|
8. Priming | ||||||
|
9. First coloring | ||||||
|
10. Second coloring | ||||||
Note: 1. With high-quality surface painting, solid putty is added, followed by polishing.
2. The “+” sign indicates the processes, the implementation of which is mandatory.
Surface preparation and treatment technology
1. Cleaning
Cleaning - removal of dust, splashes and streaks of the solution from the surface with metal spatulas, scrapers, steel brushes, rags or mechanically. The same operations include the drying of individual damp places, the elimination of grease stains, efflorescence, rust, scale.
To remove oily stains, the surfaces are washed with a 5% solution of trisodium phosphate (washing powder) or soda ash, diluting them in water with a temperature of 30-40 ° C. After 0.5-1 hour, the surface is neutralized with a 5% hydrochloric acid solution.
When resinous substances appear on the plastered surface, the plaster is completely replaced.
Oil stains are removed with burnt magnesia paste mixed with gasoline, toluene or benzene.
Oil stains are removed with a paste consisting of two parts fluff lime and one part pumice powder (by weight).
Stains of non-drying oils are removed with oily clay applied to the stain with a layer of 3-4 mm. After drying, the clay is scraped off and the surface is washed.
Efflorescence is removed with metal brushes, the surface is washed with a weak solution of hydrochloric acid (5%), followed by rinsing with clean water and drying.
When repairing and restoring surfaces previously painted with chalk, adhesive, casein compounds, they are pre-moistened with water and scraped off; the covering layer of plaster is rubbed again with lime mortar on fine sand and, after drying, primed with a composition recommended for new painting.
In case of large damage or contamination of the plaster, it is advisable to replace it completely.
When repairing and restoring surfaces previously painted with oil, synthetic or enamel compounds, lagging layers should be removed. If the old paint holds firmly, it is not scraped off, but cleaned with sandpaper. Contaminated surfaces are washed with warm soapy water, and in case of significant contamination - with solvents (turpentine, kerosene, white spirit, gasoline). Oil paint is removed and by chemical means using pastes that soften the old paint layer, which is then easily scraped off.
The composition of the pastes:
Lime dough - 0.5 kg, sifted chalk - 0.5 kg, caustic soda (20% solution);
Sifted chalk - 0.5 kg, asbestos dust - 0.5 kg, caustic soda (20% solution).
The softened layer is scraped off with scrapers or spatulas, then washed with a 2% solution of acetic acid, then with clean water, wiped with a rag and dried.
2. Surface smoothing.
With the end of a tree, a piece of flaky stone (sandstone of hard rock) or sand-lime brick, roughness is eliminated and cleaned of mortar splashes when preparing new plastered surfaces.
3. Cutting knots and resins with jointing of cracks.
Cutting is done with carpentry tools. Cracks are embroidered with a metal spatula.
4. Jointing (cutting) cracks.
Jointing is carried out with a knife or a steel spatula to a depth of at least 2 mm for filling with putty. After smoothing and jointing cracks, the surface is carefully dedusted.
5. Priming (pro-oiling).
The cleaned and dust-free surface is primed to level and reduce its porosity, harden the surface layer of the base, improve adhesion with subsequent layers (putty, paint) and reduce the overall consumption of paint. To perform these functions, the primer must penetrate deep into the pores of the base and therefore must be thinner and more plastic than the paint that will be used in subsequent paint layers. The primer composition is selected in accordance with the binder of the coloring composition, most often a diluted coloring composition is used. Usually, manufacturers producing paint formulations recommend appropriate primers for them.
6. Partial greasing with grinding of lubricated areas.
Embroidered and primed cracks, potholes, irregularities are filled with grease, and more often putties using metal or rubber spatulas.
First, the cracks are filled with transverse movements of the spatula, then the applied layer is leveled with the movements of the spatula along the cracks, achieving an even and smooth surface.
After the putty dries, it is sanded.
7. Priming of greased places.
Sanded places are dedusted and primed with the same primer that was used to prime the entire surface.
8. Solid putty.
It is produced with improved and high-quality painting of surfaces for leveling roughness and irregularities on plastered, wooden, concrete and other surfaces. It is applied with spatulas with metal, plastic or rubber blades. depending on the nature of the surface and the degree of preparation of the base.
If the irregularities cannot be eliminated with one continuous putty, the continuous putty is repeated (after grinding).
9. Sanding solid putty.
It is produced after complete drying and hardening of the putty layer with the help of devices into which sanding paper is attached. The dust formed after grinding is removed by sweeping and using vacuum cleaners.
10. Surface priming after solid putty.
The putty layer must be primed, as it, like the base, is quite porous.
11. Flattening the surface.
Flattening the surface, primed with a brush, is carried out immediately after applying the primer to a small area, until the primer has been absorbed into the putty layer. Produced with a flat brush with long and soft hair (flutz brush) to remove traces of a hard handbrake or flywheel. Flaking is not carried out when applying the primer with rollers or spray guns.
12. Grinding of the entire primed surface after it has dried.
It is produced with a fine sandpaper to remove individual protruding irregularities from accidental inclusions that have fallen into the primer, dust particles, etc. and creating some surface roughness for better adhesion with the subsequent paint layer.
13. First coloring.
It is produced after the completion of the entire complex of technological operations for the preparation and processing of the surface for painting.
14. Flattening (see item 11).
15. Grinding (see item 12).
16. Second coloring.
Completes the application of preparatory and painting layers. If all the previous operations were performed with high quality, then after the first painting the surface looks so good that there is no need for a second painting, which, nevertheless, is provided for by the standards.
17. Flattening or trimming.
These operations are purely decorative. Trimming is done with a trimming brush, the hair of which is fixed in the handle not along its axis, like with all other brushes, but perpendicularly. Striking such a brush with the ends of the hair on a completely painted surface achieves its uniform roughness and achieves the effect of silky dullness. Flaking enhances the gloss of oil-resin paints to a mirror finish. Flattening is possible only when using paints with a sufficiently long drying time, comparable to oil paints and the like. Flattening and facing are not done when using quick-drying paints and paints that give a matte texture when dried.
