Stages of building a cottage from glued beams. Modern technology for building a house from glued beams Building walls of a house from glued beams
What is glued timber? This is a modern technology that allows you to create a full-fledged building material from woodworking waste. If you thought that this material is made from sawdust, you are mistaken - it is made from larger parts that are not suitable for use in construction. For example, full-fledged beams with a section of 100 by 100 mm are created from short and narrow bars and, in their own way, strength characteristics they are in no way inferior to a beam made of solid wood, you can say more - they surpass it! It is this construction technology that will be discussed in this article, in which, together with the site site, we will study the question of how a house is built from glued laminated timber and determine the advantages and disadvantages of such buildings.
Wooden houses from glued beams photo
Building a house from glued beams: advantages and disadvantages
Before proceeding with the construction, first you need to understand the advantages and disadvantages that wooden houses made of glued beams have. This will help determine whether this technology has the right to life. Apparently, it has and has been successfully used for the last ten years. The advantages of such buildings include the following advantages.
Building a house from glued beams photo
In principle, the advantages that Finnish houses made of glued laminated timber have can be listed further - there are many of them and they all raise such houses to the category of reliable and durable buildings. But we will stop there and move on to design features similar buildings. Getting to know them will help you make the final choice regarding glued laminated timber houses.
I completely forgot about the shortcomings - the most important of them is the care of such a house. Everyone knows that over time, wood, no matter how good it is, first darkens, and then completely blackens. To prevent this from happening, the facade of the house must be covered every year with the onset of spring with special impregnating compounds such as Phobos or Snezhterma. Only they are able to prevent the process of changing the color of wood, and at the same time reduce the rate of its aging.
Construction two-storey houses from glued beams photo
One-story houses made of glued laminated timber: features of construction technology
Like any house, building a house from glued laminated timber begins with the construction of a foundation - as a rule, this is its tape version. Unlike the foundation of any other house, this foundation must take into account the specifics of the material - to be precise, it is necessary to ensure high-quality ventilation of the space under the house itself. Special vents are made in the foundation, which provide ventilation of the underground. In each individual element, you need to organize two stuffing boxes.
But this is later, but for now it is necessary to determine the dimensions of the foundation strips - for a one-story house made of glued laminated timber, the optimal strip foundation is 500 mm wide and 800 mm deep. As for the depth, then part of the dug trench, before pouring the foundation, is covered with sand - we are talking about a small layer of 15cm. Sand must be well compacted.
Building a foundation for a house from glued laminated timber photo
Then everything is standard - a frame is made of reinforcement, a formwork is installed so that it protrudes 300–400 mm above the ground level and the foundation is poured with concrete. Ventilation holes can be foreseen immediately. To do this, you need to insert mortgages in the necessary places (after the concrete has hardened, they are knocked out) or then punch them with a puncher (the first option is easier). The foundation is left to dry for a month.
The technology of building a foundation for a house from glued beams
At the second stage of building a house, the installation of crowns is carried out, but first the foundation must be laid on top. The roofing material is laid in two layers on a foundation pre-coated with bituminous mastic. After this, the crown itself is mounted, which is a beam laid on the foundation. First, the lower harness is laid, together with which the floor logs are laid, and then the first crown is laid. Bookmark this structural element It is carried out not only along load-bearing outer walls, but also along partitions.
When the crown is ready, the walls are erected - in this respect, the assembly of houses from glued beams is a constructor. The beams are stacked one on top of the other, while they are interconnected with spikes, through a preliminary drilled holes. At this stage of work, special attention must be paid to the dressing of the corners - it can be done in three ways:
- by means of a root spike;
- in the floor of a tree;
- butt-to-butt using drive-in staples.
How to build a house from glued beams
So, crown by crown, the walls of the house from glued beams are mounted.
The penultimate stage of the construction of such houses is. In terms of complexity, its installation is no more difficult than erecting walls. I will not be afraid to repeat once again, such houses are manufactured according to an individual or standard project at the factory and delivered to the construction site in the form of ready-to-assemble elements, including roof ones. Therefore, its construction boils down to correctly installing the necessary element in one place or another. As a rule, such houses are covered with a roof made of, the only non-wooden element of which is itself roofing material.
Construction of the roof of a house from glued beams photo
The final stage of construction can be considered the finishing of the house from glued beams. most important work at this stage is the manufacture of the floor - as a rule, it is a ply structure, the lower element of which is moisture-resistant plywood, and the upper one is a decorative floor covering. Between these two layers, either reinforced or finishing can be placed. Concerning interior decoration walls, then in most cases it is made of wood, but if desired, it can be decorated with other material.
How to make a floor in a house from glued beams photo
Well, in conclusion of the topic about building a house from glued laminated timber, I would like to recall internal communications. They are partially equipped at the stage of building walls, but the bulk is mounted during the finishing phase of work.
Ecology big cities, with wide transport interchanges and numerous industries, leaves much to be desired. Many city dwellers once chose brick and panel high-rise buildings for the sake of the benefits of civilization. Now, when the benefits of civilization are not associated with apartment buildings, they are striving to acquire housing closer to nature, and to make the house as much as possible. natural materials. On the last point, wooden houses are out of competition, which were and remain among the most comfortable for living.
Among all types of private housing built of wood, houses made of glued beams attract special attention. It is believed that this material exhibits best qualities wood, and the shortcomings are leveled by technological processing.
The embodiment of comfort, high quality and traditions of wooden housing construction
Technology evolution
The technology for the production of glued laminated timber did not arise from scratch. Long before the appearance of the first country houses assembled from this building material, similar wood processing methods were used in different parts of the world and in different eras. As a result, craftsmen from several individual planks or rods obtained durable parts with characteristics that were not available from products made from a single piece of wood. The following uses are widely known:
Combat Bow Manufacturing Technology in Japan. In the 12th century, not only samurai appeared in the country, but also new multi-layered (compound) bows. Durable reinforced weapons (the service life was calculated in decades, and the bow was often inherited) was obtained after gluing wooden and bamboo fragments.
Construction technology of palace arched structures. The French architect Philibert Delorme, the author of the incomparable bridge at the castle of Chenonceau, was the first to guess to connect wooden bars with a wedge. Similar bent bearing parts were also used in Rus' in the construction of churches, noble and merchant mansions.
Bent glued laminated timber in a frame structure
Production technology of bent glued trusses. A patent for this invention was obtained in 1890 by the German carpenter Otto Hetzer. He began to make massive multilayer structures, connecting the fragments with casein glue.
Production technology modern materials . The impetus for the distribution and construction of houses from glued laminated timber was the development of the chemical industry, which launched the production of a wide range of adhesives for different operating conditions.
The essence of technology
The production of the house kit is in accordance with the project of the future house. Glued laminated timber is a product of a high-tech chain consisting of several successive stages:
Raw material preparation. Wood undergoes strict quality control with sorting according to physical and mechanical properties; low-quality raw materials (with visible defects) are rejected. Such selection of material takes place at each stage.
One way to cut logs
Sawing logs into boards. For the manufacture of high-quality glued laminated timber, boards (lamellas) of longitudinal, radial or semi-radial cut are used. Small companies purchase finished lumber, large manufacturers have their own sawmill. To reduce wood losses, sawing is carried out on modern computer-controlled equipment. Depending on the size of the log, the smart machine selects the optimal cutting pattern.
Drying. Can be performed in natural conditions, but chamber drying is preferred. A crucial stage that determines the properties of future lumber. A conscientious manufacturer dries the blanks in a soft, gentle mode; this takes more time, but allows you to even out the level of humidity and reduce internal stress, due to which the finished beams can be bent. Computerized equipment allows you to monitor and control the moisture content of wood directly in the drying chambers. Glued laminated timber made of such lamellas will not be subject to warping or cracking.
Glue application. After primary processing (gouging and trimming), glue is applied. Various compositions are used, but all of them are necessarily certified for such work.
High-quality glue is not harmful to health and does not change properties during operation
Pressing. Dried lamellas (with a moisture content of 8-12%) are assembled according to the scheme (often from several types of wood, to give additional strength) into packages. The cross section of the beam can be varied in a significant range, which will not change the characteristics of the product. Then the workpiece is pressed and held under pressure until complete bonding.
Treatment. The glued workpieces undergo thicknessing (treatment that gives the surface smoothness).
Milling. After sorting by strength, the bars are profiled and cut to the desired length. Landing bowls (longitudinal grooves of thermal locks), holes for communications and dowels (studs) are filigree cut out on them.
Finishing work . A set of timber is treated with antiseptics, labeled and packaged.
Beam with "comb" profile
Technology nuances
The physical characteristics of glued laminated lumber are significantly superior to those of ordinary wood or even profiled lumber. The first "popularizers" of the technology were Finnish houses made of glued laminated timber, which are famous for their reliability and durability and are almost the standard of wooden housing construction. The quality of the material used in the construction is the result of a rather complex and thorough technological processing of the raw materials, which takes place in several stages with strict quality control.
Choice of wood
For the production of material, coniferous trees are considered optimal, which include:
Pine. The most affordable (due to the rapid growth of trees) and therefore a popular material. The best wood possesses pine, which is brought from the northern forests - Arkhangelsk, Karelian, Angarsk.
Spruce. It has ideal wood for construction; It is used both for load-bearing walls and for partitions, floors and doors. The disadvantages that push spruce to second place are increased knotty and resinous wood; in addition, spruce loses to pine in terms of growth and behaves capriciously during drying (it can warp).
Glued larch timber
On our website you can get acquainted with the most popular projects of houses from glued laminated timber from construction companies presented at the exhibition of houses "Low-Rise Country".
Larch. The wood is second in hardness only to oak, staunchly resists decay, and thanks to a special resin with antiseptic properties, it is protected from infection by mold, fungus and wood-boring bugs. Thanks to these properties, larch timber is a valuable building material.
Cedar. Wood saturated with essential oils has been valued since ancient times (mentioned in the Bible) and is similar in properties to larch wood, only less dense. Cedar wood is prized for its beauty and is in high demand, though not cheap.
Oak. Although not a coniferous tree, it has a beautiful texture, strength and resistance to decay. Wood acquires a noble shade over time and, as a rule, is used for the manufacture of external timber lamellas.
Video description
About the advantages of glued beams in the following video:
Many companies prefer to work exclusively with the northern forest. The choice is explained by the special quality of northern wood. Pine and spruce trees grow slowly in conditions of long winter and short northern summer. The distance between the annual rings (visible in the cross section) is small, which improves the quality of the wood. Glued laminated timber from the northern forest turns out to be as durable as possible.
Northern timber harvesting
Proper Techniques
saw cut. It not only sets the shape of the lamellas (thickness and length). Proper sawing eliminates wood tension, the cause of which is the different moisture content and density of the material layers (both external and internal, in annual rings). When dried, the wood will not deform.
Gluing. With a properly organized process, the lamella from the core part (with a denser structure) is located on the outside of the beam, reducing the likelihood of cracking. Parts of the beam are glued together with alternating fiber direction, which gives the product a special strength.
Milling. High-precision equipment makes it possible to obtain interlocks with precise geometric parameters. Such locks join structural elements, excluding the appearance of crevices.
Unusual design made possible by bent timber
On our site you can find contacts of construction companies that offer the service of building houses from glued beams. You can directly communicate with representatives by visiting the exhibition of houses "Low-Rise Country".
Materials: types and classification
Manufacturers produce a variety of types of glued laminated timber, which can be sorted according to several criteria:
Appearance. On the market there is a regular and profiled version of the product. Profiled parts can have locks, grooves or ridges, making installation quick and neat.
Dimensions. A beam of standard sizes and profiles is produced, within which it is possible to order products of any dimensions (along the length).
Bonding technologies. There are horizontal beams (two boards are glued together in a horizontal plane), vertical (a harder board forms the outer surface) and salon (includes from 4 to 8 layers). The material is often combined: larch or cedar is used for the front lamellas, pine or spruce for the internal ones.
bar custom sizes for design projects
Pros and cons of glued laminated timber houses
Country two- and one-story houses made of glued beams demonstrate many advantages:
High quality wall structures. The surface is not prone to cracking; there is no possibility of through cracking.
Reliability. follows from the first point. Such a building is superior in strength and durability to houses made of traditional lumber.
stable geometry. Regardless of the operating conditions, the material does not deform and does not lead. Thanks to the perfect processing, the crowns fit snugly; the wall is not blown and does not freeze through.
Thermal efficiency. Thanks to the perfect geometry, heating costs during operation are minimal.
Easy assembly. Installation of the house can be carried out all year round and in any weather.
Assembly speed. The house is assembled in 3-6 months (depending on the complexity of the project), and is immediately ready for occupancy. It will take 1.5-2 years to build a house from a log (taking into account the expectation of shrinkage).
The project of a house made of glued laminated timber with a large glazing area
architectural possibilities. The material has a high load-bearing capacity with a relatively low weight, it is suitable for creating wide window openings, long walls, spans up to 10-12 m wide and bent forms.
Minimum shrinkage. Glued laminated timber has a small shrinkage of 1.5-2% or up to 2 mm per meter of wall (shrinkage of solid wood walls is uneven and reaches 7-10%). Such a small value is predictable, and it is taken into account in the design.
Environmental friendliness. Glued laminated timber is classified as an environmentally friendly material if certified glue that meets safety standards was used in its production.
Aesthetics. Texture wooden walls has a natural beauty and does not need finishing, except for toning (optional) and varnishing.
Video description
About the disadvantages of glued beams in the following video:
Just as there is no light without shadow, so there are no virtues without flaws. For a glued beam house, these include:
Price. The desire to build a house from glued beams will cost more than any other wooden building.
Regular care. Every 5-6 years, the surface of the walls must be re-treated with protective impregnations and varnished. Similar care is required for all wooden buildings.
Finnish house made of timber tinted in natural colors
Possibility of defects. Despite the manufacturability of production, glued laminated timber remains a tree (for which it is valued). Like any wooden product it is not guaranteed against the appearance of cracks and shrinkage, only such troubles occur in a tenfold smaller volume.
Possibility of buying counterfeit. Here you are not insured from anything. The result can be a significant shrinkage of the house (in artisanal conditions it is difficult to ensure proper drying), a change in geometry, a mismatch in size and harm to health (no one can vouch for the quality of the glue).
Glue. In a glued beam with a vertical orientation, there can be 4-5 layers of glue. And although in terms of its properties, high-quality glue approaches wood resin (natural substances serve as the basis), it disrupts the natural air circulation. In this case, only the inner surface of the wall can regulate the humidity in the room. An option would be to use a horizontally oriented material.
combustibility. The wood is treated with a flame retardant that restrains the spread of fire for 20-30 minutes, which is enough to evacuate people and call rescue services.
Modern project with elements of ethnic style
About Finnish and domestic glued beams
Among demanding Russian customers who want to build a house for their family, Finnish glued laminated timber is a reference building material. Disputes about how expedient it is to buy material made in Finland arise with enviable regularity. Proponents of imports make a compelling argument:
About the quality of wood. The Finnish forest intended for saw cut is carefully looked after, sanitary felling is carried out. Wood sorting is given increased attention, safety for health (environmental friendliness) is checked in the laboratory.
About production. Finnish traditions of wooden housing construction, multiplied by modern technologies, always give excellent results. The quality of the Russian product cannot be called stable; some domestic companies do not care about the quality of drying (which cannot be controlled) and do not withstand exact dimensions parts (which is found out during installation and causes additional problems).
Hi-tech project
About price. The cost of an average domestic house kit is 10-15% less than the similar Finnish one (and taking into account the price of the site, landscape design and communications, the difference is 5-7%). Such savings for a premium home means a reduction in quality and comfort, which for many looks unreasonable.
About technology innovations. Finnish companies do not stand still, offering building materials with improved parameters (minimal shrinkage). Such a beam expands the architectural possibilities, allowing, for example, to design walls with a large glass area. New seals improve the thermal efficiency of the house.
Opponents of imports argue no less convincingly:
About production and quality. In order to make a house kit suitable for assembly, well-established wood preparation processes (especially drying) are needed, which are beneficial to use only for large industries. Many domestic factories that have introduced modern technological lines supply glued beams that are not inferior in quality to their foreign counterparts.
Terrace of a classic house made of glued beams
About price. A bar from the country of Suomi will cost the customer 30-40% more, and the difference is determined mainly not by quality, but by customs duties and internal taxes. The difference between the two buildings, assembled from domestic and Finnish timber, will not be noticed by the most attentive foreman.
About aesthetics. Finnish glued laminated timber is a solid material, and no one disputes this. However, neighbors traditionally look at numerous knots (especially in spruce wood) philosophically, which allows the domestic product to look more advantageous.
About developments. Domestic technical thought offers new material- insulated glued timber. In the upper part of the profile, the product is provided with a layer of sealant. The novelty improves the sound insulation of the walls and serves as a barrier to atmospheric moisture.
Video description
Are you planning to build a country house and can't decide what material to build from? We will talk about houses made of glued laminated timber, reveal the features and construction technologies. We also give the order of prices for a house made of glued laminated timber on a turnkey basis:
Handicraft production
The Internet offers many special articles on the handicraft production of glued laminated timber and the construction of houses from it. The main factor that encourages you to pay attention to such a house made of glued laminated timber is the price, which is attractively (and sometimes implausibly) low. Customers looking for budget options, keep in mind that:
For the manufacture of 1 m 3 of glued laminated timber, 2 m 3 of a board is used (and not a construction one, but a special cut, from the best parts of a tree trunk). Such lumber is not cheap.
So that after six months of operation (and sometimes even earlier) the beam does not delaminate along the lamellas, it is glued together with high-quality (not cheap) glue.
For the manufacture of a solid (dense, without gaps) interlock, a high-tech (preferably foreign-made) machine is needed, and with it a qualified performer.
Marriage is visible to the naked eye
The recipe for cheap glued laminated timber is as follows:
Buy cheap timber, sieve (with rot) or burner. Dried in unregulated conditions and transported regardless of humidity and rain. A bar made from such raw materials immediately begins to rot.
Get cheap glue. Even if the beam does not fall apart in six months, it will cause incomprehensible headaches and allergies in the household.
Buying or renting an old one(production should be as profitable as possible) tool. Slots are foamed, mismatched parts are attracted by a sledgehammer, a press in a cold shed is blown by a heat gun. A cold board will definitely (though not for long) stick.
Real glued laminated timber cannot be made in artisanal conditions, and by definition it cannot be cheap - this is an axiom that does not require proof. Turnkey glued laminated timber houses made of quality material, may be cheaper than analogues in the event that they are intended for seasonal residence.
European-style two-storey glue-beam house
Projects and prices of glued timber houses
In order not to join the army of those who multiply on the Internet negative feedback about the glue beam, do not save, since you have chosen such a building material. Bar prices are as follows:
Domestic wall glued timber. The range starts from 18-22 thousand rubles. and rests on 30-35 thousand rubles / m 3.
Finnish material. The cost reaches 45-50 thousand rubles / m 3.
The cost of a house kit lies in the range of 9.5-18.5 thousand rubles / m 2, which is affected by the complexity of the project, the characteristics of materials and equipment. When choosing a project, you should understand that the price tag may indicate different offers:
The price of a bar is indicated, and turning it into a country house is paid additionally.
Country style in a modern interpretation
The price is indicated for finished house okomplekt, the sum depends on the set of elements. The price for a finished house according to an individual project starts from 50 thousand rubles / m 2.
The average prices for turnkey glued laminated timber houses (Moscow region) are as follows:
Houses with an area up to 100 m2: 2.6-3.7 million rubles
area from 100 to 200 m2: 3.89-5.65 million rubles
From 200 to 300 m2: 6.8-9.5 million rubles
Conclusion
Wooden houses made of glued beams have gained recognition in many countries of the world, the technology is recognized as efficient and economical. Such housing delights its owners with the quality of workmanship, functionality, aesthetic expressiveness and economy in operation. Only if a high-quality glue beam was used for its construction, and a construction company with decent experience in the field of wooden housing construction was engaged in the construction.Against the background of other wood building materials for the construction of house walls, glued laminated timber can rightly be called the best. These products have many advantages that make houses made of this material strong, warm, durable and environmentally friendly. The technology for building a house from glued laminated timber is quite simple, so this method of construction can be chosen for self-building a house. In the process of work, you will not need construction equipment, which is added benefit. You can also save on the arrangement of the foundation, because lightweight wall material will not heavily load the foundation.
Manufacturing features
If you decide to make glued laminated timber yourself, the production technology requires specialized equipment. Without it, making such material with your own hands will not work.
The manufacturing technology of wood glued material includes several stages:
- Before manufacturing, a careful sorting of wood is carried out. Only high quality raw materials are selected. Wood is selected taking into account the grade, species, size and other important characteristics.
- The wood is then sawn and dried. The material is sawn into boards of a certain size. The thinner the workpiece, the better it will dry. Drying of products is carried out in special chambers with modern equipment. The material is dried to the specified moisture content under continuous monitoring of the equipment.
- Control and calibration. Next, the dried blanks are carefully controlled and calibrated. This can be done both on special equipment and visually by workers. As a result, defective boards are removed.
- Lamellar formation. This stage consists of two stages. First of all, the dried material is sent to the machine, where areas with defects are cut out of it. After that, the board is cut into thin lamellas, which are spliced in length.
- Further, the blanks are treated with antiseptic compounds to protect against decay, fungus and mold damage, and are also impregnated with flame retardants to increase their fire resistance and resistance to environmental factors.
- After that, the blanks are lubricated with a special waterproof glue and sent under the press. As a result, under pressure, the adhesive composition penetrates into the pores of the wood and reliably glues the lamellas together. The total number of lamellas in one bar can be 2-5 and depends on the required thickness of the product. The final thickness of the beam can reach up to 250 mm.
Important: in the process of manufacturing the timber, only high-quality harmless glue is used that meets all safety standards. In addition, the adhesive used should not interfere with the natural "breathing" of the wood.
- The last stage in the manufacture of timber will be its profiling. Now the timber is cut in length to the right sizes, after which it is sent to the machine, on which lock joints in the form of spikes and grooves are cut out in the body of the product. These grooves and studs are precisely sized and fit together without gaps and cold bridges. Thanks to such a lock, when laying the timber, a hermetic connection is obtained that does not require the use of tape interventional insulation.
- To protect the product from mechanical damage or surface contamination, it is packaged before storage or delivery to the distribution network.
Usually glued timber is made from wood of the same species. But in some cases, to increase it aesthetic appeal as the two outer layers, lamellas of more expensive wood species are used. Such products are more expensive than glued beams from one type of wood.
Advantages and disadvantages
Glued laminated timber, the manufacturing technology of which is described above, has its pros and cons. Among positive qualities of this building material, thanks to which it is so popular, it is worth listing the following:
- Qualitatively dried and chopped blanks absorb various protective compounds. Thanks to this, the finished product and the entire building are reliably protected from negative impact weather factors, moisture, spoilage by microorganisms, insects, and are also less prone to fire.
- Thanks to a special technology for manufacturing and cutting locks, it is possible to achieve the most dense and hermetic connection of individual wall elements. There are no gaps and cold bridges in the wall construction, so your house will always be warm, which will allow you to save on heating. You will receive additional savings during construction due to the fact that you do not need interventional insulation. In addition, a tight and even connection of the elements, as well as the absence of a heater sticking out of the slots, will have a beneficial effect on the appearance of the house.
- The manufacturing technology of timber contributes to the preservation of all the positive qualities of wood, thanks to which a favorable microclimate is formed in the house, humidity and temperature in the room are regulated.
- Thanks to technology chamber drying well-dried wood practically does not shrink, so after building a box at home, you do not need to take a long pause for shrinkage before starting finishing work and moving into the house.
Attention: the shrinkage of a house made of glued wood material, according to technological standards, should not exceed 1.5%.
- The beautiful smooth surface of the timber allows you to do without any finishing at home, which will allow you to save a lot.
- The bearing capacity of glued beams is much higher than that of solid wood products. In this way, it is much better than ordinary profiled timber, rounded and untreated logs.
- Dimensional stability. This material is not afraid of changes in humidity and temperature, prolonged static loads, frost and thawing. It does not react to all these factors with deformations, shrinkage, cracking and changes in geometric shape and dimensions.
- There are no through cracks on the glued material, therefore, the thermal insulation characteristics of such a beam are higher than those of other solid wood products.
- Since during production it is possible to prepare glued laminated timber, the dimensions of which will be precisely adjusted to the future construction, the waste during the assembly process will be minimal or even equal to zero. This helps to reduce the estimated cost, speeds up the construction process and saves on wages if the house is built by a hired team.
Among the disadvantages of glued products, it is worth mentioning the following points:
- The weight of glued beams is slightly higher than that of conventional wood products. However, the increase in specific gravity is not critical, so this will in no way affect the manufacture of the foundation.
- It is worth buying glued elements only from a reliable, trusted manufacturer, since you cannot control the manufacturing process. Unscrupulous manufacturers take advantage of this and use low-quality glue or defective wood, they can also work on outdated equipment, which will affect the quality of the product.
Beam laying technology
The construction technology of glued beams is no different from the installation of any wooden house. You can make a lightweight foundation by choosing a shallow strip foundation, a pile-screw or columnar structure. After that, horizontal waterproofing of the base is mandatory. For this, two layers of roofing material are laid on bituminous mastic.
After that, follow the following installation sequence:
- A lining board made of larch is laid on the foundation. It must be subjected to antiseptic treatment. The board is level. Thanks to this board, it will be possible to protect the expensive timber of the first crown from the damaging effects of moisture and rot.
- Next, we proceed to laying the first crown crown. First, two beams are laid on opposite walls, and after that, the elements on the walls adjacent to them are mounted in grooves. To perform the crown crown, it is worth choosing the most durable, high-quality products of a large section.
- Angular connection of elements can be performed in different ways - “in the paw”, “into the bowl”, “in half a tree”, that is, with or without a remainder. The warmest connection is obtained with corner laying according to the Canadian bowl principle. As a result, all elements are securely connected into one structure without cold bridges and blowing.
- The first beam is attached to the foundation with anchor bolts that are inserted into pre-drilled holes.
- The following items are being installed. Lock connections of all rows are joined according to the "groove-thorn" principle. Be sure to insulate the corner joints of the elements.
- If there are no grooves for insulation in the thickets of the beam, then it can be laid directly on the bowl of the underlying element at the corner joint.
- After laying each subsequent row of timber, they are pressed. The width of the interventional gap should be no more than 1 mm. It will close after the building shrinks.
- Every three crowns make additional fixation with dowels - long wooden elements. They will give the structure additional stability and protect the logs from twisting.
- Also, the crowns are additionally tightened with studs to prevent the formation of inter-crown gaps after the building shrinks.
- The process of installing a roof is the same as when building a house from other wood materials.
Wood is one of the oldest and most widely used building materials. For the construction of some buildings simple logs are not suitable, so they were previously replaced by various other materials. However, as soon as such a material as glued laminated timber was discovered, it became quite possible to build even quite complex structures from wood.
A house made of glued laminated timber has many advantages. The main ones are the speed and excellent speed of construction, as well as high strength and finished house. In order to independently build a house from glued laminated timber, you need to thoroughly understand all the nuances of such construction.
Construction of a foundation for a house made of glued laminated timber
Tools necessary for work: hammer, screwdriver, level and tape measure, drill.
The process of building a house from glued laminated timber with your own hands begins with the construction of the base. However, before proceeding with this work, you need to prepare the following tools:
- gasoline or electric saw;
- screwdriver;
- hammer;
- axe;
- perforator;
- drill;
- nails and screws;
- level and tape measure;
- shovels;
- concrete mixer.
It is best to build a house with your own hands on a shallow strip foundation. First, the markup is done. In one of the corners you need to drive a wooden stake, then take right triangle and determine the direction in which you will need to pull 2 threads, with which the sides of the future foundation for a house made of glued laminated timber with your own hands will be marked.
Measure the required distance and drive in the second peg. Go back to the first one and pull on a new thread that will show another side of the base. Mark all other sides of the structure in the same way. Be sure to check the correctness of the markup. To do this, stretch the diagonals and measure their lengths. If they are the same, then the markup is correct.
Next, you will need to near each driven peg with inside mark the square. Usually squares with a side of 0.5 m are marked. Drive pegs into the corners of the resulting square and pull the rope between them. This will indicate the internal contour of the base for a house made of glued laminated timber with your own hands.
When the markup is ready, dig a trench. Deepen it by about 0.5 m. Check the uniformity of the bottom of the excavated pit. Eliminate existing gaps. Pour a layer of sand 10-15 cm thick on the bottom of the pit. Carefully level it and compact it.
Make a frame from reinforcing bars. Drop it into the hole. In the middle, as well as in the corners of the pit, linings for the frame should be installed. They can be made from broken and unnecessary bricks. After that, you will need to make do-it-yourself shields for the basement of the future house from glued laminated timber. Use boards 2.5x15 cm for this, moisture-resistant plywood is also suitable.
Ventilation products must be installed in the walls of the base, thanks to which the underground will remain dry. Take a piece of timber, isolate it with roofing material, and then squeeze it between the shields. Wait until the foundation for the house of glued laminated timber hardens with your own hands, and knock out these blanks.
For pouring, a standard solution is prepared from 1 part of cement, 3 parts of sand, water and 5 parts of gravel or crushed stone.
The solution must be poured in uniform layers. Watch the integrity of the shields. Each poured layer must be compacted with a vibrator. Leave the poured foundation for about a month so that it gains strength.
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Crown laying guide
First of all, you will need to ensure reliable moisture protection of the lower trim from the foundation of the house from glued burs with your own hands. To do this, cover the entire surface of the base with several layers of roofing material. You can coat it with bituminous mastic, and lay a waterproofing layer on it.
Lay the strapping beams in place in accordance with the drawing of your house from glued laminated timber with your own hands. Joining beams can be done in several different ways.
To connect the first crowns to the base, use metal studs or crutches. Drill at least 2 holes in the beam through holes. Each of them should have a diameter of about 1 cm. Go deep into the foundation of your future home from glued laminated timber with your own hands by about 5-10 cm. Remove the beam, drive a wooden cork into the resulting hole, return the beam to its place, drive in a crutch or a hairpin. The starting row is covered with thermal insulation (usually tow or jute is used). On top of the thermal insulation, the next row of beams is arranged.
For the most reliable connection of the beams with each other, you need to use wooden dowels. At the joints or next to them, make holes with a diameter of about 4 cm and a depth equal to 1.5 beams. The dowel should be 1-2 mm larger than the hole diameter, and its length 40-50 mm less than the hole depth. Drive in the dowel and additionally finish it on top so that it deepens.
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Step by step instructions for building a floor
When building a house from glued laminated timber with your own hands, the method of building a floor on supporting pillars is most often used. This is one of the simplest and most effective solutions.
First, the ground for the supporting posts is taken out. To do this, you need to dig a hole with sides of the order of 40-50 cm and depths of half a meter. The distance between the posts is 70-80 cm. Pour 10 cm of sand and the same layer of gravel into the pits. Thoroughly tamp the backfill. After that, you should make a reinforcing frame for the base of the support column, lower it inward and pour concrete mortar.
Wait for the concrete to gain strength, and you can do brickwork. In the event that the supporting posts are higher than 25 cm, the laying is done in 2 bricks. If their height is less, 1.5 bricks will be enough. The top of the columns is covered with thermal insulation.
Lay the beams on the prepared posts. Put lags on them. This method requires a fairly large consumption of lumber, but the finished floor of the house can normally withstand high loads and nothing will have to be glued additionally. Use self-tapping screws to connect the beams.
Inside, between the lags, it is necessary to lay a rough roll. It is fastened with lags with the help of metal corners. For the manufacture of rolling, use moisture resistant plywood. Between the reel and the lags, waterproofing material should be laid. Bring the edges of the insulation around the perimeter up. The film is overlapped. Glue the joints with tape. Lay inside thermal insulation material and lay the subfloor. Finish coat on this stage does not fit. This will be done in the process of finishing the finished house from glued laminated timber with your own hands.
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How to build walls?
At this point, you will need to find at least 3 helpers. Thermal insulation is laid over the crowns and the first row of beams is installed. Use nails to temporarily fix each beam. They need to be driven into the ends on both sides. Take a drill and make holes for the dowels. Drive in pins.
Watch the level of verticality and horizontality of the walls. After the wall box is completely ready, it is covered with floor beams. Install the beams, mark the places for their installation. Remove the beams to the side, make cuts in half of the timber in the previously marked places and lower the floor beams into them. Check the horizontalness of their installation with a building level. If several floors are planned for your house made of glued laminated timber with your own hands, continue to build walls using the same technology. After all the walls and ceilings are ready, proceed to the manufacture of a truss structure for the roof of your house from glued laminated timber.
The rapid development of building technologies and the lightning-fast filling of the market big amount The latest building materials have led to a completely justified popularization of environmentally friendly raw materials used for the production of building products. In this regard, the popularity of houses built from environmentally friendly materials also grew in geometric progression. This phenomenon has not bypassed prefabricated houses from glued beams, built in accordance with the basic provisions of Finnish technology. They were soon appreciated by the developers, which is due not only to their interesting appearance, but also to the mass of undeniable advantages. A one-story house made of glued laminated timber, built according to Finnish technology, has become the epitome of inner comfort and high environmental friendliness, which was achieved through the use of natural materials. What are the features of glued laminated timber? Why are developers increasingly using treated wood, and especially glued laminated timber, as a building material? You will find answers to these and other questions related to the construction of Finnish houses from glued laminated timber in this article.
The use of glued beams: a brief excursion into history
The historical roots of glued beams go back to antiquity, approximately the ΧΙΙ century. It was at this time that Japanese archers in the manufacture of weapons began to practice the use of bamboo and wood, the components of which they glued together. Subsequently, this principle, which implies the use of glued wooden structures, fastened with staples or wedges, attracted European architects, and therefore, they somewhat modified this technology and began to use it in the construction of houses. Russian masters of wooden architecture also liked this technique of erecting architectural buildings. Despite the fact that the Japanese became the progenitors of this technology, it was only in the middle of the ΧΙΧ century that the German carpenter Otto Hetzer managed to officially patent it, who introduced this technology to the world as part of the construction of bent glued trusses made of two or more lamellas.
Modern high-tech timber, made of condo pine, was first introduced by Finland in the late 70s of the last century, and, despite the fact that it was not so long ago, it is rightfully considered its homeland. After all, thanks to the Finns, who use high-tech equipment in the production of glued laminated timber, given material entered the construction market, where its undeniable advantages allowed it to prove itself from the best side. At the end of the ΧΧ century, Finnish construction companies relied on the development of wooden housing construction, and despite the fact that wood has a lot of advantages, they faced inevitable problems, such as:
- Cracking of the surface part of the logs during the drying process;
- Twisting and deformation of logs.
Turning to the centuries-old experience of ancestors, as well as using modern technical and scientific achievements, they were able to revive wooden housing construction, making it the national brand of Finland.
Houses from glued beams photo
Technological features of real Finnish wood
Traditional Finnish glued laminated timber is made from wood conifers grown specifically for its production. In this regard, it is characterized by a number of features that are not characteristic of classical material. Let's see what they are:
- The highest strength and frost resistance, due to the fact that the tree is grown in northern countries;
- The strength and low thermal conductivity of the timber, which determine the ability of the material to accumulate heat for a long time, are achieved by competent Finns by gluing wood fibers in different directions;
- Due to the correct distribution of construction adhesive in the wood structure and optimum thickness lamellas, it does not clog it completely, allowing it to "breathe", which cannot but affect the quality of the finished structure;
- In the production of timber, the Finns use trees only with powerful trunks of the same thickness and devoid of delaminations, which can always be seen by evaluating the color of the lamellae, it will always be the same;
- Processing glued laminated timber with flame retardants makes it resistant to fire and decay, as well as damage by various rodents, insects and mold;
- The stability of the geometric shape of the glued laminated timber and the resistance to delamination is also achieved through the use of sawn timber of the same configuration. The use of wood of the same species ensures the same moisture content of the building material, and therefore, it is not afraid of shrinkage and deformation;
Finnish houses made of glued laminated timber: the main advantages
Not a single type of capital construction can boast of the advantages characteristic of Finnish houses made of glued laminated timber. What are they?
Use of lightweight building materials. The construction technology of Finnish houses involves the use of lightweight building materials, which do not require powerful lifting special equipment to move. Due to this, the construction of houses from glued beams can be done by two or even one worker, and therefore, it becomes possible to use the foundation on screw piles and shallow-depth tape structures, which makes the process of building housing less expensive;
Significant reduction in construction time. Unlike the construction of block or brick buildings, which lasts at least two years, the construction of houses using Finnish technology can be completed in two months, due to the use of simplified methods for assembling the structure. Since the construction process does not involve "wet" operations involving the use of water, the construction of Finnish houses can be carried out at any time of the year;
Simplified Assembly Technologies. Architectural projects of Finnish houses involve fitting all the details of the structure directly at the enterprise, while construction site- just a place to assemble the finished "constructor" - this is how many builders speak of the Finnish house. At all stages of the construction of a Finnish house, any amendments can be made to its project, which are implemented with virtually no additional costs and time delays;
Universality of designs - the key to ease of repair. Due to the availability of all components of the Finnish structure, in case of damage, repair measures will not be difficult. If it becomes necessary to redevelop the building and make changes to the original construction project, you can do it yourself;
Ease of finishing or even its absence. Frame buildings built according to Finnish technology are characterized by absolutely flat surfaces that practically do not need interior decoration.
The nature of the soil is not the main thing. In the process of building a Finnish house, you may not think about the type of soil on which the construction will be carried out, and the proximity groundwater. The nature of the soil in this case does not matter, since the foundation does not need long-term shrinkage, and building material Finnish origin is not afraid of high humidity. In this regard, you can carry out construction on soil dominated by sand, as well as in the case of surface groundwater;
High heat and sound insulation characteristics. This is due to the construction of Finnish frame structures from wood characterized by low thermal conductivity, as well as the use quality insulation contributes to the winter time the house is always warm, and in summer it is cool. In addition to thermal insulation characteristics, glued laminated timber has high soundproof properties, and additional use sound-absorbing fabric completely prevents the penetration of external sounds;
Long service life. It's no secret that wooden houses cannot boast of long-term operation. However, this does not apply to the legendary Finnish houses. Due to the treatment of wood with special compounds that prevent the material from deforming, delamination and drying out, as well as increasing its resistance to various kinds of biological agents, the service life of a structure made of Finnish glued laminated timber often corresponds to that of stone structures;
Environmental friendliness and high aesthetic characteristics. Houses made of glued beams are characterized by high environmental friendliness, and the smell of freshly cut wood does not disappear in the house. Such structures are not only unable to distinguish in environment harmful substances, and moreover, wood, constantly exuding phytoncides - antiseptics of plant origin, contributes to the healing of a person in this room. And the fact that these buildings can not only become a masterpiece of wooden architecture, but also fit perfectly into the landscape of any site is not even worth mentioning, since this is obvious.
What else do you need to know about Finnish houses made of glued laminated timber?
- Finnish houses are characterized by an area not exceeding 250 square meters. m, which is considered the most comfortable for human habitation, since the construction of houses with larger area will entail an unjustified increase in material costs;
- Houses from Finnish glued laminated timber are built using timber with a cross section of more than 22 cm. However, it is important to assemble as carefully as possible to prevent the formation of cracks;
- If the Finns build a house, they always provide a place for building a sauna, without which it is difficult to imagine a true citizen of Finland. The construction of many utility rooms is another sign of Finns building a house;
- A distinctive feature of Finnish houses are spacious rooms- bedroom, kitchen, living room. There are no massive partitions between them, which contributes to the formation of a feeling of boundless space;
- Maximum illumination of the building is achieved due to the large area of glazing;
- Despite the fact that this feature is often neglected in Russia, the traditional Finnish house is one-story building, often equipped with an attic. The presence of two moves is a prerequisite;
- The use of glued laminated timber allows you to achieve the maximum vertical orientation of the corners.
Construction of houses from glued beams using Finnish technology: a step-by-step guide
The construction of any house is a long and very costly process, but when it comes to building a turnkey Finnish house, everything happens exactly the opposite. If you chose this option, the construction company will take care of all the hardships of building a house: from developing a project for a Finnish house from glued laminated timber to pouring the foundation and cosmetic finishing of the building. This option is considered one of the most expensive for the customer. The most economical option is to purchase a ready-made kit. It is a so-called "Lego constructor", that is, a prefabricated structure that includes finished items, which is mounted directly on the assembly site. If you have the appropriate knowledge and tools, you can build such a house yourself.
Important! On construction market you can find ready-made kits domestic production, which, despite apparent similarities, are characterized by a significantly lower quality, which is due to the production from local raw materials.
If the process of building a Finnish house is presented in in general terms, it will look like this:
- foundation pouring;
- Mounting and installation of crowns made of glued beams;
- Installation of flooring and floor beams;
- Construction of walls from glued beams;
- Installation activities for the construction truss system and arrangement of the roof;
- Implementation of exterior and interior decoration.
Construction of a house from Finnish glued laminated timber: preparatory measures
The preparatory activities are as follows:
First of all, it is necessary to obtain a building permit, and after the project is approved, proceed to site preparation, which includes:
The implementation of geological exploration, which consists in taking soil samples and the subsequent determination of the depth of occurrence ground water. After carrying out these activities, you can easily identify problem areas on the site and bypass them when building a foundation;
Next, it is necessary to clear the site of various debris and vegetation, after which the construction site is leveled and, if necessary, work is carried out to drain the area. Then it is recommended to supply electricity and other engineering networks.
Foundation construction: a step-by-step guide
The first stage after the implementation of the preparatory work is the arrangement of the foundation for the house of glued beams. Due to the lightness of glued beams, experts recommend abandoning the pouring of a powerful foundation and giving preference to tape or column foundation, which will significantly save on construction costs. In addition, time costs will be reduced, since the construction of a more common strip foundation takes no more than three weeks.
Before proceeding with the arrangement of the foundation, at the site of its construction, using special equipment, the top layer of soil is removed, the depth of which must be at least 15 cm. Then the foundation is marked, for which pegs are driven into the ground on the sides of the structure and a rope is pulled between them. This makes it possible to create certain scheme foundation. The direct construction of the strip foundation begins with digging a trench, for which you will also have to resort to the help of special equipment, and this time it will be an excavator. If you plan to equip a shallow foundation, then the depth of the trench should be 0.5 -0.7 meters, if buried, then the numbers increase to 1.5-2 meters. After you have dug the pit, make its edges sheer, which will prevent the earth from crumbling.
Further, the place of direct arrangement of the foundation should be strengthened. For these purposes, sand is poured into the bottom of the pit with a layer of at least 10 cm, and it is compacted until shrinkage stops. A layer of crushed stone 5 cm thick is poured onto a layer of sand and compacted in a similar way. An impromptu "pillow" is poured with concrete mortar, the layer of which is from 5 to 10 cm. This is how the screed is arranged.
After 48 hours (the time of complete solidification of concrete), they begin to arrange the formwork, for the manufacture of which boards or plywood will be required. The formwork is made along the entire perimeter of the foundation and supported by wooden beams.
Reinforcing blocks are laid on a previously equipped substrate, each of which is fastened together. At the junctions and at the corners, the mesh should be somewhat thicker. The use of reinforcement in the construction of the foundation will significantly strengthen and strengthen the foundation.
Then the formwork is poured with water and poured with a 25-cm layer of concrete, after which it is also compacted and the surface is leveled. After carrying out the work, the concrete is covered with a film and left until the concrete has completely solidified, which requires at least a month.
Technical features of assembling a house from glued laminated timber
Before proceeding with the assembly of the structure, order glued beams made in accordance with the design of the Finnish house, as well as floor logs and constituent elements roofs made of wood - crate, ridge, rafters. Get all the necessary tools and Consumables. Stock up on means for bio- and fire protection of wood.
Before you receive the ordered products, prepare a site for its storage (most often the construction site itself acts as its role). Unloading is carried out taking into account the construction of the house, and therefore, the timber is laid on the side of its installation.
The sequence of assembling a Finnish house from glued laminated timber:
A waterproofing material is laid directly on the foundation (most often it is roofing material). A lining board with a thickness of at least 55 mm is laid on it, pre-treated with bituminous mastic, which protects the structure from the damaging effects of moisture in its lower part.
In accordance with the beam plan, the first row of glued beams is assembled. At the same time, heat-insulating material (most often it is jute) is placed in the groove, after which the second row is laid and assembled. This is how all the crowns are further assembled.
An integral element of the design are wooden dowels, in the case of correct installation which the structure acquires the necessary strength.
Important! The dowels are installed so that they are at a distance of 0.7-1.5 meters from each other and are inserted into every third beam in such a way that they fasten the house, which will prevent the occurrence of distortions. The installation of dowels is carried out in the protruding part of the crowns, which is due to their greatest susceptibility to twisting.
The shape of the roof, as well as the roofing material, you can choose at your discretion. In most cases, these issues are resolved at the design stage. Roof repairs can take up to two weeks. final stage assembly is the arrangement of the rough and finishing floor, the technology of which also depends on your preferences.
At the end of the work, the installation of electrical wiring, water supply, sewerage and heating systems, as well as the installation of windows and doors, are carried out.
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