How to organize functional, decorative and security lighting of a summer cottage. Distribution of heat and light on earth
Occurs in an elliptical orbit at a speed of about 30 km/s. The Earth makes a complete revolution in 365.26 days. This time is called stellar(sidereal) year. The Earth's axis is constantly inclined to the orbital plane at an angle of 66.5°. When the Earth moves around the Sun, the axis does not change its position. Therefore, every point on the earth's surface meets Sun rays at angles that change throughout the year. IN different periods Hemispheres of the Earth receive at the same time an unequal amount of solar heat and light, which causes a change seasons.
At a distance of 23 ° 27 ′ from the equator to the north and south are imaginary parallel circles on the surface the globe, which are called tropics(Northern, or Tropic of Cancer, and Southern, or Tropic of Capricorn), where the Sun once a year is at noon at its zenith. These are the days of the solstices: June 22 - day summer solstice : the sun's rays fall vertically on the Tropic of the North. At this time in the northern hemisphere, the highest position of the Sun and it receives more heat and light, here is summer and the longest day. And there are places where at this time the sun does not set below the horizon at all. These are the polar regions lying between the North Pole and the Arctic Circle - a parallel that is 66 ° 33 ′ from the equator. Here is a polar day; at the pole itself, it lasts up to 186 days. In the southern hemisphere, winter is at this time, and in the polar regions (beyond the southern polar circle) - polar night.
Six months later, December 22 - the highest position of the Sun above the horizon in the southern hemisphere in winter solstice. At the zenith, the Sun at this time is above the southern tropic, and in the region of the pole it does not set beyond the horizon, it is now summer in the southern hemisphere, and winter in the northern hemisphere. On March 21 and September 23, the Sun is at its zenith above the equator and its rays fall vertically on the equator; the northern and southern hemispheres are illuminated up to the poles; at all latitudes, day and night last for 12 hours; so these numbers are named respectively - spring day And autumnal equinox. March 21 in the northern hemisphere begins astronomical spring, in the southern autumn, and on September 23, on the contrary, it is spring in the southern hemisphere, and autumn in the northern hemisphere.
Moving around the Sun, the Earth rotates at the same time around its axis from west to east with a complete revolution during a sidereal day, or in 23 hours 56 minutes 4.0905 from mean solar time. With this movement is connected on Earth a change days And nights. On the side of the Earth illuminated by the Sun - day, on the opposite, shadow side - night. Turnover time - day- determined by the sun and stars. solar day- this is the time interval between two passages of the center of the solar disk through the meridian of the observation point. The movement of the Earth around its axis and around the Sun is complex, uneven, so the duration of a true solar day varies throughout the year. To determine the average solar time, take the average length of the day during the year. A solar day is slightly longer than a full revolution of the Earth, since the Earth moves around the Sun in the same direction in which it rotates around its axis. Therefore, the exact time of the revolution of the Earth is determined by the time between two passages of the star through the meridian of a given place. sidereal day shorter than mean solar by 3 min 55.91 from mean time.
The angle at which any point on the earth rotates in a certain period of time is called angular velocity rotation. In one hour, the point moves 15° (360°: 24 hours = 15°). And the linear speed depends on the latitude of the place. It is greatest at the equator - 464 m/s and decreases towards the poles. For example, at the latitude of St. Petersburg (60°) it will already be 232 m/s.
Only at the pole there is no usual division of time into days and nights, since for about half a year the Sun does not fall below the horizon and does not rise for the same amount of time. An idea of the change in the length of day and night at different latitudes can be obtained by examining a drawing that shows the position of the Earth on the day of the summer and winter solstices. It can be seen how the light-separating plane passes in the case when the earth's axis is tilted by the northern end to the Sun, and vice versa. In the hemisphere that faces the sun, the day is longer than the night. At latitudes that do not intersect the light-dividing line at all, the Sun illuminates (or does not illuminate) the Earth around the clock for some time; there is no change of day and night.
As a result daily rotation around the globe (except for the subpolar regions) there is a change favorable for life of moderate heating during the day and moderate cooling during the night.
One of the consequences of the Earth's rotation around its axis is the deviation of moving bodies in the northern hemisphere to the right, in the southern - to the left. It is invoked by the action Coriolis forces, based on the law of inertia, according to which each body strives to maintain the direction and speed of its movement, while the rotating Earth moves in the meantime, this causes a deviation in the direction of the moving body. The Coriolis force has a deflecting effect on the movement of air and water (river flows, sea currents).
With the onset of the warm season, many people prefer to spend free time in a country house surrounded by nature and clean air. In addition to country affairs during daylight hours, lighting becomes important. suburban area with the onset of darkness. Some think that you can limit yourself to ordinary incandescent bulbs and primitive lamps installed only in the most necessary places. But if there is a desire to create a beautiful, worthy and even more high-quality lighting, you will have to spend money. There are many options for how to illuminate the area in the country.
Requirements
Do-it-yourself country lighting should be as functional as possible, save energy and meet all safety requirements. It is important to connect it to autonomous sources electricity. This is due to the fact that the dacha is characterized by frequent power outages and therefore alternative sources are needed.
There are certain requirements according to which it is necessary to organize lighting at their summer cottage. These include the following:
- The electrical wiring used for lighting must be installed in accordance with the installation rules and not pose a danger to others. Be sure to install circuit breakers and RCDs, with which you can save the line from the occurrence and consequences short circuit, as well as de-energize the network in case of overloads in automatic mode. It will be important to carry out the grounding of a country house.
- The laying of the supply cable must be carried out in metal or plastic pipes, as well as in the corrugation. This is necessary to avoid mechanical damage to the wiring. Switching devices are used in the form of sockets and switches of a moisture-proof type.
- Lighting suburban area, made by hand, should be arranged in such a way that there is free access to the revision of all its elements. Used luminaires must be switched so that it is possible to turn them off locally, as well as emergency.
- If the site lighting will be carried out around the entire perimeter and in places of the future lawn, it will need to be designed and installed before the start of landscape work. This is due to the fact that the cable is laid in pipes and underground, and this leads to a violation of the garden decor.
- To illuminate the territory on the site, it is better to use lamps that save electricity. The best option counts LED lightening or solar-powered light sources. This solution saves about 70% of electrical energy.
Organization of the street lighting plan
Just choose lighting to illuminate the area dark time days is not enough. Before the beginning installation work you will need to draw up a plan for placing lampposts and poles around the entire perimeter of the site, as well as laying routes for laying cables in the ground.
First of all, it will be necessary to determine the zones of the necessary illumination, the places of connection and connection of the electrical lines of each lighting device. This can be done using waterproof sockets hidden from direct exposure to moisture, or junction boxes buried in the ground or located on lampposts. The marking of the location of the switches is organized at the discretion of the owner of the site, based on the convenience of their use.
For convenient drawing of the scheme, with which the lighting of the territory will be equipped, you can use a photocopy of the plan of your site. In its absence, you will need to draw a plan on a scale of 1:100, which will indicate all the existing buildings. The lighting scheme is created taking into account the future landscape design. You should take into account the places where recreation areas will be located, such as gazebos, terraces, ponds, and also take into account the presence of country paths.
The diagram indicates the location of future fixtures. Usually, each point on the map is denoted by the letter L. In addition to the light sources, the location of the switches is indicated - B; sockets - R; if necessary, you can specify motion sensors, a bell, surveillance cameras, etc. on the map.
When designing Special attention should be given to lighting the entrance to the house, the most dangerous places on the site, the gate. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the height of the installation of fixtures, since in winter time they may be covered in snow. Illumination on fences is not recommended. This is due to the blinding effect of the lamps.
In any case, the decision on how to make lighting for a summer residence depends on the personal preferences of the owner of the site, his imagination and Money that he is willing to invest in it. If you are unable to properly organize the illumination of the territory, it is better to contact specialists who will do this quickly and efficiently.
The main options for lighting a summer residence
It should be borne in mind that the lighting of a summer cottage can carry various functions, and therefore, depending on one or another option, it is necessary to select all the lamps according to the type of their purpose. There are several types of lighting for a suburban area:
- General. The main function of this lighting is the organization of visible zones on the territory of the site for safe movement at night, as well as the implementation various works and spending free time. Lamps intended for these purposes should be mounted near the entrance to the house, along garden paths and near the entrance to the territory.
- Marking. This type of lighting is usually used to emphasize any elements of decor and landscape of a summer cottage. These can be steps, benches, the boundaries of a parking space for a car, etc. Most often, lanterns on small legs, “glowing stones”, and pendant lamps are used for such lighting. It is better to use lamps in which LEDs are installed. This will save on electricity and choose the right color for the backlight.
- Security. The main task such lighting country house and the adjacent territory is to protect the site from intruders. Such lamps are installed so that all the main areas are illuminated: the threshold of the house, garage and entrance gate, parking place. You can use flashlights general purpose, but for the effect of surprise, motion sensors are used, which give the impression of a person's presence in the house. It is possible to adjust the operation of the lighting system or its individual elements in automatic mode. This is possible due to the installation of a time relay, which will turn on specific lighting groups at a given time.
- Decorative. This type of lighting includes lamps, lamps and lanterns, which are installed mainly in places where it is necessary to emphasize landscape design, near water bodies, in areas where people spend their leisure time. Such lighting devices are not aimed at illuminating the territory, but only serve as illumination and decor. Currently, there are many lamps of this type, for every taste and color.
Luminaire types
Backlight dacha territory should carry not only the functions of decor and protection, but also have economic efficiency. Many have already begun to abandon incandescent lamps, as they consume a large amount of electricity and often burn out. Today, there are many options for their replacement. These include the following types of lamps:
- halogen and fluorescent - have a long service life and consume less electricity compared to incandescent lamps;
- LED lights and led strip- Their main advantage is a bright glow and low electricity consumption, and the service life is the longest among competitors. Some types of lamps have the ability to adjust their brightness;
- fiber optic systems - appeared on sale recently and are already in great demand. They can be used in almost every lighting option.
All luminaires can be classified according to certain criteria, such as where they are installed and powered.
The installation is divided into the following categories:
- Wall lights;
- outdoor light sources;
- pendant lights;
- spotlights that shine with a scattering beam;
- fiber optic systems.
According to the power source, lamps can be divided into the following types:
- electric - the main type of street lighting for a summer cottage;
- lamps powered by solar panels– easy to install, transfer, do not consume electrical energy, but are quite expensive;
- candles in decorative jars are part of romantic design and require constant attention.
Due to the constant impact of weather events on street lighting, it is necessary to choose lamps that are intended for external use and have a sealed housing, inside which moisture will not get.
Solar lamp
How to make an original backlight with your own hands?
The cost of most garden lamps becomes for many an obstacle in arranging a summer residence with decorative lighting. Do not be upset, because you can apply little effort, turn on the fantasy and, with the help of improvised means, perform interesting design solutions street lamps. Consider the main ways to create decorative lighting with your own hands.
A fairly common option is a lamp from a bottle that has an interesting shape and a garland inserted into it. The void in the bottle is filled with exotic material, you can use beads or some beautiful balls. In the absence of a garland, use a small flashlight that can be inserted into the neck.
Very simple and beautiful is the version of the lamp from the original glass jar. To fill its contents, any interesting material, be it sand, stones different color or even pebbles. A candle is installed inside the jar, and for greater decor, it can be tied outside with a rope or lace material.
There is another option for using cans. To obtain a beautiful effect, it is necessary to paint it from the inside with luminescent-based paints. You can make a variety of patterns. In the dark, an original glow is obtained.
Quite interesting are the lanterns from cans. To create them, you will need the banks themselves, garlands or candles. For creating original lighting you will need to make holes or patterns on such a lamp with a nail so that light seeps through them.
The sun is a star solar system, which is a source of enormous amounts of heat and blinding light. Despite the fact that the Sun is at a considerable distance from us and only a small part of its radiation reaches us, this is quite enough for the development of life on Earth. Our planet revolves around the sun in an orbit. If with spaceship observe the Earth during the year, it can be seen that the Sun always illuminates only one half of the Earth, therefore, there will be day, and at that time there will be night on the opposite half. The earth's surface receives heat only during the day.
Our Earth is heating unevenly. The uneven heating of the Earth is explained by its spherical shape, so the angle of incidence of the sun's ray in different areas is different, which means that different parts of the Earth receive different amounts of heat. At the equator, the sun's rays fall vertically, and they strongly heat the Earth. The farther from the equator, the angle of incidence of the beam becomes smaller, and consequently, these territories receive less heat. The same power beam of solar radiation heats a much smaller area, since it falls vertically. In addition, rays falling at a smaller angle than at the equator, penetrating through, travel a longer path in it, as a result of which part of the sun's rays are scattered in the troposphere and do not reach the earth's surface. All this indicates that when moving away from the equator to the north or south, it decreases, since the angle of incidence of the sun's ray decreases.
The degree of heating of the earth's surface is also affected by the fact that the earth's axis is inclined to the plane of the orbit, along which the Earth makes a complete revolution around the Sun, at an angle of 66.5 ° and is always directed by the northern end towards the Polar Star.
Imagine that the Earth, moving around the Sun, has the Earth's axis perpendicular to the plane of the orbit of rotation. Then the surface at different latitudes would receive a constant amount of heat throughout the year, the angle of incidence of the sun's ray would be constant all the time, the day would always be equal to the night, there would be no change of seasons. At the equator, these conditions would differ little from the present. It is in temperate latitudes that it has a significant influence on the heating of the earth's surface, and hence on the entire tilt of the earth's axis.
During the year, that is, during the complete revolution of the Earth around the Sun, four days are especially noteworthy: March 21, September 23, June 22, December 22.
The tropics and polar circles divide the Earth's surface into belts that differ in solar illumination and the amount of heat received from the Sun. There are 5 illumination zones: the northern and southern polar ones, which receive little light and heat, the zone with a hot climate, and the northern and southern zones, which receive more light and heat than the polar ones, but less than the tropical ones.
So, in conclusion, we can draw a general conclusion: uneven heating and illumination of the earth's surface are associated with the sphericity of our Earth and with the inclination of the earth's axis up to 66.5 ° to the orbit of rotation around the Sun.
At night, the earth's surface is illuminated by the moon and some other light sources. On clear moonlit nights, when the eye adapts, i.e. get used to the lunar level of illumination, you can admire the beauty of the night landscape. A landscape bathed in moonlight; not once inspired artists and poets. One of the aphorisms of Kozma Prutkov says: "If you are asked: what is more useful, the sun or the month? - answer: the month. For the sun shines during the day, when it is already light; and the month - at night." The strongest source of light at night is the moon. During the full moon, the illumination created by the "young" Moon is greater than the illumination created by the "old" Moon, by about 1/5 part. This can be explained by the fact that there are spots on the surface of the Moon facing the Earth; areas of the lunar seas and oceans are located unevenly: on the "portrait" of the Moon in its left side there are more dark areas than in the right side. If the night is moonless (the most convenient time for observing the starry sky), then terrestrial objects are still illuminated, although very weakly. This illumination of the Earth is created by stars. Before the eye becomes accustomed to the darkness, a person begins to distinguish ever fainter stars and everything in more. Gradually opens "... the abyss of stars is full." Overwhelming majority bright stars located in the area Milky Way. This is the brightest part of the starry sky. Attempts to evaluate the role of the glow of stars in illuminating the earth's surface at night were first made in 1901 by the American astronomer Newcomb. He found that all the illumination created by the stars is only enough for half the illumination observed from the Earth on a moonless night. The role of the planets in illuminating the Earth is negligible. What else is the source of light? It was discovered in the same 1901 by German scientists, thanks to photographing the spectrum of the night sky. Green lines characteristic of the auroras were found everywhere on the spectral plates. It has been suggested that continuous green light sends a source located in earth's atmosphere. Scientists from Holland and England in 1909-1915 studied the spectrum of the Milky Way at different latitudes, even where auroras are extremely rare. There was a green line everywhere, in every spectrum shot. The brightness of the line was the greater, the closer to the horizon the photograph was taken. It remained to be concluded that the whole sky emits a continuous light every night, similar to the light of the auroras.
Thus, the night glow of the atmosphere was discovered. It turns out that the Earth's atmosphere, its "air coat", not only "warms" the Earth, absorbing the heat radiated by the Earth in space, not only protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet rays and from "heavenly stones" - meteorites, but also illuminates the Earth at night. That is, in the absence of the Moon, the Earth's atmosphere is its main "lamp".
In the atmosphere, not all of its layers glow, but the upper ones, rarefied at altitudes from 100 to 300 km. Under the influence ultraviolet radiation The sun is splitting, or, as they say, the dissociation of gas molecules into their constituent atoms. When atoms collide with each other, they recombine with molecules, and energy is released - the energy of radiation.
The sun is the main source of heat and the only star in our solar system, which, like a magnet, attracts all the planets, satellites, asteroids, comets and other "inhabitants" of space.
The distance from the Sun to the Earth is over 149 million kilometers. It is this distance of our planet from the Sun that is commonly called an astronomical unit.
Despite its significant distance, this star has a huge impact on our planet. Depending on the position of the Sun on Earth, day follows night, summer replaces winter, magnetic storms arise and amazing auroras form. And most importantly, without the participation of the Sun on Earth, the process of photosynthesis, the main source of oxygen, would be impossible.
The position of the sun at different times of the year
Our planet moves around the celestial source of light and heat in a closed orbit. This path can be schematically represented as an elongated ellipse. The Sun itself is not located in the center of the ellipse, but somewhat to the side.
The Earth moves in and out of the Sun, completing a full orbit in 365 days. Our planet is closest to the sun in January. At this time, the distance is reduced to 147 million km. The point in the earth's orbit closest to the sun is called perihelion.
The closer the Earth is to the Sun, the more the South Pole is illuminated, and summer begins in the countries of the southern hemisphere.
Closer to July, our planet moves as far as possible from the main star of the solar system. During this period, the distance is more than 152 million km. The farthest point in the Earth's orbit from the Sun is called aphelion. The farther the globe is from the Sun, the more light and heat the countries of the northern hemisphere receive. Then summer comes here, and, for example, in Australia and South America, winter dominates.
How the Sun illuminates the Earth at different times of the year
Illumination of the Earth by the Sun different time year directly depends on the remoteness of our planet in a given period of time and on which "sideways" the Earth is turned at that moment to the Sun.
The most important factor influencing the change of seasons is the earth's axis. Our planet, revolving around the Sun, has time to turn around its own imaginary axis at the same time. This axis is located at an angle of 23.5 degrees to the heavenly body and always turns out to be directed to the North Star. A full rotation around the earth's axis takes 24 hours. Axial rotation also provides a change of day and night.
By the way, if this deviation did not exist, then the seasons would not replace each other, but would remain constant. That is, somewhere a constant summer would reign, in other areas there would be a constant spring, a third of the earth would forever be watered with autumn rains.
Under the direct rays of the Sun on the days of the equinox is the earth's equator, while on the days of the solstice the sun at the zenith will be at latitudes of 23.5 degrees, gradually approaching zero latitude in the rest of the year, i.e. to the equator. The sun's rays falling vertically bring more light and heat, they do not dissipate in the atmosphere. Therefore, the inhabitants of countries located on the equator never know the cold.
The poles of the globe are alternately in the rays of the sun. Therefore, at the poles, day lasts half a year, and night lasts half a year. When the North Pole is illuminated, then spring comes in the northern hemisphere, replacing summer.
In the next six months, the picture changes. The South Pole is facing the Sun. Now summer is beginning in the southern hemisphere, and winter is setting in in the countries of the northern hemisphere.
Twice a year, our planet is in a position where the sun's rays equally illuminate its surface from far north before South Pole. These days are called the equinoxes. Spring is celebrated on March 21, autumn - September 23.
Two more days of the year are called solstices. At this time, the Sun is either as high as possible above the horizon, or as low as possible.
In the northern hemisphere, December 21 or 22 is the longest night of the year, the winter solstice. And on June 20 or 21, on the contrary, the day is the longest, and the night is the shortest - this is the day of the summer solstice. In the southern hemisphere, the opposite is true. There are long days in December and long nights in June.
