Trees and shrubs near paths and buildings. Ground cover plants to fill the space under trees and shrubs Flowers with a shallow root system
root system name all the roots of a plant. It is formed by the main root, lateral roots and adventitious roots. The main root of the plant develops from the germinal root. Adventitious roots usually grow from the lower parts of the plant stem. Lateral roots develop on the main and adventitious roots.
The root system of plants performs two main functions.
First, it holds the plant in the soil. Secondly, the roots suck up from the soil necessary for the plant water and minerals dissolved in it.
If a plant develops a powerful main root, then a rod root system .
If the main root remains undeveloped or dies, and adventitious roots develop, then the plant develops fibrous root system.
The tap root system is characterized by a well-developed main root.
In appearance, it looks like a rod. The main root grows from the germinal root.
The tap root system is formed not only by the main root, but also by small lateral roots extending from it.
The tap root system is characteristic of many dicotyledonous plants.
A well-developed main root is found in beans, clover, sunflowers, carrots, and dandelions.
However, many perennials with the original tap root system, sooner or later the main root dies off. Instead, numerous adventitious roots grow from the stem.
There is a subtype of the tap root system - branched root system.
In this case strong development get several lateral roots. While the main root remains shortened. The type of branched root system is characteristic of many trees. Such a root system allows you to firmly hold the powerful trunk and crown of the tree.
The tap root system penetrates deeper into the soil than the fibrous root system.
Fibrous type of root system
The fibrous root system is characterized by the presence of many approximately identical adventitious horses, which form a kind of bundle.
Adventitious roots grow from the aboveground and underground parts of the stem, less often from the leaves.
Plants with a fibrous root system may also have a live main root. However, if it persists, it does not differ in size from the rest of the roots.
A fibrous root system is characteristic of many monocot plants. Among them are wheat, rye, onions, garlic, corn, potatoes.
The fibrous root system, although it does not penetrate the soil as deeply as the taproot, but it occupies large area at the soil surface and more densely braids the soil particles, which improves the absorption of the aqueous solution.
Root systems and their classification. Types of root systems
Root changes:
A root crop is a thickened main root.
The main root and the lower part of the stem are involved in the formation of the root crop.
Most root plants are biennial. Root crops consist mainly of storage basic tissue (turnips, carrots, parsley).
Root tubers (root cones) are formed as a result of thickening of the lateral and adventitious roots.
With their help, the plant blooms faster.
Hook roots are a kind of adventitious roots. With the help of these roots, the plant "sticks" to any support.
Stilted roots - act as a support.
Plank roots are lateral roots that run at or above the soil surface, forming triangular vertical outgrowths adjacent to the trunk. Characteristic of the large trees of the tropical rainforest.
Aerial roots - lateral roots, grow in the aerial part.
They absorb rainwater and oxygen from the air. Formed by many tropical plants in conditions of lack of mineral salts in the soil of the tropical forest.
Mycorrhiza - cohabitation of roots higher plants with fungal hyphae. With such a mutually beneficial cohabitation, called symbiosis, the plant receives water from the fungus with nutrients dissolved in it, and the fungus receives organic substances.
Mycorrhiza is characteristic of the roots of many higher plants, especially woody ones. Fungal hyphae, braiding thick lignified roots of trees and shrubs, act as root hairs.
Bacterial nodules on the roots of higher plants - the cohabitation of higher plants with nitrogen-fixing bacteria - are modified lateral roots adapted to symbiosis with bacteria.
Bacteria penetrate the root hairs into young roots and cause them to form nodules. In this symbiotic cohabitation, bacteria convert the nitrogen in the air into a mineral form available to plants.
And plants, in turn, provide bacteria with a special habitat in which there is no competition with other types of soil bacteria. Bacteria also use substances found in the roots of higher plants.
Most often, bacterial nodules are formed on the roots of plants of the legume family. In connection with this feature, legume seeds are rich in protein, and members of the family are widely used in crop rotation to enrich the soil with nitrogen.
Respiratory roots - in tropical plants - perform the function of additional respiration.
Types of root systems
In the tap root system, the main root is highly developed and clearly visible among other roots (typical for dicots).
A variety of tap root system - branched root system: consists of several lateral roots, among which the main root is not distinguished; characteristic of trees.
In the fibrous root system, in the early stages of development, the main root, formed by the germinal root, dies off, and the root system is composed of adventitious roots (typical for monocots). The tap root system usually penetrates deeper into the soil than the fibrous root system, however, the fibrous root system braids adjacent soil particles better.
Adventitious roots grow directly from the stem.
They grow from a bulb (which is a special stem) or from garden cuttings.
aerial roots. Roots that grow from the stem but do not penetrate the ground.
They are used by climbing plants for anchorage, as in ivy.
Supporting (stilted) roots.
special type aerial roots. They grow from the stem and then penetrate the ground, which may be covered with water. They support heavy plants such as mangroves.
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What is the difference between a tap root system and a fibrous root system?
The roots of a plant are its vegetative organs that are underground and conduct water and, accordingly, minerals to the rest, terrestrial, plant organs - stems, leaves, flowers and fruits.
But the main function of the root is still to fix the plant in the ground.
On the distinctive features of root systems
Common in different root systems is that the root is always divided into main, lateral and adnexal.
The main root, the root of the first order, always grows from the seed, it is he who is most powerfully developed and always grows vertically downwards.
Lateral roots depart from it and are called roots of the second order. They can branch, and adventitious roots, called third-order roots, depart from them.
They (adventitious roots) never grow on the main, but in some plant species they can grow on stems and leaves.
This whole set of roots is called the root system. And there are only two types of root systems - rod and fibrous. And our main question regarding the difference between the taproot and fibrous root systems.
The tap root system is characterized by the presence of a pronounced main root, while the fibrous root system is formed from adventitious and lateral roots, and its main root is not expressed and does not stand out from the total mass.
To better understand how the tap root system differs from the fibrous root system, we suggest considering visual diagram structures of one and the other systems.
Plants such as roses, peas, buckwheat, valerian, parsley, carrots, maple, birch, currants, watermelon have a tap root system.
Wheat, oats, barley, onions and garlic, lilies, gladiolus and others have a urinary root system.
Modified shoots underground
Many plants underground, in addition to the roots, have so-called modified shoots. These are rhizomes, stolons, bulbs and tubers.
Rhizomes grow mostly parallel to the soil surface, they are needed for vegetative propagation and storage. Outwardly, the rhizome looks like a root, but in its own way internal structure has fundamental differences.
Sometimes such shoots can come out of the ground and form a regular shoot with leaves.
Underground shoots are called stolons, at the end of which bulbs, tubers and rosette shoots are formed.
The onion is called modified escape, whose storage function is carried out by fleshy leaves, and adventitious roots extend from the flat bottom below.
A tuber is a thickened shoot with axillary buds that performs the function of storage and reproduction.
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superficial root system
Page 1
A surface root system is also formed in pine when dense, heavy calcareous loam is shallow, and on such soils a windfall of pine seed plants, and sometimes larch seed plants, is often observed. This phenomenon occurs, for example, in a number of places in the Plesetsk district of the Arkhangelsk region. On the Kola Peninsula (Murmansk region), the windfall of pine seedlings is expressed in places where crystalline rocks emerge on the day surface.
The surface root system of a pine, as we have already said, is also formed with a shallow occurrence of dense heavy carbonate loam. On such soils, pine seedlings, and sometimes larch seedlings, often fall out by the wind, for example, in some places in the Plesetsk district of the Arkhangelsk region.
On the Kola Peninsula (Murmansk region) and in North Karelia, windfall of pine seedlings occurs in places where crystalline rocks come to the day surface.
A surface root system with a weak development of vertically developing roots, only 0 5 - 1 m deep, is also formed by pine on sandy soils poor in moisture, where it can also fall out relatively easily from the wind.
Trees with a shallow root system are more susceptible to windblow, more weakened and more likely to die on the vine.
The disproportion between the increased transpiration after felling and the limited supply of moisture from the soil, as well as the rupture of small roots due to tree swaying by the wind, lead to a decrease in growth immediately after felling on shallow, heavy, moist soils. On the contrary, trees on deep drained soils, where they form roots that go deep into the soil and are better provided with moisture, withstand changes in the situation relatively well and are able to increase their growth in diameter after 2-3 years, and sometimes immediately after felling.
These differences are reflected in the anatomical structure of the tree.
Trees with a shallow root system are more susceptible to windblow, more weakened and more likely to die on the root.
Damaged by the hooves of livestock, the surface root system of spruce is not able to resist honey agaric.
There are known facts of the impact of wind, when from the windblow there are PTCs with weakened drainage, which form the surface root system of trees and are located on windbreak locations.
The windfall often develops in the NTC of spruce forests of accumulative slopes with rich moist loams, where spruce has a thin surface root system. The forest stand of the PTK of denudation slopes with clump-stone substrates is more wind-resistant, where the spruce is firmly rooted in the crevices of the boulders.
Even a grassroots fire destroys thin-barked, with a crown falling low along the trunk, with a thinner surface root system, spruce and fir, and thus immediately removes two main obstacles to the appearance of self-seeding pine.
Old pine trees in any fires have a chance to survive due to a thicker bark, a highly raised crown and a root system that goes very deep into the soil; these old trees remain scattered as seed plants in greater or lesser numbers even after great fires.
After flowering, the plants are transplanted into wide and shallow pots or bowls, since azaleas have a superficial root system, pruning is carried out, removing weak, fattening shoots and pinching the tops of young shoots, stimulating their branching. Pinching is carried out in two or three steps, pinching shoots with three or four developed leaves. At the end of June, tweezing is stopped, since at this time the formation of next year's flower buds begins on the shoots.
Azaleas need moist air. During the period of active growth, from March to September, they are regularly sprayed with soft water. It is not recommended to spray during the flowering period to avoid the appearance of spots on the flowers. For normal flowering, high light intensity and top dressing with complex fertilizer are needed.
Weymouth pine is a relatively wind tolerant species, but like ordinary pine, can also give a superficial root system, for example, on shallow soils. Weymouth pine is no less sensitive to factory smoke than ordinary pine.
Significant areas of underground structures, lined with a sufficient layer of earth, are planted with small groups of shrubs with a superficial root system, or perennials.
If necessary, decorative design on them arrange small rockeries. To avoid icing, planting of trees and shrubs is provided at a distance of at least 40 m from open sprinkler devices, and from cooling towers at a distance of at least 15 of their height.
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Root
The root performs the function of absorbing water from the soil with minerals. It fixes and holds the plant in the soil. Reserve nutrients can be deposited in the roots.
Root structure
The root is the axial organ of the plant, on which, unlike the stem, there are no leaves. The root grows in length throughout the life of the plant, moving through the solid particles of the soil. To protect the delicate tip of the root from mechanical damage and reduce friction, a root cap is used.
It is formed by thin-walled cells of the integumentary tissue, which exfoliate and form mucus, which facilitates the movement of the root in the soil. At the growing root, the cap is updated every day.
Under the root cap is a division zone. It is made up of educational fabric.
The cells of this tissue divide.
The resulting cells are stretched in the longitudinal direction and form a zone of stretching and growth. This ensures the growth of the root in length. The cells of the educational tissue form other tissues - integumentary, conductive and mechanical.
The stretch zone is followed by the suction zone.
In this zone, a lot of root hairs are formed from the cells of the integumentary tissue. Wheat, for example, has up to 100 per 1 mm2 of root surface. Thanks to the root hairs, the absorptive surface of the root increases tens and even hundreds of times. Root hairs work like tiny pumps that suck water from the soil with minerals dissolved in it. The suction zone is mobile, it changes its place in the soil depending on the growth of the root. Root hairs live for several days, and then die off, and a suction zone appears on the newly growing root area.
Therefore, the absorption of water and nutrients always occurs from a new volume of soil.
In place of the former suction zone, a conduction zone is formed. Through the cells of this zone, water and minerals are carried upwards, to the above-ground organs, and organic substances are carried downwards, from the leaves to the roots.
Cells of the integumentary tissue of the conduction zone in adult plants, when dying, can overlap each other, forming a plug. As a result, the adult root becomes woody.
The conduction zone accounts for most of the length of long-lived roots.
Types of root systems
The totality of all the roots of a plant is called the root system. There are two types of root systems - rod and fibrous.
In the tap root system, the main root is isolated.
It grows strictly downward and stands out among other roots with greater length and thickness. Lateral roots extend from the main root. The tap root system is characteristic of peas, sunflowers, shepherd's purse, dandelions and many other plants.
The fibrous root system is characteristic of cereals, plantain and other plants in which the main root stops growing immediately at the beginning of embryo development.
At the same time, numerous roots are formed at the base of the shoot, which are called adventitious.
The plant develops a bundle, or lobe, of more or less equal in thickness, length and branching of adventitious roots.
was handsome all year round, plants are selected different both in height and in terms of flowering or fruiting, resistance to climatic conditions. In this article we will talk about the most popular of them.
Best blooming (with photo)
Tall shrub, grows up to three meters, with a spreading crown. About a hundred varieties and forms of the plant are known. Flowering time, depending on the species, is from mid-summer to frost.
Paniculate inflorescences are more like clusters, reach a length of 45 cm, there are different shades: white, pink, orange, purple, colors. The flowers are small with tubular petals, similar to or, with four lobes.
When growing, it prefers places closed from drafts, but open to the sun, and is unpretentious. Care is in, fertilizer,.
Propagated by seeds, which are formed in a box after flowering, and cuttings: green and woody.
Care consists in regular watering, weeding and. Neither winter, if there is no snow, it is better to cover the culture. Cassiopeia is propagated by cuttings.
Frost-resistant species
Product of selection by Canadian scientists, grown for northern latitudes. These flowers withstand 45-degree frosts.
If their foliage freezes due to sudden changes in temperature, it quickly recovers without harm to the plant. Roses bloom profusely with bright colors various shades, not afraid of shadows, .
The shrub has curly juicy green foliage, strong thin shoots. Roses are easy to care for.
A frequent visitor to gardens and parks. Branched, lush shrub grows quickly, lends itself perfectly to a haircut. 
Thanks to the dense, oval foliage, the shrub turns out to be almost continuous. hedge. Common lilac tolerates shade well; in too bright sun, its delicate inflorescences can get burned and turn brown.
It blooms early in April - May with beautiful bright clusters of white, cream, pink-lilac inflorescences. Lilac feels great on any type of soil, but prefers loose soils.
Ornamental fruit bushes for summer cottages
A bush about a meter high, with thin shoots, curved in an arc. The foliage is green, glossy, some species have thorns.
Lush flowering begins in May, flowers are simple and double. Most often there are varieties with orange inflorescences, but there are also pink and white ones.
The plant bears fruit in a yellowish color, similar to. Quince is drought tolerant and grows in almost any soil.
Important! Transplantation is carried out with extreme caution due to the pivotal long root which is easily damaged.
- not only decorative, but also. It grows up to five meters tall, has thorns on red-brown glossy stems.
The foliage is up to 6 cm long, oval in shape with a pile on both sides of the sheet. Small thyroid inflorescences bloom in May, at the end of summer red fruits appear.
Hawthorn grows equally well in dry and wetlands, in the shade and in the sun, easily adapts to weather conditions.
Another medicinal and, of course, beautiful plant- viburnum. ordinary- a tall lush bush, with brown bark, dense green foliage, which turns red in autumn.
birch drooping. It is widely distributed in the European part of our country from the southern regions to the borders of the forest tundra.
Usually it is involved as an admixture to broad-leaved or coniferous species in various combinations. various types forest conditions. Despite its wide distribution, the morphology of the birch root system has not been well studied until recently.
In the conditions of a fresh dry forest on medium-soddy medium podzolic soils in pine-birch plantations of class I of bonitet, with a density of 0.8, birch roots have 10-15 well-developed horizontal roots of the first order, forming a dense network of skeletal, semi-skeletal and suction roots in the upper soil horizons . At the age of 27, the length of the horizontal roots of the first order reaches 8.05 m, the diameter is 13.6 cm. The taproots are poorly developed, they penetrate deep into the soil by 95-115 cm. , some of them penetrate the soil to a greater depth than taproots. However, some trees show a complete absence of vertical branches. The length of the skeletal roots of horizontal orientation and their branches depends on the growth group of the tree.
Compared to other species, birch has the highest branching coefficient - 17.2 (pine 3.0, oak 1.5, spruce 5.6, maple 1.8). The projection area of the root systems is 33.1-46 m 2 , the volume of soil occupied by the roots is 11.0-43.7 m 3 depending on the tree growth group.
The intensity of the root population of the occupied volume of soil in different trees is different - from 19.1 to 111.1 m / m 3, i.e., compared with pine, it is 1.8-2.6 times more. The average annual increase in the volume of soil occupied by the roots reaches 4.1 m 3 , along the total length of the roots 15.4 m 3 , along the surface of the suction space of the roots 9.1 dm 3 .
common hornbeam. Usually, under natural conditions, the hornbeam does not form pure stands, but its importance as a companion species is great. Widely distributed in broad-leaved forests of the southwest of the European part of the USSR. It is characterized as a breed with a powerful superficial root system.
In the root system of the hornbeam in 15-year-old oak-hornbeam cultures in the conditions of the Vinnitsa region on gray forest soils (the type of forest conditions is fresh oak forest), horizontal roots predominate.
However, at the same age, well-developed taproots are often found, having a high degree of branching and penetrating to a depth of 1.9 m. Horizontal roots of the first order reach a length of 5.9 m. The degree of branching is high, there are skeletal roots of the seventh-eighth branching orders. In the total length of the roots, the roots of the second order of branching prevail, in the total mass - the first, and in terms of the number of branches - the third order of branching.
Forest beech. On the territory of the USSR, beech naturally grows in the Kaliningrad region, in the Carpathians and Precarpathians, Kodry of Moldova and in the Crimea. The structure of the root system of the forest beech, as well as white fir, has not been studied enough.
As well as in spruce, the root system of beech in 11-22-year-old spruce-beech-fir cultures in the conditions of the Carpathians at an altitude of 750-1000 m above sea level. m. has a pronounced surface structure .. The tap root at the age of 11-22 years of trees is usually absent. It transforms into a short thickening, which is a continuation of the tree trunk.
The relative participation of horizontal roots in the total length of the skeletal ones is 99.2-99.96%, in the total mass of the root system 70.1-73.2%. Individual trees may have 3-4 vertical branches, some of which have intensive branching and penetrate deep into the soil through crevices up to 160 cm. rocks penetrates to a depth of 241 cm.
Beech roots of the first order are distinguished by strong tapering at the base. Then, at a distance of 0.1 length, their diameters decrease relative to the length more moderately, and the roots acquire a more pronounced cord-like shape. The nature of the taper of the root is expressed by the following shape coefficients in terms of relative lengths: 0.1-62.3; 0.2-50.4; 0.5-27.8; 0.7-16.5; 0.9-7.9%. The coefficients of the form and coefficient of the root volume (0.1800) indicate a relatively small taper of beech skeletal roots.
Projection area of the root system of trees better growth at the age of 22 it is 60.6 m 2 (for medium trees 21.2, for stunted trees 10.5 m 2). The volume of soil space occupied by root systems at this age in trees of the best growth is 36.4 m 3, average 12.7, lagging behind in growth 3.2 m 3. The coefficient of compactness of the root system, respectively, is 14.3; 16.6 and 20.6 m/m. These figures are slightly higher than European spruce.
Pedunculate oak. It grows within its natural range in the middle and southern zones of the European part of the USSR, in the Crimea and the Caucasus. Within such a wide range, the oak is found in various types of forest conditions and forest types. Being a species demanding on soil fertility, oak under natural conditions forms mixed plantations on soils that represent a relatively wide range both in terms of fertility and the nature of moisture. However, under certain edaphic conditions, it can have bonitet classes III-IV, forming a second tier in mixed forest stands on dry, poor sandy soils. In more favorable conditions, it enters the first tier, reaching the II or I class of bonitet, and on rich, well-moistened soils - I and Ia classes of bonitet.
The best conditions for the growth of English oak are fresh and moist gray forest loams, degraded chernozems, powerful brown mountain forest soils. Under the influence of soil conditions, structural features of the oak root system are formed. Possessing the ability to form a powerful taproot from the very first years, oak forms a surface root system on soils with excessive moisture, with relatively insufficient moisture gives well-developed vertical branches from horizontal roots, on soils with compacted horizons such as ortstein forms a second tier of roots above its surface .
In the root system of oak on ordinary low-humus chernozems with signs of southern chernozem in oak-ash cultures, vertically oriented roots predominate. Vertical branches begin to appear at the age of 10, but by the age of 18 they make up about 20% of the total length of the horizontal roots. Horizontal roots are slightly branched. The highest relative participation is made up of skeletal roots of the first order. The branching of the tap root is more intense compared to the horizontal roots.
The depth of penetration of the taproots of oak reaches 4.05 at the age of 10, and 4.86 at the age of 18. The development of vertical branches from horizontal roots is intensive. Some of them exceed the tap root in diameter and length, reaching a depth of 250-280 cm. The main number of roots is located in the upper soil horizons. In trees of the best growth, up to 83.8% of horizontal skeletal roots are located at a depth of up to 20 cm, 95% - in a 0-40 cm soil layer.
On degraded chernozems, a more superficial oak root system is formed. The relative contribution of roots of horizontal orientation is 13-20% more with a corresponding decrease in the number of vertical branches and taproots. At the same time, there is a significantly greater branching of horizontal and taproots, despite the fact that the greatest relative participation is retained by the roots of the first order of branching. The depth of penetration of the tap root into the soil is sharply reduced. It is 167 cm for trees of the best growth at 9 years of age, 183 at 16, 195 at 18. This is more than 2 times less than the depth of penetration of roots of English oak on ordinary chernozems with low humus in the southern steppe.
On gray forest soils in fresh types of forest growth conditions in the structure of the oak root system, the relative participation of vertical branches is 2–2.5 times greater than on degraded soils, and almost 3 times greater than on ordinary chernozems. The intensity of development of horizontal roots and taproot is much higher here than on degraded and ordinary chernozems. The total length of skeletal roots under these conditions already at the age of 10 is several times greater than in trees of 16-19 years of age under the previously considered conditions. The depth of penetration of the tap root on gray forest soils reaches 190 cm at the age of 10, and 555 cm at the age of 25, which is much greater compared to other soil varieties. Vertical branches are also intensively developed and reach a depth of 215 cm already at the age of 10 years. Therefore, fresh forest loamy soils are most favorable for the growth of English oak.
Some changes in the structure of root systems in comparison with the gray forest soils of the Right Bank of Ukraine and chernozems are observed in the conditions of soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils in the western part of the forest-steppe. The overall intensity of the development of root systems here is less than on the chernozems and gray forest soils of the Right Bank. The tap root develops much more weakly, the growth of which deep into the soil here is prevented by compacted soil horizons of an ortstein character with signs of gleying. The penetration depth of the tap root reaches 160 cm on soddy-podzolic soils at the age of 14, and 220 cm on gray forest soils.
The root systems of older trees are completely drawn up on last step of its development. Horizontal oak roots at the age of 90 (plantation class I of bonitet, medium soddy-weakly podzolic light loamy sandy soil on fluvioglacial deposits) are represented by powerful roots of the first order, located near the soil surface at a depth of up to 30 cm. From the tap root at a depth of 32-60 cm 11 roots of horizontal orientation depart.
The branching intensity of the roots is rather weak, the largest number of branches is of the third order. Horizontal roots form a network of cord-like roots located at the very surface of the soil. The length of the most developed root of the first order is 22.4 m. The total length of skeletal surface horizontal roots with branches up to the fifth order is 1995 m, deep 207.9 m. Surface horizontal roots have vertical branches up to 113 m long, which is about 5% of the total the extent of these roots. Deep roots of horizontal orientation are characterized by weak development. The greatest relative participation in this category of roots is the roots of the second order.
A feature of deep roots of horizontal orientation is their ability to form vertical branches, which can be directed not only deep into, but also up to the soil surface. Superficial horizontal roots have a well-pronounced plank-shaped, at the base of the root their vertical diameter can exceed the horizontal one by 5-8.5 times. The difference in the size of the vertical and horizontal diameters disappears at a distance of 60-140 cm from the base of the root, depending on its size. Deep horizontal roots do not have plank.
The taproot of a 90-year-old oak has many branches of large diameter, strongly intertwined with each other and almost completely fused in the upper part. Anchor roots, formed in close proximity to the tree trunk, intertwine and grow together with the tap root and its branches. The depth of penetration of the main root is 178 cm, anchor - up to 250 cm.
The length of the measurable elements of this intergrown system is 17.8 m. The total length of the core part of the root system and vertical branches from the taproots is approximately 130 m, or 5% of the total length of the skeletal roots.
In oak, as in other tree species, the roots of horizontal orientation mainly participate in the root system, most intensively developing the upper soil horizons within 0-60 cm. At the same time, oak has the ability to form a deep-reaching and a highly developed taproot. Its ability to form vertical branches from horizontal roots is somewhat less than that of many tree species (pine, walnut, chestnut, linden, spruce). The branching intensity of oak roots is weak, and no significant variation of this trait under the influence of soil conditions has been established.
The average branching coefficient of oak roots is expressed as 1.46, which is lower than its value obtained for other tree species. The intensity of taper of oak skeletal roots is determined by the coefficients of the root shape at relative lengths: 0.1 - 72.4±0.55; 0.2 — 56.2±0.63; 0.5 - 29.8±0.54; 0.7 - 16.7±0.4; 0.9-7.4+0.20. The coefficient of volume of the horizontal skeletal roots of oak is 0.1851, which indicates a large cord-like nature of its roots compared to other species.
The projection area of oak root systems can reach 50 m 2 by the age of 19, more than 60 m 2 by the age of 25. The excess of the area of projections of root systems over the area of projections of crowns is from 5.4 to 8.4. The large depth of penetration of the roots into the soil provides the oak with the rapid development of significant volumes of soil space, which makes the indicator of compactness of its root system, which is in the range of 1.9-10.8, exceptional.
Large-leaved linden. Widespread in the forests of the European part of the USSR. Grows on a variety of soils, preferring richer, fresher forest growing conditions. It appears in natural plantations and is used in cultures as a companion species with oak, pine, larch, as a rule, forms the second tier, and in less favorable conditions - the third.
The root system is well developed. In its structure (in 12-year-old crops, on gray forest loamy soils), horizontal roots make up 78.6-93.6%. In a tree of better growth, a taproot is absent; in an average and stunted tree, it occupies 3.1 and 9.9% of the total length of skeletal roots. The branching of skeletal roots is limited to the formation of third-order roots. Vertical branches from horizontal roots are 3.6-11.2%.
The structure and structure of the linden root system testify to its superficial placement. The penetration depth of the roots is 40 cm in the tree of the best growth due to the deepening of the horizontal roots. This 40 cm layer of soil contains all 100% of the roots of the best growing tree. The tap roots of trees of medium height and lagging in growth reach a depth of 80 and 70 cm. The average annual growth of the largest horizontal root is 21.7, the average is 14.3 cm. 40.8 and 15.7, silver birch 35.4 and 27.1, Scotch pine 0.43 and 16.3, English oak 28.9 and 17.5 cm).
The branching intensity of linden roots is average. It is characterized by a branching coefficient of 2.1. This is somewhat higher than that of sycamore maple (1.8) and oak (1.5), but significantly less than that of other co-growing species (pine 2.5, birch 17.2).
Tapering of linden roots is determined by shape coefficients on relative lengths: 0.1 - 0.657±0.016; 0.2 - 0.472±0.017; 0.5 - 0.330±0.018; 0.7 - 0.220±0.012; 0.9 - 0.104±0.04. The root volume coefficient is 0.1701, which corresponds to the average value among other tree species.
The projection area of the linden root system is smaller than that of other species: the tree of the best growth is 9.3 m 2, the average is 10.0, and the tree is lagging behind in growth of 1.3 m 2. The volume of soil space occupied by the root system, respectively, is 2.2; 2.7; 0.3 m 3. The coefficient of compactness of the root system is very high. For a tree of the best growth, it is 37.7, for an average tree it is 19.1.
Norway maple. Like oak, maple is widely distributed in the forests of the European part of the USSR. However, the biometric characteristic of the maple root system is poorly understood. When growing together in oak cultures, Norway maple has a well-developed root system, consisting of a tap root penetrating 3 m deep into the soil, and strong horizontally oriented roots. The intensity of the root population of the upper soil horizons in maple is almost not inferior to that in English oak.
Sycamore maple. It grows in the Carpathians as an admixture in spruce, beech and fir forests. At the same time, it is widely distributed in the lowland forests of the Carpathian region. The wood of this species is of great economic value.
Sycamore maple is distinguished by well-developed taproots and horizontal roots. Horizontal roots have branches of the third and fourth orders. The roots of vertical orientation are represented by the tap root and its branches of the second and third orders. The main mass of roots on brown mountain forest soils is located in a 0–30 cm layer, however, individual taproots penetrate to a depth of more than 1 m. In sycamore, as in other species, horizontal roots predominate in the total length of the roots (81.2 -99.2%), while the participation of the tap root in the total mass of roots in sycamore is much greater. The roots of the second or third order predominate in the total length of the sycamore roots.
The length of skeletal roots in sycamore is less than that of spruce, fir and beech, but in contrast to them, this breed has more intensively developed tap roots and vertical branches from horizontal roots.
difference in soil conditions affects the structure and structure of root systems. On deep gray forest soils, the relative share of the tap root in the total length is significantly greater than on brown mountain forest soils of medium thickness, and the length of the tap root with branches on gray forest soils is 2.5-8 times greater. Under these conditions, the vertical branches from the horizontal roots are also more intensively developed. The maximum penetration depth of the tap root on brown mountain forest soils is 120 cm, on gray forest soils at the age of 12 in trees of medium height - 123 cm, the best - 510 cm.
The taper of the horizontal roots of the sycamore maple is characterized by the following shape coefficients according to the relative lengths of the root: 0.1 - 67.3 ± 0.01; 0.2 - 46.0+0.01; 0.5 - 24.4±0.07; 0.7 - 16.2+0.01; 0.9 - 9.2±0.003. The volume factor for horizontal roots of the first order is 0.1444. According to the intensity of taper, sycamore roots occupy a middle position among the tree species presented in this textbook. The branching intensity of the sycamore maple roots is very low (the average branching coefficient is 1.8).
The maximum value of the average annual growth along the length of the horizontal root of the first order is 21.7 cm, the average growth is 14.8 cm, the average annual growth of the tap root is 6.7 cm. The ratio of the intensity of growth of the tap root and the average horizontal root is 0.47 on gray forest soils.
The area of projections of the root system by the age of 18 on brown mountain forest soils reaches 20.4 m 2, on gray forest soils at the age of 12 11.2 m 2, which corresponds to the area of projection of the roots of trees of 14 years of age (11, 5 m 2) on the brown soils of the Carpathians.
The root system of the sycamore maple on deep gray forest soils is characterized by low compactness. Thanks to the tap root, which intensively penetrates deep into, the root system relatively quickly occupies a vast amount of soil space. At the age of 12, under these conditions, the volume of soil occupied by root systems is 19.3 m 3 for a tree of the best growth, 18.9 for an average and 1.1 m 3 for a lagging one; coefficient of compactness of root systems, respectively, 2.6; 2.9 and 2.9 m/m 3 . However, this figure increases by 10 or more times on medium-thick brown mountain forest soils, where for trees of the best growth at the age of 8 it is 36.3, at 12 years old 26.3 and at 17 years old 23.2 m / m 3.
walnut. It grows in natural forests in the mountainous regions of Kyrgyzstan. Widely cultivated in Central Asia, in the Caucasus, Ukraine, Moldova and southern Belarus. Prefers fresh and moist rather rich soils (chernozems and gray forest soils). By the age of 6, on gray forest soils, the walnut has not only well-developed taproot and horizontal roots, but also a significant number of vertical branches. The penetration depth of the tap roots at this age is 273, 241 and 194 cm, depending on the tree growth group. Branches from the tap root are evenly spaced along its entire length. The total length of vertical branches from roots of horizontal orientation is 6.9-12.3% of the total length of skeletal roots. Each tree has 8-10 vertical branches. Their penetration depth also varies depending on the tree growth group. So, in trees that are lagging behind in growth, it is 49-67 cm, trees of medium height 82-124, the best 120-241 cm. 5 mm.
The branching of the roots is quite intense: 420-820 skeletal branches. highest order branching at this age is the fourth, but there are very few roots of this order (0.3-0.9%). The main relative participation in the total length of the skeletal roots is taken by the roots of the second order of branching (39.1-55.8%).
In the total length of the skeletal roots of the walnut, vertical branches from horizontal roots take a significant relative part. The compactness of root systems is insignificant.
The walnut is distinguished by a high intensity of root growth in diameter, reaching a horizontal orientation of 0.95 at the roots, and 1.05 cm at the taproots. crowns, respectively, at 2.9; 3.9 and 5.5 times.
Root taper is characterized by the following root shape coefficients at the respective relative lengths: 0.1 - 56.5; 0.2 - 35.1; 0.5 - 26.1; 0.7 - 18.7; 0.9 - 11.4. Root volume coefficient 0.1207.
common hazel. It is widely distributed in the European part of the USSR as an undergrowth species. Within its natural range, it occurs in fresh and moist hygrotopes on chernozem, burozem, gray forest, soddy-podzolic soils with high fertility.
The root system of hazel in the conditions of western Ukraine on soddy weakly podzolic light loamy soils in fresh hornbeam sudubrava in 90-year-old pine forests of Ia quality class is as follows: taproots are absent, horizontal ones have high branching. The total length of the skeletal roots of one bush reaches 256 m, of which the roots of the first order of branching are 8.7, the second 40.8 and the third 50.5%. Total number branches in the most developed bushes 850, including the first order 1.1, the second 21.9, the third 77.1%. The coefficient of branching of the roots is high - 7.8. The taper of the roots of the first order is characterized by the shape coefficients at relative lengths: 0.1-0.54; 0.2 - 0.38; 0.5 - 0.25; 0.7 - 0.174 and 0.9 - 0.14. The coefficient of volume of skeletal roots of the first order is 0.1224.
The main mass of hazel roots is located at a depth of 0-30 cm, however, individual roots penetrate deep into 60 cm. Despite this, the coefficient of compactness of the root system is 28.3%. Thus, the root system of hazel rather intensively inhabits the upper soil horizon in plantations.
Edible chestnut (sowing). Chestnut edible (sowing), European, or noble, naturally grows in the Caucasus, and is also widely distributed in the Carpathians, forming a highly productive valuable tree stand in cultures. Chestnut forms a deep root system due to large roots going obliquely into the depth of the soil. The tap root is missing. The root systems of 10-year-old trees in chestnut cultures with the participation of English oak on the Carpathian brown mountain forest soils consist of a tap root, horizontal roots and vertical branches from horizontal roots. Part of the horizontal roots go into the soil at a well-defined angle in a skew-vertical direction. There are few skeletal roots of the first order in trees of better growth, and in trees that are lagging behind in growth, there are much more of them. At the same time, stunted trees lack second-order branches and vertical branches from horizontal roots, and taproots are much less developed. This indicates that weaker trees develop the vital soil space with younger horizontal roots of the first order.
In the structure of the root system of the sowing chestnut, the roots of horizontal orientation take the main relative part. However, noteworthy is the very high relative proportion of vertically oriented roots in trees of better and medium height. Thus, the total length of tap roots and vertical branches is 25.7% for trees of the best growth, and 12.7% for the average.
In the structure of the root system of the sowing chestnut at the age of 10, roots of the second order of branching predominate. So, in a tree of the best growth, horizontal roots of the first order are 21.7%, second 46.7, third 10.9, vertical branches 15.8%, tap root with branches of the first and second orders 4.9% of the total length of skeletal roots.
The taproots of chestnut penetrate to a depth of 3 m. At the same time, the depth of penetration of taproots of English oak when growing together with chestnut is 4.2 m.
Just like in other tree species, the area of projections of chestnut root systems significantly exceeds the area of projections of crowns. This situation is characterized by the following indicators: for a tree of better growth, the crown projection area is 3.14 m 2, the root projection area is 22.04 m 2, i.e., 7 times more; in a tree of medium height, respectively, 1.76 and 12.6 m 2, i.e. 7.2 times more.
The intensity of the population of the soil space with skeletal roots in a tree of the best growth is 6.7, the average is 6.1, and the tree that is lagging behind in growth is 13.9 m/m 3 .
The horizontal roots of the sowing chestnut are relatively slow-running. The diameter of the roots of the first order per 0.5 relative length is 34.9%, which is significantly higher than that of many tree species. Just like in other breeds, the horizontal roots of the second order in the sowing chestnut are less runaway than the roots of the first order.
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Empty soil under trees and shrubs looks unattractive, and weeds spreading through free areas take a lot of time and effort. Finding a solution to this problem is quite difficult, because, on the one hand, the crown of large trees and shrubs is too dense and does not provide sufficient lighting for planting a lawn, and, on the other hand, planted plants can interfere with the development of the main characters of the garden. And the more dense, dense crown trees and shrubs have, the more superficial their root system, the more difficult the task of decorating the place around them. But this does not mean that there is no solution to such a problem. Among garden plants there are many very beautiful and unpretentious perennials, which, with their roots, will not interfere with the development of shrubs or trees themselves, as well as a great many “light” ground covers that not only feel good in the shade, but also create favorable conditions for the development of trees. The main thing is to choose the right lush accompaniment for specific species and varieties of trees.
Not all trees "love" the neighborhood with other plants. The "peaceful" linden, apple tree, oak seem to be created so that their near-stem zone is decorated with lush plants and bright colors. These trees have a compact, not too wide and deep root system, which allows planting the most different plants, even perennials that actively use the moisture and nutrients of the soil. In full measure, pears with cherries can also be counted among them. Under such trees, which will not refuse to be adjacent to other crops in the near-stem circle, plants are planted quite densely to create the most beautiful carpet possible, placing them on one square meter up to 12 ground cover seedlings, about 7 medium-sized or 3 large perennials.
It is much more difficult to arrange a zone under such representatives of trees as Norway maple or birch, because their roots are located very widely and develop horizontally, close to the soil surface. Herbaceous perennials in such trees are inappropriate, and groundcovers will need help: a layer of palm-width compost should be poured on top of the loosened soil between the roots with the addition of an equal share garden soil, plant the plants, mulch them with large sawdust or bark and wait until the plants take root and spread on their own. You should start with just a few plants. Landscaping birch and maple near-trunk circles is not a matter of one season, and the main thing in it is to be patient and allow the plants to gradually develop on their own. Twice a year, new compost should be laid out between plants and top dressing should be doubled. organic fertilizers, as well as provide additional watering in drought.
But among the trees there are also plants that create a very strong shadow, in which only a few plants can take root, and they “scare away” these neighbors by releasing poisonous substances. So, hazel and chestnut in the leaves contain poisons, which, after falling off, fall into the ground and inhibit the growth of plants in the near-stem zone. Robinia is even more insidious: poisons are secreted not only by leaves, but also by roots. You cannot create a lush carpet next to these plants.
The easiest way to fill the space around trees and shrubs is to create a green carpet under them, which will close the bare areas not only under large trees, but also under undersized shrubs without harm to themselves. They create it, of course, with the help of ground covers and shade-tolerant creeping perennials close to them with decorative leaves. Except decorative effect, green spaces will suppress the spread and development of weeds, greatly simplify the care of the garden, saving you a lot of time that is usually spent on weeding. Actually, a green carpet may not necessarily be only green: by combining plants with beautiful foliage with annuals, planted clearings and patches, you can create colorful, illuminating shady places from the inside, carpets that are more reminiscent of patchwork bedspreads.
When choosing plants for your green rug, pay attention to their decorative period: the longer your plants are attractive, the more stable and colorful your garden design will be. So, if ground covers are good only in the active garden season, then such evergreen beauties as hardy and unpretentious, and besides, rapidly growing ivy, periwinkle, pachysandra, waldsteinia will cover the soil not only in spring, summer or autumn, but also in winter period, without losing its appeal regardless of the season and weather, and decorative leafy stars such as hosta are so spectacular that the lack of winter attire is easy to forgive. The apical pachysandra pleases the eye with foliage of a juicy green color, a dense and lush carpet of carved leaves, under which no free soil is visible. But the hosta with its large heart-leaved leaves with colorful patterns fills shady places with charm and light. And even though it is more valued precisely for its decorative foliage, flowering, which lasts all summer, is also very attractive. Periwinkle - a plant, albeit a simple one, but so cute thanks to modest leaves and surprisingly bright flowers. It grows both in the shade and in the sun, is durable, blooms for a very long time and can easily settle even under shrubs. Fortune's euonymus with its powerful shoots will need much more space, but the bright foliage, changing yellow-green patterns to pink-green by winter, is worth it to push other crops. Shade-loving annuals - begonias, mimulyus, balsams, nasturtiums, some types of small-colored geraniums - will help to dilute the green sea of \u200b\u200bleaves and bring summer bright colors into it.
If shrubs can be “decorated” only with a coverlet of ground cover and creeping plants with rare interspersed with flowering annuals, then under the trees you can arrange a real mini-flower garden (unless, of course, we are talking about a pear, linden, oak, apple tree or cherry with a superficial root system) . The ideal combination for decorating areas under trees is a combination of perennials that are not afraid of competitors and develop well even in cramped conditions of swaying ornamental grasses and shade-loving ferns. They play on contrasts, create the effect of a motley sea and only emphasize the beauty of soloist trees.
One of best plants, able to settle in the shade, is a magnificent foxglove with its unique long inflorescences of fancy bells, a bright cuff, an imposing epimedium, a touching function. You definitely can’t call them inconspicuous “crumbs”! An original flowering rug can be made from ivy-leaved cyclamen, which produces pink flower heads at the end of summer. It will not be superfluous to the collection of shade-tolerant perennials and the imposing astilbe with its openwork filigree loose panicles or aquilegia with graceful flowers, which is rightfully considered a tramp plant. But sometimes even too bold shadow colors need to be balanced with more restrained, but no less beautiful plants. Decorative sedge, shield plant will perfectly “calm” flowering perennials and create a landscape effect in the near-stem circle. But geraniums are best planted in a diffused shade along the edge of the crown as a kind of edging. By the way, geranium is the only plant that is suitable for creating a monocarpet of tall perennials. Its root system is so compact that you can even plant geraniums next to capricious beauties. Plant a few bushes around the trunk and in a few years you will have an amazingly hardy and colorful rug of geraniums.
In the shade of huge trees, you can even plant small ones. flowering shrubs, for example, low rhododendrons. They should be surrounded by only one plant, because the accumulation of motley rugs will look too flashy. To rhododendrons, for example, you can plant a clearing of Canadian deren, which will make a surprisingly elegant duet with blooming handsome men, or contrastingly dark weaving ivy.
The root, being the most important organ, performs a number of irreplaceable functions and is quite diverse in terms of structural features. Without it, the life of plant organisms would be practically impossible. Our article will consider in detail the fibrous in which plants it develops, what characteristic features it has and how it helps organisms adapt to constantly changing conditions. environment.
What is a root
The root is the underground organ of the plant. Obviously, in plants it is not in singular. Indeed, all the roots of one organism differ in appearance and developmental features. There are three types of underground parts of plants: main, lateral and adnexal. It won't be hard to tell them apart. The main root of a plant is always one. It stands out from the rest in size and length. It has lateral roots. They are quite numerous. And if the roots grow directly from the shoot, then they are adventitious.
Root functions
Without a root, the plant will die, because its functions are really vital. First of all, this is the fixation of organisms in the soil, the provision of mineral nutrition and the upward flow of water. When necessary, many plants form. For example, beets, carrots and radishes form roots. These are thickenings of the main root. They accumulate water and a supply of necessary substances for experiencing adverse conditions.
Types of root systems
One type of root is not enough for a plant. After all, the life of the whole organism depends on the functioning of this organ. Therefore, the plant forms root systems, consisting of several types of underground organs. They are more efficient. The main types of root systems are tap and fibrous. Their main difference lies in the structural features. For example, a fibrous root system is distinguished by a small penetration depth, while a tap root system, on the contrary, allows plants to receive water from considerable depths.
Tap root system
The very name of this structure characterizes the features of its structure. She has a pronounced main root. This tap root system differs from fibrous. Due to this, plants with this structure are able to get water from a depth of several tens of meters. Lateral roots extend from the main root, which increases the suction surface.
The structure of the fibrous root system
The fibrous root system consists of only one type of roots - adventitious. They grow directly from the above-ground part of the plant, so they form a bunch. Usually they are all the same length. Moreover, the main root at the beginning of development still grows. However, he subsequently dies. As a result, only those roots remain that grow from the shoot itself. Such a beam in most cases is quite powerful. Try to pull a wheat plant out of damp soil with your hands, and you will see that it takes considerable force to do so. Sometimes lateral roots can also develop on adventitious roots, which further increases the diameter occupied by this system.
Which plants have a fibrous root system
In the process of evolution, this structure first appears in representatives of higher spore plants - ferns, club mosses and horsetails. Since in most of them the body is represented by an underground modification of the shoot, namely the rhizome, adventitious roots grow from it. This is a big step forward in the phylogeny of plant organisms, since algae and other spores had only rhizoids. These formations did not have tissues and performed only the function of attachment to the substrate.
They also have all plants that belong to the class Monocots. Along with the absence of cambium, arc or other features, this is their systematic feature. This class is represented by several families. For example, in Liliaceae and Onions, a characteristic is formed. This is a thickened underground stem, in which water and all the necessary minerals are stored. It's called an onion. Bundles of adventitious roots grow from it. Rice, wheat, corn, rye, barley are representatives. They are also characterized by a fibrous root system. Examples of this structure are also dahlia, asparagus, sweet potato, chistyak. Their adventitious roots are largely thickened and take on a tuberous shape. They also store nutrients. Such modifications are called root tubers. Support, respiratory, suckers and trailers also grow from the shoot. Therefore, they can also be considered a modification of the fibrous root system. For example, vines with the help of trailer roots can grow even on vertical surface. And orchids absorb moisture directly from the air. This is carried out by adventitious respiratory roots. A special modification is formed in corn. These are supporting roots. They surround the lower part of the stem and support a powerful shoot with heavy cobs.
Advantages and disadvantages of a fibrous root system
Plants that do not have to extract moisture from a considerable depth have a fibrous root system. This largely distinguishes it from another similar structure - the rod. The main root is well developed in it, capable of penetrating tens of meters deep into the soil. This feature for all plants of the Dicotyledonous class. But the fibrous root system has its advantages. For example, it is able to occupy a significant area, which increases the suction surface. In wheat, the fibrous root system is up to 126 cm in diameter with a length of up to 120. The degree of development of this structure depends entirely on environmental conditions. In loose soil, adventitious roots in corn can grow within a radius of 2 m, in an apple tree up to 15 or more. At the same time, the depth of penetration is quite significant. In some weeds, it reaches 6 m. Therefore, it is so difficult to get rid of them. If the soil is dense, and the oxygen content in it is not enough, then almost all adventitious roots are located in its surface layer.
So, the fibrous root system has a number characteristic features. It is typical for plants of the monocotyledonous class: the cereal, onion and lily families. This structure consists of which grow from the shoot in a bundle, occupying a significant area.
