What type of soil is the most common in Russia? Whether this is good or bad from an economic point of view. The main types of soils in Russia
It is urgent to solve a crossword puzzle in geography. Vertical: Large gas field in Russia (11 letters). Large oil and gas condensatedeposit in Russia (10 letters). The river, in the upper reaches of which is the most powerful hydroelectric power station in Russia (6 letters). A city famous for its weapons factories and the production of gingerbread (4 letters). The city where the Trans-Siberian Railway begins is a major center of ferrous metallurgy (9 letters). One of the most important main gas pipelines(6 letters).
What climatic zones and regions are located on the territory of Russia? how does the amount of heat and moisture change from north to south and from west to east alongRussian territory? Give a written answer.
1. Give an assessment of the main types of soils in our country. Indicate which of them are most favorable for agriculture, onwhich forests are mainly located.
2
. What types of human activities lead to violation natural fertility soil? How can soils be improved?
3
. What types of soils are common in your area, how are they used by humans, what activities are carried out to improve the soil?
organic matter;
B) the soil includes organic and mineral substances;
C) soil is the transformed fragments of rocks and minerals;
D) the soil does not contain air.
A) mechanical composition;
B) fertility;
B) humidity
D) the presence of soil horizons.
3. Arrange the soils as clay particles decrease in them:
A) sandy;
B) clay;
B) loamy;
D) sandy.
4. The structure of soils depends on:
A) quantities chemical elements;
B) the number of sand particles;
B) humidity;
D) the size of its constituent particles.
5. Which soil formation factor is not natural:
A) parent breed;
B) climate;
B) relief;
D) human activity.
6. The largest amount of organic residues contains:
A) humus horizon;
B) washout horizon;
C) washout horizon;
D) mother breed.
7. What type of soil is missing in Russia:
A) tundra - gley;
B) brown semi-desert;
B) chestnut
D) yellow earth.
8. What type of soil is the most common in Russia:
A) podzolic;
B) tundra - gley;
B) chernozems;
D) gray forest.
9. For what type of soil is irrigation the predominant type of reclamation:
A) tundra - gley;
B) chestnut;
B) podzolic;
D) permafrost - taiga.
10. What soil-forming factors determine the amount of humus in the soil:
A) relief and parent rock;
B) climate and type of vegetation;
C) type of vegetation and species composition of animals;
D) time and human activity.
11. The most fertile soils - chernozems - are formed within the territories. Which are common:
A) tundra vegetation;
B) forest vegetation with a predominance conifers;
C) forest vegetation with a predominance of deciduous species;
12. Anthropogenic cause of soil erosion is:
A) the activity of the wind;
B) the activity of flowing waters;
C) destruction of woody vegetation;
D) the force of gravity.
1. Conditions of soil formation.
2. The main types of soils in Russia.
3. Mountain soils.
soil formation conditions
Dokuchaev V.V. He called the soil "the mirror and product of the landscape." Soil formation is influenced by all components of nature, especially climate, vegetation and underlying rocks.
In the northern part of the country, the development of soil-forming processes is limited; restrained by energy resources. The increase in heat to the south leads to an increase in organic matter and the number of microorganisms. Optimal soil-forming processes are created in the zone of neutral balance of heat and moisture, while chernozems are formed. With further advancement to the south, soil formation begins to be restrained by a moisture deficit. There are several types of soil water regime: leaching, periodically leaching, non-leaching, effusion. These types of soil water regime are subject to zoning in their distribution. Depressive landforms (lowered) are characterized by a stagnant regime (at humid climate), permafrost regions are characterized by a permafrost regime.
The whole variety of soil types is determined by the ratio of the main soil-forming processes: gley, podzolic, sod (humus accumulation), salinization, peat accumulation. In general, on the plains, soils are zonal.
The main types of soils in Russia
Arctic soils form on low plateaus and low shores of Arctic islands. They are underdeveloped, very young and fragmented. They are characterized by a weakly differentiated shortened profile. The upper horizons contain mobile iron compounds. Leaching is almost non-existent. Gleying is not typical for these soils.
To the south, arctic soils are replaced by tundra soils, which are represented by four subtypes: 1) tundra-gley (typical); 2) arctic-tundra gleyic; 3) tundra illuvial-humus podzolized; 4) peat-gley. The most common are tundra-gley soils, which form on clayey and loamy rocks under dense vegetation. Cryogenic phenomena (solifluction, etc.) disturb the genetic horizons, and the soil profile becomes weakly differentiated. At the same time, the gley process is pronounced, and the decomposition of plant litter with the formation of coarse humus is slowed down. The arctic-tundra gleyic soils that form to the north are minimally waterlogged and gleyed. Under conditions of stagnant moisture, peat-gley soils are formed. In places where drainage conditions are better (sandy rocks), illuvial-humus podzolized soils are formed. But these soils are usually characteristic of the forest-tundra. All tundra soils are thin, contain little humus (2-3%), the reaction of the soil solution is acidic.
Podzolic soils are the most common soil type in Russia. They are formed under coniferous forests in conditions of excessive moisture (k>1). The predominance of precipitation over evaporation ensures the flushing regime for a significant part of the growing season. There is an intensive removal of chemical elements from the upper soil horizons; therefore, leaching horizon (A2) is typical for podzolic soils. Easily soluble compounds are taken out of the soil profile, while less mobile compounds accumulate in the lower part of the profile, where the intrusion horizon (illuvial) is formed. Typical podzolic soils are formed under the canopy of the dark coniferous middle part of the taiga. They are characterized low power humus horizon (A1) - no more than 1-3 cm - and the acidic reaction of the soil solution. With temporary highly excessive moisture, the podzolic process is complicated by the gley process. Under such conditions, gley-podzolic soils are formed, which are more typical for the northern part of the taiga. In areas of permafrost, taiga-frozen soils develop under coniferous forests. They are formed under conditions low temperatures soils, which helps to slow down the processes of chemical weathering and decomposition of organic residues. As a result, coarse humus accumulates in the upper horizons. The permafrost serves as an aquiclude, so there is no through washing of the soil. The leaching horizon (podzolic A2) is absent in these soils. Due to annual freezing, the soil profile is poorly differentiated. The soils are waterlogged, so gleying is manifested in them. In conditions of constant moisture, bog soils are formed.
Soddy-podzolic soils are common in mixed forests and southern taiga, where plant litter increases noticeably. During their formation, the soddy process is superimposed on the podzolic process; therefore, the humus horizon (A1) is better developed.
Under the coniferous-deciduous forests of the south of the Far East, under the broad-leaved forests of the south of the Kaliningrad region, brown forest soils are formed in the Caucasus. They are formed under the conditions of the leaching regime of warm and humid summers. Iron compounds give soils a brown tint. They are characterized by gleying; the process of formation of secondary clay minerals.
The profile of brown forest soils is poorly differentiated into genetic horizons.
Gray forest soils form under the broad-leaved forests of the European part of Russia and under the forest-steppes. The moisture balance is close to neutral (k~1). Here the removal process is weakened chemical compounds and the sod process intensifies. Unlike sod-podzolic soils, these soils are richer in humus. In the northern part, under the forests, they are light gray, and in the southern part, under the forest-steppes, the soils are dark gray. Their mode is periodically washing, the reaction is close to neutral.
Chernozem soils dominate the steppe zone. They stretch in a continuous strip from the western borders of the country to Altai. The sod process plays a leading role in the formation of chernozems. Water regime these soils are non-leaching, and the humus content in them is the highest of all types of soils. The accumulation of humus contributes to the annual grassy litter. Chernozem soils are divided into subtypes: podzolized, leached, typical, ordinary, southern chernozems. They replace each other from north to south, as the moisture deficit increases. In podzolized and leached chernozems, there are signs of leaching. In typical chernozems, a completely soddy process is manifested and the humus content reaches 12% or more. In ordinary and southern chernozems, the humus content rapidly decreases. Among the chernozem soils and soils of more southern regions, solods, solonetzes, solonchaks can be found.
Chestnut soils are formed in dry steppes and semi-deserts. In Russia, they are distributed in the southeast of the Russian Plain, in the Eastern Ciscaucasia and in the intermountain basins of Southern Siberia. Chestnut soils are formed under conditions of moisture deficiency and sparse grass cover. They contain much less humus than chernozems. The reaction of their soil solution is slightly alkaline. Chestnut soils are divided into subtypes: dark chestnut, chestnut, light chestnut (for semi-deserts). Brown desert soils are developed only in the south of the Caspian Sea, where the climate is most arid. They are very poor in humus (less than 2%). Solonetzes and solonchaks are often found among these soils. Their regime is exudative, the reaction of the soil solution is alkaline.
Along with the zonality of soils, their sectorial nature is also traced, associated with changes in climate, vegetation, and rocks from west to east. For example, in the forest-steppe of the Russian Plain, gray forest soils are combined with podzolized and leached chernozems. In chernozem soils, in general, an increase in humus is observed from west to east (within the Russian Plain).
mountain soils
Mountain soils in their genetic properties correspond to the soil types of the plains. But not all mountain soils have some common features, different from the corresponding types of plains: they are all thin, stony-gravelly, rich in minerals. Only the soils of subalpine and alpine meadows have no analogues on the plains. Mountain-meadow soils are formed in the cold and humid climate of the highlands, with increased solar radiation, under meadows and thickets of shrubs. They are characterized by a well-defined dark humus horizon, an acidic reaction, and a small thickness. Mountain meadow soils are found in the Caucasus, Altai, and the Southern Urals.
Altitudinal zonality is the main pattern of soil changes in mountains. It is the better expressed, the higher the mountains. In addition, the further north, the more uniform the soil cover, therefore, in Russia, the mountainous soils of the Caucasus are the most diverse. So, at the foot of these mountains - chernozems, above - gray forest soils, then - brown forest, even higher - podzolic and mountain meadow. But in the mountains of the North-East of Siberia, on the contrary, only taiga-permafrost and - above which - mountain-tundra soils are expressed.
The most important property of soils is their fertility. by the most fertile soils are chernozems, then - to the north and south of the chernozems - gray forest and chestnut soils go in terms of fertility. Humus reserves are closely related to the natural productivity of soils, which depends on the amount of annual biomass growth per unit area.
In Russia, more than 50% of arable land is located on chernozems. About 15% falls on gray and brown forest soils, the same amount falls on soddy-podzolic and podzolic soils, and slightly more than 10% falls on chestnut soils.
The video lesson is devoted to the topic "The main types of soils in Russia." You will learn what a soil profile is, understand how soils are distributed throughout the country. You will also understand what the distribution depends on certain types soils by different regions what is the law of latitudinal zoning, what differences do different soil types have.
Topic: Soil and soil resources
Lesson: The main types of soils in Russia
The purpose of the lesson: to learn what a soil profile is, how soils spread across the territory of Russia, to get acquainted with the main soils of the country.
Soil horizon - soil layer homogeneous in mechanical and chemical composition, physical properties, color. Each layer of the soil horizon is assigned a letter designation.
Rice. 1. Soil profiles ()
Rice. 2. Soil profiles ()
Soil fertility is determined mainly by the thickness of the upper humus horizon.
Under different natural conditions, different soils and their properties are formed.
Soil properties:
- Mechanical composition
- Power
- Structure
- Humus content
- Soil profile features
Soils on the earth's surface are located in zones, depending on climate, vegetation and other conditions. In the mountains, the change of soil occurs from the foot to the top.
Rice. 3. Soil map of Russia ()
alternation(change) soil from north to south: arctic, tundra-gley (minimum humus horizon, wet), podzolic (waterlogged, increased acidity, humus content up to 3%), permafrost-taiga (contain little humus), sod-podzolic (contain up to 3.5% humus, more powerful), gray forest (they are the most fertile among forest soils, humus content up to 5%), chernozems (have exceptional fertility, humus up to 10%, they are typical for the steppe and forest-steppe zones), chestnut (also quite fertile, slightly drier, than chernozems), brown (often saline).
Rice. 4. Soil profiles of different soils (1. Tundra gley soil. 2. Peat-bog soil. 3. Podzolic soil. 4. Sod-podzolic soil. 5. Bog-podzolic soil. 6. Gray forest soil. 7. Typical chernozem. 8. Meadow-chernozem soil. 9. Chestnut 10. Brown desert-steppe 11. Solonets 12. Solonchak 13. Serozem 14. Zheltozem 15. Krasnozem 16. Alluvial-soddy.) ()
On the territory of Russia, the most common soils are podzolic soils, and the most fertile are chernozems.
Rice. 5. Chernozem soil ()
Homework
Paragraph 19.
1. Give examples of the most common soils in Russia.
Bibliography
Main
1. Geography of Russia: Proc. for 8-9 cells. general education institutions / Ed. A.I. Alekseeva: In 2 books. Book. 1: Nature and population. Grade 8 - 4th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2009. - 320 p.
2. Geography of Russia. Nature. Grade 8: textbook. for general education institutions / I.I. Barinov. - M.: Bustard; Moscow textbooks, 2011. - 303 p.
3. Geography. Grade 8: atlas. - 4th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, DIK, 2013. - 48 p.
4. Geography. Russia. nature and population. Grade 8: Atlas - 7th ed., Revised. - M.: Bustard; Publishing house DIK, 2010 - 56 p.
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
1. Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia / A.P. Gorkin - M.: Rosmen-Press, 2006. - 624 p.
Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination
1. Thematic control. Geography. Nature of Russia. 8th grade: tutorial. - Moscow: Intellect-Centre, 2010. - 144 p.
2. Tests in the geography of Russia: grades 8-9: textbooks, ed. V.P. Dronova Geography of Russia. Grades 8-9: textbook. for general education institutions”/ V.I. Evdokimov. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 109 p.
3. Getting ready for the GIA. Geography. 8th grade. Final testing in the format of the exam. / ed. T.V. Abramov. - Yaroslavl: LLC "Academy of Development", 2011. - 64 p.
4. Tests. Geography. Grades 6-10: Teaching aid / A.A. Letyagin. - M .: LLC "Agency" KRPA "Olimp": "Astrel", "AST", 2001. - 284 p.
Materials on the Internet
1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ().
2. Russian Geographical Society ().
Soil - the surface layer of the Earth, which has fertility. This is a loose surface layer of land, the formation of which took place over a long time in the process of interaction of the parent rock, plants, animals, microorganisms, climate and topography. For the first time distinguished the soil layer from the rest of the parts earth's crust as a "special natural-historical body" Russian scientist V.V. Dokuchaev, it was he who established that the main types of soils on the globe placed in zones. Soil types are distinguished on the basis of their fertility, mechanical composition and structure, etc.
Soils are classified by type. Dokuchaev was the first scientist to classify soils. In the territory Russian Federation meet the following types Soils: Podzolic soils, tundra gley soils, arctic soils, permafrost-taiga soils, gray and brown forest soils, and chestnut soils.
Tundra gley soils are found on the plains. Formed without much influence of vegetation on them. These soils are found in areas where there is permafrost (in the Northern Hemisphere). Often gley soils are places where deer live and feed in summer and winter. An example of tundra soils in Russia is Chukotka, and in the world it is Alaska in the USA. In areas with such soils, people are engaged in agriculture. Potatoes, vegetables and various herbs grow on such land. To improve the fertility of tundra gley soils in agriculture, the following types of work are used: draining the most moisture-saturated lands and irrigating dry areas. Also, the methods of improving the fertility of these soils include the introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers.
Arctic soils are produced by thawing permafrost. This soil is quite thin. The maximum layer of humus (fertile layer) is 1-2 cm. This type of soil has a low acidic environment. This soil is not restored due to the harsh climate. These soils are common in Russia only in the Arctic (on a number of islands in the Arctic Ocean). Due to the harsh climate and a small layer of humus, nothing grows on such soils.
Podzolic soils are common in forests. There is only 1-4% humus in the soil. Podzolic soils are obtained through the process of podzol formation. There is a reaction with an acid. That is why this type of soil is also called acidic. Podzolic soils were first described by Dokuchaev. In Russia, podzolic soils are common in Siberia and the Far East. There are podzolic soils in the world in Asia, Africa, Europe, the USA and Canada. Such soils in agriculture must be properly cultivated. They need to be fertilized, organic and mineral fertilizers should be applied to them. Such soils are more useful in logging than in agriculture. After all, trees grow on them better than crops. Soddy-podzolic soils are a subtype of podzolic soils. They are similar in composition to podzolic soils. A characteristic feature of these soils is that they can be more slowly washed out by water, unlike podzolic ones. Soddy-podzolic soils are found mainly in the taiga (territory of Siberia). This soil contains up to 10% of the fertile layer on the surface, and at a depth the layer sharply decreases to 0.5%. Permafrost-taiga soils were formed in forests, in permafrost conditions. They are found only in continental climates. The greatest depths of these soils do not exceed 1 meter. This is caused by proximity to the permafrost surface. The humus content is only 3-10%. As a subspecies, there are mountain permafrost-taiga soils. They are formed in the taiga on rocks that are covered with ice only in winter. These soils are Eastern Siberia. They are found in the Far East of Russia. More often, mountain permafrost-taiga soils are found next to small reservoirs. Outside of Russia, such soils exist in Canada and Alaska.
Gray forest soils are formed in forest areas. An indispensable condition for the formation of such soils is the presence of a continental climate. Deciduous forests and herbaceous vegetation. Places of formation contain the element necessary for such soil - calcium. Thanks to this element, water does not penetrate deep into the soil and does not erode them. These soils gray color. The content of humus in gray forest soils is 2-8 percent, that is, soil fertility is average. Gray forest soils are divided into gray, light gray, and dark gray. These soils prevail in Russia in the territory from Transbaikalia to the Carpathian Mountains. Fruit and grain crops are grown on soils.
Brown forest soils are common in forests: mixed, coniferous and broad-leaved. These soils are found only in temperate warm climates. Soil color brown. Usually brown soils look like this: on the surface of the earth there is a layer of fallen leaves, about 5 cm high. Next comes the fertile layer, which is 20, and sometimes 30 cm. Even lower is a clay layer of 15-40 cm. There are several subtypes of brown soils. The subtypes vary with temperatures. There are: typical, podzolized, gley (surface gley and pseudopodzolic). On the territory of the Russian Federation, soils are common in the Far East and near the foothills of the Caucasus. These soils are grown unpretentious cultures such as tea, grapes and tobacco. Forest grows well on such soils.
Chestnut soils are common in steppes and semi-deserts. The fertile layer of such soils is 1.5-4.5%. That says the average fertility of the soil. This soil has a chestnut, light chestnut and dark chestnut color. Accordingly, there are three subtypes of chestnut soil, differing in color. On light chestnut soils, agriculture is possible only with abundant watering. The main purpose of this land is pasture. On dark chestnut soils, the following crops grow well without irrigation: wheat, barley, oats, sunflower, millet. There are slight differences in the soil and in the chemical composition of the chestnut soil. Its division into clay, sandy, sandy loamy, light loamy, medium loamy and heavy loamy. Each of them has a slightly different chemical composition. Chemical composition chestnut soil is varied. The soil contains magnesium, calcium, water-soluble salts. Chestnut soil tends to recover quickly. Its thickness is supported by annually falling grass and leaves of rare trees in the steppe. On it you can get good yields, provided that there is a lot of moisture. After all, the steppes are usually dry. Chestnut soils in Russia are common in the Caucasus, the Volga region and Central Siberia. There are many types of soils on the territory of the Russian Federation. All of them differ in chemical and texture. At present Agriculture is on the verge of a crisis. Russian soils must be valued as the land on which we live. Take care of soils: fertilize them and prevent erosion (destruction).
Table Main soils of Russia
|
Soil types |
soil formation conditions |
soil properties |
natural area |
|||||
|
1. Arctic |
Little heat and vegetation |
not fertile |
arctic desert |
|||||
|
2. Tundra-gley |
Permafrost, little heat, waterlogging |
Low power, have a gley layer |
||||||
|
3. Podzolic |
To uvl. > 1 Chilly. Plant residues - needles, pepper wash |
Flushing, sour, infertile. |
||||||
|
4. Sod-podzolic |
More plant residues by flushing the soil in spring |
More fertile, acidic |
mixed forests |
|||||
|
5. Gray forest, brown forest |
Moderate continental climate, remnants of forest and herbaceous vegetation |
fertile |
Broad-leaved forests |
|||||
|
6. Chernozems |
Lots of heat and plant residues |
The most fertile, granular |
||||||
|
7. Chestnut |
To uvl. = 0.8, 0.7 Lots of heat |
fertile |
Dry steppes |
|||||
|
8. Brown and gray-brown |
To uvl.< 0,5 Dry climate, little vegetation |
Soil salinization |
Its condition and composition. After all, soils, depending on the region and climatic conditions are different and require different methods processing. The main types of soils in RussiaFor the first time, a scientifically substantiated classification of soils in Russia was prepared in 1886 by Professor Dokuchaev V.V., who in his development proceeded from the nature and conditions of soil formation. Over time, this classification was refined and supplemented by subsequent generations of Russian scientists. Modern classification identifies the main types of soils, the origin of which is closely related to the terrain, various parent rocks, and climate. On the territory of Russia, from south to north, the following soil zones are distinguished (or areas in which one main soil type predominates): semi-desert and dry steppes, chernozem-steppe, forest-steppe, taiga-forest and tundra zones. Soils of semi-desert and dry steppesThe zone of semi-desert and dry steppes is located in Astrakhan region and in Kalmykia, and in the regions of Eastern Siberia it is partially distributed, mainly in the Amur and Minusinsk steppes. Soils of semi-desert and dry steppes (most often brown And chestnut soils ) are formed under conditions of elevated temperature and insufficient moisture, so they contain significantly less humus than chernozems. Despite the fact that such soils have a fairly high natural fertility, the lack of moisture, which is especially felt in dry years, does not make it possible to obtain stable yields annually. The main ways to increase the fertility of brown and chestnut soils are the following: the arrangement of an artificial irrigation system, the application of large doses of mineral and organic fertilizers (especially under irrigation conditions), the fight against wind erosion (planting at the boundaries of the site), deep loosening and snow retention. Chernozem-steppe soils
Chernozem-steppe soils or chernozems are formed in conditions of a moderately warm climate, limited rainfall, flat terrain and abundant steppe. Such soils have the highest fertility rates that have been created over several millennia: steppe plants died off annually, and their remains served as food for insects and microorganisms, which gradually turned them into humus. Thus, phosphorus and nitrogen, which are necessary for full development, gradually accumulated in the soil. Separate soil particles stuck together into humus in lumps, took the form of small grains and formed a strong granular and fine-grained structure of chernozems. If you are the proud owner suburban area with chernozem soil cover, then to obtain stable high yields you will first need to carry out activities to preserve and increase the natural fertility of the soil. Despite the fact that chernozems are highly fertile, they contain few readily available nutrients for, because of which they need to be periodically fertilized (phosphorus fertilizers play a paramount role here), as well as increase the activity of soil microflora (for example, at the end of the season, bury annual grasses in the soil). forest-steppe soils
The forest-steppe zone is characterized gray forest soils , which are formed in conditions of a flat-wavy relief with ravines and depressions, and a moderately warm climate. All precipitation that falls in this zone evaporates almost completely. Gray forest soils are formed mainly under the steppe and meadow, and only partially - under the cover of broad-leaved forests. Saturation of loess-like loams with solid bases, an abundance of plant residues and a slightly acidic reaction contribute to the accumulation of nutrients and humus in the soil. Under the loess this case refers to a porous non-layered sedimentary rock of pale yellow or gray-yellow color, which is rich in calcium carbonate. Gray forest soils respond well to different kinds mineral and organic fertilizers. Soils with slightly saturated bases and hyperacidity need notification. To improve the water-physical properties of gray forest soils, the following measures are required: deep loosening, sowing of perennial soils, destruction of the soil crust, conservation and accumulation of moisture. Taiga forest soils
Most often in the taiga-forest zone are found sod-podzolic And podzolic soils . Moreover, soddy-podzolic soils, which are formed under the combined influence of soddy and podzolic soil-forming processes, have a number of advantages over podzolic soils: they are less acidic and contain more humus. As for podzolic soils, they have high acidity and are notable for their inability to resist leaching processes. Also in the taiga-forest zone can be found swampy soils , which are most often formed as a result of natural waterlogging of land. Basically, in this zone they do not form continuous massifs and have an island location between sod-podzolic, podzolic soils and other types of soils.
To improve the composition of taiga-forest soils, it is recommended to gradually increase the arable layer, as well as plant legumes and perennial grasses on the site. If the soil is very waterlogged, then ridge planting of crops, open and closed drainage, narrow plowing and deep loosening are excellent solutions to improve its properties. Marshy soils, which have high potential fertility, are suitable for such methods of processing as rolling, disking, milling, plowing, drainage by the closed method and the application of mineral fertilizers, of which potash and phosphorus are the most effective. Also marshy soils respond well to bacterial preparations, microfertilizers, lime and nitrogen fertilizers. tundra soils
Soils in the tundra zone are formed under small shrubs and lichens in a harsh climate with long winters and short summers. Usually, tundra soils They are heavily swamped and thin in terms of fertility, on their surface there is a thin peaty layer, and under it there is a small horizon with a low content of humus. To improve the properties of tundra soils, it is necessary to carry out reclamation measures that are aimed at improving aeration conditions, eliminating excess moisture and warming up the soil - ridge planting of crops, deepening the arable horizon, drainage, frequent loosening and retention of snow, which prevents deep freezing of the soil in winter. In order to increase the biological activity and fertility of tundra soils, it is necessary to apply large doses of mineral and organic fertilizers. So, as noted, the type of soil can depend on many factors: the location of your site, climate, vegetation, soil-forming rocks, etc. Therefore, before starting work on improving the condition and composition of the soil on the site , you need to decide what type it belongs to. It is on this that the choice of a set of measures aimed at creating favorable conditions for the growth of trees, herbs, and others, as well as increasing the productivity of your personal plot, will depend.
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Articles By topic:
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The chernozem-steppe zone is located to the north of the zone of semi-desert and dry steppes. In the Asian part of Russia, the chernozem-steppe zone reaches the Ob River, and from the south it borders on Kazakhstan. Within the European part of our country, it occupies a continuous territory, and its southern border coincides with the State border of Ukraine and Russia.
The forest-steppe zone is located to the north of the chernozem-steppe zone, and its southern border passes in the European part of our country through the cities of Ufa, Ulyanovsk and Tula, and in the Asian part through Chita, Ulan-Ude, Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk and Chelyabinsk. A characteristic feature of this zone is the sinuous outline of the boundaries and uneven location in the regions of Eastern Siberia.
The taiga-forest zone is the most widespread in our country and occupies about 75% of 
Podzolic, soddy-podzolic and swampy soils are characterized by 
The tundra zone is located on the coast of the seas of the Arctic Ocean and covers a fairly vast territory of Russia. In the language of the northern peoples, the word "tundra" means "forestless". One of 
