1 335 layout. The layout of the apartment "Khrushchev. Typical series of Khrushchev houses: the main pros and cons of houses
The design solution for the houses of the 1-335 series is based on a two-span scheme with columns running along the middle longitudinal axis of the building at intervals of 2.6 and 3.2 m, and with transverse purlins resting on the columns and load-bearing panels of the longitudinal outer walls. The spatial rigidity of the building is provided by the walls of the stairwells, end-bearing walls and transverse walls made of ventilation blocks, which are also supports for the floors (Fig. 3-15).
The outer walls of the building are designed in two versions: in the form of two-layer ribbed reinforced concrete panels made of concrete grade 200, insulated with non-autoclaved cellular concrete grade 10 (basic option), and in the form of single-layer panels made of lightweight concrete (expanded concrete, thermosite concrete, aerated concrete, etc.). The thickness of single-layer panels, depending on the climatic conditions of the construction area, is taken from 35 to 50 cm. The panels of a two-layer structure for all climatic regions have a thickness of 30 cm. inside protected with a cement layer, and the front surface of the outer panels either has a textured layer of white or colored concrete, or is painted with perchlorovinyl or resistant silicate paints.
Panels of external walls are interconnected by welding metal plates, which are supporting sheets for transverse purlins of interfloor ceilings; the ends of the runs are insulated with slag. Vertical seams between wall panels are caulked with tarred tow and filled with mortar on expanding cement. Nests in wall panels, necessary for welding, are sealed with foam concrete chips with a small amount cement mortar. Installation of wall panels is carried out over a layer of cement mortar 10 mm thick, while from the side of the front edge on the panel, before spreading the mortar, a bundle of tarred tow or poroizol is laid.
Rice. 3-15. Large panel houses series 1-335 and 1-335a
a - section of series 1-335;
b — the same, 1-335A;
in-coupling columns, girders and panels of interfloor overlapping: 1 - colony; 2 - run; 3 - floor panel; 4 - welded seam;
g - pairing of panels of external walls with a run and a floor slab; 1 - mastic isol: 2 - poroizol; 3 - cement mortar;
e - interface panels on the end wall: 1 - wall panels, 2 - floor panels
The internal frame of the building consists of one-story reinforced concrete columns made of grade 200 concrete and transverse reinforced concrete girders rectangular section from concrete grades 300-400. For the installation of floors, reinforced concrete flat hollow-core panels of 300 grade concrete are used, the size of a room, 10 cm thick. The frame elements are connected to each other and to the floor panels using welded metal parts embedded in reinforced concrete products. All metal surfaces after installation, they are covered with an anti-corrosion compound, and the seams between the reinforced concrete elements are sealed with a solution of expanding cement.
Foundations under bearing walls designed in two versions: a strip structure made of concrete blocks or columnar structures made of enlarged prefabricated reinforced concrete elements in the form of separate supports mounted on pillows. The foundations for the columns are made of glass-type reinforced concrete shoes. With columnar foundations, the lower part of the walls is mounted from plinth panels, and with foundations made of concrete blocks, the basement is assembled from large hollow blocks with a length equal to the pitch of the transverse load-bearing structures.
Interroom partitions are made of gypsum concrete panels 8 cm thick, inter-apartment partitions are made of the same panels, but in two layers with an air gap of 4 cm between them. Stair structures are made in cassette molds from 300 grade concrete and consist of flights with half platforms.
The combined roof has two solutions: in the form of a ventilated and non-ventilated structure. The basis for the roof is reinforced concrete slabs 4 cm thick, laid on reinforced concrete linings (lags); roof insulation - from autoclaved foam concrete; roofing - from three layers of roofing material over glassine on bituminous mastic.
Residential buildings of the 1-335 series have significant planning flaws: apartments with walk-through rooms, with entrances to the kitchens directly from common living rooms, with combined bathrooms, with narrowed front ones; facades of houses are solved uniformly with low height window openings. There are also shortcomings in design solutions: not provided anti-corrosion protection embedded details; in the nodes of support of the girders on the outer walls there is no necessary sealing of the joints of the outer panels; the heat-shielding qualities of the outer walls are insufficient for areas with low design temperatures; in a number of knots separate sections froze through; the channels in the smoke ventilation units have an insufficient cross section; there is water leakage from balconies and cornices into the joints of the panels of the outer walls.
Improved series 1-335a
In 1962, the Leningrad Gorstroyproekt issued working drawings, and then developed an improved 1-335A series.
- in the houses of this series more than comfortable layout apartments;
- the series includes 9-storey buildings of tower and hotel type;
- included buildings for cultural purposes (children's institutions, schools and shopping mall);
- developed various options solutions for facades of houses.
Changes have been made to the construction of houses: for areas with low design temperatures, the thickness of the outer walls has been increased; Anti-corrosion protection of embedded parts (anchors and welds) is provided. The structures for connecting the panels of the outer walls with the purlins and the support of the floor panels on the end walls are shown in diagrams d, e. fig. 3-15. Currently, in the houses of the 1-335A series, the structural scheme has been changed, which is based on a full frame.
Residential building series I-335 (Komsomolsky prospect, 13)
Series I-335(1-335) The most common series of panel 5-storey residential buildings throughout the former USSR. In the form of individual inclusions are found even in Moscow. The first house of this series was built in Cherepovets. The largest number of houses in this series was built in St. Petersburg, where they were produced by Polyustrovskiy DSK. At the moment, the share of operated houses in Russia is the largest in Omsk - 170 houses of the I-335PK series with an incomplete frame (more than 2% of the total volume of this series in the country).
The houses of this series include the so-called "lightweight" five-story buildings with outer walls insulated with a layer of mineral wool. The facades of the houses of this series are finished with small ceramic tiles(mainly in blue-blue tones). This makes them much more attractive from the outside, but inside is the same minimalism as in any Khrushchev - the layouts of the apartments are similar to the I-507 series. There are also balconies and rather large closets, however, in this series, the bathrooms in all apartments are adjacent. It quickly became clear that for the climatic conditions of Moscow and St. Petersburg, the light "three hundred and thirty-fifth" series of houses is not suitable, so the production that began in 1959 was suspended in 1966.
The series was recognized as the most unsuccessful of all the series of residential buildings developed under Khrushchev. At the same time, oddly enough, they were not included in the list of houses demolished in Moscow in the first place. The houses of this series were built from 1958 to 1966, after which they switched to the construction of the modernized I-335K, I-335A, I-335AK and I-335D series, which were produced until the end of the 1980s. Within Moscow, the presence of houses of the improved I-335 series is not reliably known.
The external difference between the I-335 series and other series in Moscow is wide windows (double-leaf windows look square), an iron 4-pitched roof and elongated windows almost the entire height of the panel on stairwells. The end walls consist of 4 panels with windows on the outer ones. Usually there is an external fire escape at one of the ends of the house. In another modification, including the one built by the Polyustrovskiy DSK (it is also found in the Moscow region), there may be flat roof no attic at all. There are 4 apartments on the site.
1-2-3-room apartments, ceiling height - 2.55 m. The central room is a walk-through. Bathroom combined. Water and heat supply is centralized.
There is no elevator or garbage chute.
On the basis of the modernized series, houses with 7 and 9 floors were also built.
Currently being reconstructed.
Using the panels used in the construction of such houses, kindergartens of the I-335A-211 series were also built (there were two options - one-story for 140 children and two-story for 280)
Description
This series of houses was designed for mass construction in 1959. Since then, it has undergone whole line significant structural changes.
Initially, a scheme with a so-called incomplete frame was taken as the basis, i.e. with an inner frame and load-bearing panels of external walls 2.6 and 3.2 m long. The inner frame consisted of reinforced concrete columns one floor high, installed along the longitudinal axis of the building with a step equal to the size of the rooms, and girders based on columns and panels of the outer walls. Overlappings were laid along the girders from flat reinforced concrete slabs 10 cm thick.
The advantage of the incomplete frame scheme was the use of the bearing capacity of the outer wall panels. A characteristic feature of this series of large-panel houses was the use of two-layer panels as load-bearing longitudinal walls instead of single-layer ones.
Initially, it was assumed that two-layer panels, consisting of thin-walled reinforced concrete ribbed plate and a layer of non-autoclaved foam concrete, will replace scarce thermal insulation materials. However, as the practice of building operation has shown, non-autoclaved foam concrete turned out to be of little use due to low mechanical strength, weak adhesion to the inner surface of the reinforced concrete ribbed panel and high hygroscopicity. Shrinkage cracks, delamination and destruction appeared on the panels. But the most significant drawback turned out to be the unreliable support of the girders on the outer two-layer wall panels, since cold bridges formed in these places, which contributed to the corrosion of the metal embedded elements of the welded joint. It should be noted that in single-layer panels, no signs of corrosion of metal embedded elements in the places where the girders are supported were observed.
After examining many operated houses of the I-335 series in various regions of the country, it was decided to abandon the incomplete frame scheme and support the girders on special wall columns (I-335A series). Thus, the new I-335A series has become a frame-panel.
In the new version, the I-335 series has lost its significant advantage in terms of using the load-bearing capacity of external wall panels. The installation of the house became more complicated due to the increase in the number of columns with software (for a 100-apartment building) up to 360, the length of the welds increased. In addition, it was found that for large-panel houses up to 9 and even 12 floors wireframes are less economical than frameless ones. Another typical example was large-panel residential buildings widespread in the 60s (K-7 series designed by V.P. Lagutenko). These houses in many constructive characteristics seemed very progressive. Its main load-bearing elements were reinforced concrete thin-walled partitions (beam-walls), which combined three structures at once: firstly, these are beams that carry floors; they are also partitions that separate the room from the room, and, finally, the column, since through the wall thickenings that form columns at the ends of the partitions, all loads are transferred from top to bottom. Under these conditions, the beam-wall worked only on a local load within its storey, transferring pressure to the ends, i.e., to the vertical ribs. According to them, the entire load was transferred to the foundation pillows through the supporting short foundation pillars (columns). Thus, the main massive element of the house was a reinforced concrete partition, which combined three structural elements of the house. In these houses, the zero cycle was excluded. The following remained to be completed: digging trenches with slopes and installing prefabricated reinforced concrete pillars with foundation cushions along the outer walls of the building and along its longitudinal axes after 2.8 and 3.6 m. An important structural element of the house was the ceiling. It is known that 60% of the total consumption of reinforced concrete for a house goes to the ceiling. It is also known that in monolithic ribbed reinforced concrete floors, the reduced thickness (slab together with beams) is 10 cm. reinforced concrete did not make progress. In addition, such a reduced thickness is necessary based on the load of 75 MPa, generally accepted for interfloor floors in residential buildings. The question arose: is it correct to proceed from the load of 75 MPa on the ceiling, when the load useful for residential buildings is only 15 MPa? However, this additional weight is necessary in order to provide necessary soundproofing(by filling and partitions). Hence the idea arose: to consider the ceiling as a combination of two elements - the floor and the ceiling. For the floor, a thin-walled ribbed panel per room was created, and for the ceiling, a panel made of lightweight material. Thus, the floor and ceiling turned out to be separate from each other, and thus formed air layer should, according to the author of the project, fully meet the requirements for sound insulation. An additional "useless" load from the floor was thus removed. In general, the design turned out, as it seemed at first glance, to be very expedient from all technical and economic points of view. However, the experience of building and operating many of these houses revealed the following:
- soundproofing ability of inter-apartment and inter-room partitions - low;
- the sound insulation of the interfloor floors, despite being separate, remained unsatisfactory due to the fact that there were eight holes in the floor through which the clamp brackets were passed during installation, and sealing these holes made it extremely difficult Finishing work and reduced sound insulation;
- since the weight of 1 m 2 of ceiling with a false ceiling became less than 2.2 kN, then according to the standards it did not satisfy the condition of sound insulation from impact noise;
- the quality of welds due to their long length in these houses is unsatisfactory;
- the applied caulk did not provide water resistance and impermeability of the seams;
- most often the solution collapsed and exfoliated precisely in the jointing of the seam, since the adhesion surface between the solution and the panels is small;
- during deformation, inevitable for this construction of houses, the solution exfoliated from the panels and water and even cold air penetrated into the premises through cracks formed in the seam;
- unsuccessful was the connection of hinged outer panels;
- manufacturing of suspended ceilings turned out to be non-industrial.
The analysis carried out by specialists showed that a continuous floor of 10 cm thick per room is much more rational, since the lower surface turns into a clean ceiling and there is no need for a suspended structure.
Together, all these defects led to the fact that the construction of houses in this series was completely prohibited.
List of I-335 Series Residential Buildings
| Street | House | number of storeys | Year of construction | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Mechanical | 2 | 5 | 1965 | |
| 1st Mechanical | 3 | 5 | 1968 | |
| 1st Mechanical | 13 | 5 | 1964 | |
| Vladimirovskaya | 9 | 5 | 1965 | |
| Vladimirovskaya | 12 | 5 | 1963 | |
| Vladimirovskaya | 13 | 5 | 1965 | |
| Vladimirovskaya | 14 | 5 | 1964 | |
| Vladimirovskaya | 16 | 5 | 1964 | |
| Station highway | 17 | 5 | 1963 | |
| Heroes of labor | 35 | 4 | 1962 | |
| Heroes of labor | 37 | 4 | 1962 | |
| Dmitrova avenue | 9 | 5 | 1967 | |
| Dmitrova avenue | 11 | 5 | 1967 | |
| Dmitrova avenue | 13 | 5 | 1967 | |
| Dostoevsky | 3 | 5 | 1966 | |
| Dostoevsky | 5 | 5 | 1966 | |
| Komsomolsky prospect | 13 | 5 | 1968 | |
| cubic | 93 | 3 | 1962 | |
| cubic | 95 | 3 | 1962 | |
| cubic | 97 | 4 | 1963 | |
| cubic | 101 | 4 | 1966 | |
| Lenin | 73 | 5 | 1965 | |
| Lenin | 77 | 5 | 1965 | |
| Lermontov | 12 | 5 | 1964 | |
| Marine Avenue | 9 | 4 | 1960 | |
| Marine Avenue | 13 | 4 | 1961 | |
| Novoselov | 1 | 4 | 1964 | |
| Novoselov | 3 | 4 | 1963 | |
| Panel Lane | 3 | 4 | 1962 | |
| Pervomaiskaya | 186 | 5 | 1969 | |
| Siberian | 28 | 5 | 1965 | |
| Soviet | 53 | 5 | 1964 | |
| steppe | 2/1 | 5 | 1966 | |
| Syzran | 8 | 4 | 1965 | |
| Syzran | 10 | 4 | 1966 | |
| Physical education | 23 | 5 | 1964 | |
| Chapaeva | 2 | 4 | 1963 | |
| eihe | 9B | 5 | 1965 |
My text. So, the further evolution of the design of residential buildings led to the emergence of a "half-frame" scheme, and the Leningrad branch of Gorstroyproekt developed the 1-335 series according to this principle, which was destined to become a "hit". It is not difficult to distinguish the series, it is enough 1) to look at the end of the house and note the location of the windows. 2) look at the house from the stairs. Continuous glazing of stairwells (4 rows of frames per panel or glass blocks) - also feature 1-335. These houses were built everywhere from Kaliningrad to the Pacific Ocean. For each climatic and seismic zone, its own modification of the project was developed. Oddly enough, in Moscow 1-335 is a very rare guest. Only 20 photos.
Photo 1 house series 1-335 under construction
In the capitals, the house was built in a slightly different guise (moreover, concrete goods were brought to Moscow from other regions). Outwardly, differences in the structure of the roof.
Photo 2. St. Petersburg. The roof is flat, its device is identical to the OD series. Most houses are finished with gray ceramics.
Photo 3. 1-335 in Moscow. The roof is double pitched. Panels are always painted.
The cost of construction of 1 sq.m of living space for frame-panel houses of the 1-335 series was 95 rubles. in 1961 prices - the lowest figure among the entire history of industrial housing construction in the USSR. What is a "half-frame" can be seen from the drawing. The longitudinal load-bearing wall was replaced by columns with load-bearing beams. Internal partitions the same (except for inter-apartment) - light, made of gypsum concrete. Moreover, the section of the columns during the evolution of the series was reduced (1-335 k)
Photo 4. "Semi-frame" scheme of series 1-335
The layout of the apartments is a "step back" in relation to K-7 (od). 2-room and part of 3 room apartments with walk-through rooms, bathrooms combined. Height ceiling - required hygienic minimum of 250 cm. True, in all apartments - balconies. Starting from 1-335, the definition of “mother-in-law’s room” appeared in the lexicon of a Soviet person - this is a pantry in “kopeck pieces” and “three rubles” - it is enough big size.
Photo 5. Layout 1-335.
Photo 6
Photo 7. Furnishing option 1-335 from designers. I note that the common (passing room) is conceived as non-residential.
They tried to diversify the houses of the 1-335 series and “revive” the quarter with artistic coloring of houses and simple decor (along the “red” line of streets)
Photo 8.
Or the use of mosaic panels in houses with ceramic finish facade panels
Photo 9.
Or the use of glass blocks in the glazing of stairs
Photo 10.
In the process of evolution of the series, the end windows moved closer to the center of the building (there are no such houses in Moscow or St. Petersburg).
Photo 11 "transitional" version 1-335 in Tomsk
Photo 12. Project 1-335A-2. The windows of the butt "fixed" in a new place.
Trouble 1-335 - the destruction of the slabs of the balconies was also defeated
Photo 13. Brick consoles of balconies
Back in the days of the USSR, the operation of houses of the 1-335 series of some DSKs revealed serious problems with the quality of reinforced concrete products
Photo 14. Lamination of facade panels
What needed a major overhaul
Photo 15.
Five-storey panel houses series 1-464
Large-panel 4-5-storey residential buildings of the series standard projects 1-464 are the most common first generation prefabricated buildings. The solution of the houses of the considered series is based on the cross-wall structural system.
The main load-bearing skeleton of the buildings are transverse reinforced concrete walls, located at intervals of 3.2 and 2.6 m, due to which the houses of this type are called houses with a "narrow" pitch of transverse load-bearing walls. Reinforced concrete floor slabs of the size “per room” are supported on them. They also rest on the outer and inner longitudinal walls, which take part of the vertical load, while at the same time providing the longitudinal rigidity of the building.
The floor slabs laid at 3.2m spacing are calculated and operate as supported along the contour. Since all the internal walls separating the rooms carry the load from the ceilings and the overlying floors, it is impossible to move these walls and thereby change the width of the rooms. For the same reason, the removal of the outer walls at a step of 3.2 m is excluded, without ensuring the support of the floor slab along the short outer wall.
The outer walls are made of panels - three-layer, consisting of two reinforced concrete shells and a layer of insulation between them, or single-layer panels (made of lightweight concrete). Internal load-bearing walls 12cm thick and floor slabs 10cm thick are solid reinforced concrete flooring. Roof - combined with a rolled soft roof or attic rafter with a roof of corrugated asbestos cement.
When redeveloping houses of the 1-464 series, it becomes necessary to install new or expand existing openings in the transverse walls. This is possible to a limited extent, but requires confirmation by calculations.
When modernizing a building, floor slabs cannot be dismantled. However, during the superstructure of the building, the floor slabs above the existing fifth floor can be partially dismantled. The arrangement of new openings in them is possible, but with large sizes of such openings, reinforcement of the overlap may be required.
In the series under consideration, balconies are placed at a step of 3.2 m. Balcony reinforced concrete slabs 10 cm thick and 90 cm wide were mounted according to two schemes. IN initial period construction, they relied on outer wall and were held in the project position by two metal rods, which, passing through the joint between the outer walls, were attached to the end of the inner wall panel. In later projects, this solution was abandoned and, considering the balcony slab as a cantilever supported on the outer wall, they connected it to the floor slab using welded embedded elements.
Five-storey panel houses series 1-468
Typical projects of residential buildings of the 1-468 series were originally developed at the Gostroyproekt Institute, since 1961 - at TsNIIEPzhilishcha.
The load-bearing frame of the houses of this series are transverse load-bearing walls located in the plan with a step of 3 and 6 m, due to which, unlike the houses of the 1-464 series, the houses of this constructive system received the name of houses with a "mixed" step of transverse load-bearing walls.
The most common representative of the houses in this series is a five-story, four-section residential building. In it, the outer wall panels are made of autoclaved cellular concrete or lightweight concrete, and hollow-core reinforced concrete floors rest on transverse load-bearing reinforced concrete walls. The longitudinal walls of the building are self-supporting. The roofs of such houses were erected in two versions: combined with a roll coating and attic truss with a roof of corrugated asbestos-cement sheets.
The main advantage of the houses in this series is that the floor panels do not rest on the longitudinal walls of the building. Therefore, these walls, except for individual sections of the inner wall adjacent to the stairwells and ensuring the longitudinal stability of the building, can be dismantled in some places. It is this circumstance that, when modernizing such buildings, opens up wide opportunities for eliminating the shortcomings in the layout of existing apartments by adding additional volumes to the building. The device of new and expansion of existing openings in the bearing transverse walls is possible only if the calculation confirms and strengthens the "contours" of the openings.
Five-storey panel houses series 1-335
Five-story residential buildings of the 1-335 series of standard projects are representatives of the frame-panel structural system. Typical projects of this series were originally developed by the author's team of the Leningrad Design Bureau, and then continued at the LenZNIIEP Institute.
The structural scheme of the house is a so-called "incomplete" frame, which consists of one row of reinforced concrete columns located on the middle longitudinal axis of the building with a step of 3.2 and 2.6 m and reinforced concrete crossbars located across the building and resting on one side of the reinforced concrete columns , and on the other hand, on metal support tables embedded in the body of the load-bearing outer wall panels. Reinforced concrete floor slabs "per room" in size are laid on the crossbars, designed to be supported on two long sides. The columns are interconnected by girders that provide longitudinal rigidity of the building.
In the houses of the system under consideration, load-bearing external walls were used mainly layered. They have an outer layer in the form of a reinforced concrete ribbed "shell" and an inner (insulating) layer of foam concrete 26 cm thick, the surface of which is plastered from the side of the premises. There are no internal load-bearing walls in these houses, with the exception of stiffening diaphragms, which are the intersection walls of the stairwells.
With the same dimensions and steps of houses of different series in the houses of the frame-panel system, the principle of "free planning" can be fully implemented. The presence of crossbars under the floor slabs can be considered as a certain disadvantage that prevents the traditional formation of the interior of living rooms.
A modification of this constructive system was the introduction of two more rows of columns into it - at the outer walls of the building to support crossbars on them. Such houses are called "full frame houses". In them, the outer walls are self-supporting and can be dismantled during reconstruction.
Five-storey brick houses series 1-447
The 1-447 series includes standard projects of 4-5 storey brick residential buildings with three longitudinal load-bearing walls. The load-bearing frame of the houses in this series are three longitudinal load-bearing walls and transverse brick walls - external end and internal, between which there are stairwells. Transverse brick walls act as stiffening diaphragms. All other walls (internal and inter-apartment) are non-bearing.
The floors are made in the form of reinforced concrete multi-hollow slabs, supported by short sides on longitudinal brick walls. The busiest is middle wall on which the floor panels rest on both sides. Openings in the outer longitudinal walls can only be enlarged by eliminating the window sill while maintaining the existing piers. Lintels above windows should also be preserved. In the end walls of the building during reconstruction, it is possible to make openings.
Possible dismantling of partitions in series 1-447
Polina Dedyukhova
Series 1-335 with an incomplete frame is a residential building of 5 floors with longitudinal load-bearing walls. The structures were made at the factories of prefabricated reinforced concrete of the Ministry of Transport of the USSR. Designs of the 335th series were produced at the DSC from 1960 to 1968.
The series is widely distributed in space former USSR. The first house of this series was built in Cherepovets. In Moscow, the 335 series were built from imported structures; in block buildings it occurs in the form of individual inclusions.
The largest number of houses in this series was built in St. Petersburg, where they were produced by Polustrovsky DSK - 289 buildings, in total 1442 sections in the Krasnogvardeisky and Kalininsky districts of the city. In Omsk, 170 houses of the I-335PK series with an incomplete frame are operated (more than 2% of the total volume of this series in the country). The most massive series of residential buildings in Kazakhstan.
In Tula, it was initially decided to build houses of a nominal series, the builders faced a number of technological difficulties. Therefore, it was decided to introduce our own panels for construction, so the 1-335AT series (Tula) was born. Panels for it were produced at two factories - Aleksinsky Concrete Products and ZKD (Large Parts Plant). Proletarsky became the first district where these houses were built.
The appearance of 1-335 is characterized by wide apartment windows (two-leaf windows look square), elongated windows on the stairwells, almost the entire height of the panel. The end walls consist of 4 panels with windows on the outer ones. Usually there is an external fire escape at one of the ends of the house. For houses built in Moscow, an iron 4-pitched roof is typical. In another modification, including the one built by Polyustrovskiy DSK (it is also found in the Moscow region), there may be a flat roof without an attic at all.
Bearing walls are longitudinal (as indicated by the I in the title of the series). The number of sections in the original modification is 3,4,5,6,8,10. There are 4 apartments on the site. 1,2,3-room apartments, ceiling height - 2.55 m. The central room in a 3-room apartment is a walk-through. Bathroom combined. Water and heat supply is centralized. There is no elevator or garbage chute.
1-335 Partial Frame Specifications
| wall material | panel |
| Number of sections (entrances) | from 3 |
| Number of floors | 5, less often - 3, 4. First floor residential |
| Ceiling height | 2.54 m |
| Elevator | No |
| Balconies | in all apartments |
| Number of apartments per floor | 4 |
| Years of construction | 1958-1966 |
| Total number of houses built | about 500 (in Moscow - 76 with a total with total area apartments about 200 thousand square meters. m) |
| Most of the houses of the 1-335 series were built in Leningrad (primarily the north-east of the city: Grazhdanka, Okhta, Polyustrovo), and also. Country. Several quarters were built in the years. Cherepovets, Ulyanovsk, Volgograd, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk and others (including in several cities of Belarus). In less significant volumes, a series was built in Moscow: 3-5 houses in the areas of Perovo, Sokolinaya Gora, Babushkin, Degunino, Kuntsevo, 1-2 buildings in a number of other areas. In the cities of the Moscow region, houses of the 1-335 series were built in single quantities, most of them in the years. Shcherbinka and Podolsk |
|
| The demolition of houses of series 1-335 has been carried out in Moscow since the late 1990s. selectively (formally, the series is not included in the list of demolished in the first place, because it is not among the most common series of "Khrushchev" in Moscow, and in the databases of the BTI 5-storey buildings of series 1-335 are often mistakenly listed as buildings of the unbearable series 1-515/5). The demolition of all houses of series 1-335 in Moscow will be completed, according to experts from www.RussianRealty.ru, in 2015-2017. | |
| In St. Petersburg, houses of series 1-335 are being refurbished ( overhaul), some blocks are scheduled for demolition | |
| Areas of 1-room apartments | total: 30-31 sq. m., residential: 18 sq. m., kitchen: 6.3 sq. m. |
| Areas of 2-room apartments | total: 41-45 sq. m., residential: 26-35 sq. m., kitchen: 6.3-6.9 sq. m. |
| Areas of 3-room apartments | total: 55-58 sq. m., residential: 42-48 sq. m., kitchen: 6.3 sq. m. |
| Since 1964, modified versions of the 1-335 series have been introduced: 1-335A, 1-335K, 1-335AK, 1-335D with improved apartment layouts, improved design (full frame, best thermal insulation external walls) and with 9-story versions. Modified houses were not built in Moscow | |
| bathrooms | combined in all apartments |
| stairs | without common fire balcony |
| Garbage chute | No |
| Cooker type: gas. Ventilation: natural exhaust, blocks in sanitary cabins (bathrooms) | |
| Walls of houses of a typical series 1-335 |
External walls: two-layer reinforced concrete 30 cm thick or single-layer expanded clay concrete 40 cm thick. Ceilings: solid reinforced concrete slabs 10 cm thick. Interroom partitions made of gypsum concrete panels 8 cm thick, and inter-apartment partitions - from the same panels in 2 layers with an air gap between them equal to 4 cm |
| load-bearing walls | columns and exterior walls (incomplete frame) |
| Type of sections (entrances) |
in-line (ordinary, a set of apartments on the floor: 3-2-1-3, 2-2-3-2), end (set of apartments on the floor: 1-2-2-3). All apartments, except for the corner apartments, face one side |
| Number of steps in the section (entrance) | 7 (in row sections), 6 (in end sections). Step width (distance between two adjacent load-bearing walls, span width): 260 cm, 320 cm. Hull width: 11.6 m. |
| Facing, plastering of external walls | shallow lining square tiles(St. Petersburg), uncoated (Moscow, St. Petersburg, other cities) |
| External wall color options | tiles: blue-white, light grey, uncoated: grey, white, yellow, beige |
| roof type | 4-pitched (Moscow), flat and flat-pitched (other cities) |
| Distinctive features | 5-storey panel houses of type series 1-335 are recognizable by large, full-height panels, windows of 4 horizontal leaves on the stairs, ends of 4 panels with 2 rows of windows |
| Advantages | balconies, closets |
| Disadvantages (in addition to the standard disadvantages of Khrushchev) | extremely low thermal insulation of external walls, thin interior partitions, combined bathrooms even in 3-room apartments |
| Manufacturers | Polyustrovskiy DSK (Leningrad), Vologda DSK, Petrozavodsk DSK, Tula ZKD, Plant of Large Panel Parts No. 6-DSK-1 (Novosibirsk), Krasnoyarsk Concrete Concrete Plant No. 1, Omsk Precast Concrete Plant No. 6, etc. |
| Designer | Design Institute "Gorstroyproekt" (Leningrad branch) |
| Varieties of typical projects of the 1-335 series (they differ only in the number of sections): | 1-335-1, 1-335-2, 1-335-3, 1-335-4, 1-335-30, 1-335-30sh |
| The cost of construction of 1 square. m of living space for frame-panel houses of the 1-335 series was 95 rubles. in 1961 prices - the lowest figure among the entire history of industrial housing construction in the USSR | |
| According to a number of experts, 1-335 is the most unsuccessful of all the all-Union Khrushchev series | |
| 1-335 - the only series of houses found in both Moscow and St. Petersburg (at the same time, facade and roofing solutions differ significantly) | |
| Rating of RussianRealty.ru typical series 1-335 | 2.9 (on a 10-point scale) |
In support of the thesis that in frame-panel buildings it does not matter what parts and elements the frame is made of, and the normative durability will be determined by the attachment point of horizontal structures to the fence, let's consider an example with a large-panel building of the 1-335 series with an incomplete frame. In appearance, it belongs to the industrial series with a durability of 150 years. However, the very design of such residential buildings, built since the beginning of the 60s of the last century, and most importantly, the qualities shown during long-term operation, make it possible to attribute such structures to the frame-panel capital group.
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Appearance of the 1-335 series with partial frame |
Plan of end typical section of latitudinal orientation |
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| Plan and section series 1-335 with partial frame | Plan of an ordinary typical section of latitudinal orientation |
In the course of the implementation of complex development in the 60s of the last century, these buildings were erected as a frame for a built-up residential area, they were also placed inside the microdistrict, but at the site of the binding of the high-rise dominant - future 9-storey buildings with elevators and garbage chutes, the mass commissioning of which started in 1968.
In the 60s of the last century, in the conditions of " cold war”, there was a state housing program, during which each locality, in addition to the mobile resettlement fund, had a set of structures for large-panel housing, assembled according to the frame-panel type.
It was believed that the five-story structures used in the course of mass construction would be in operation for no more than 15 years. Then they had to be dismantled and reassembled in another place already with a decrease in the number of storeys - as three-story buildings.
After 10 years of operation, they were to be transported to countryside and collect in the form of two-apartment one-story and two-storey cottages durability of 150 years.
In order to facilitate assembly and disassembly in these houses, columns were not installed along the outer longitudinal walls. A number of columns for supporting the crossbar of floor slabs went only along the inner longitudinal wall.
Thus, the crossbars, resting on the columns of the inner row at one end (highlighted in red in the figure), at the other end rested directly on the fence panel.
Here it is necessary to understand. Why is the frame-panel system in Russia (where the heating season is on average 9 months) has such a low standard durability, regardless of what is assembled from prefabricated durable elements, designed for three cycles of installation and dismantling.
As we know the heat in the room is understood upwards. Thermal engineering calculation is reduced to determining the thickness of the fence behind the end of the floor structures.
In this case, two-layer panels 150 mm thick were used as enclosing structures. What did not pass according to the requirements of heat engineering calculation. The crossbar-outer fencing panel assembly was constantly frozen. The calculation was that for the planned durability, the physical wear of the fencing panels during the freeze-thaw cycles would not exceed the permissible maintainable level.
However, in practice it happened differently. The changed policy did not allow the planned operation of these peculiar "prefabricated" structures to continue. At a construction site, where in the estimates of the Soviet era there was an article "Temporary buildings and structures", which included buildings up to three floors, it is customary to say: "There is nothing more permanent than something temporary."
Of course, the original idea of resettling housing in 15-10 years was utopian in itself, given that buildings with a normative durability of 150 years were chosen as the main instrument of housing policy.
As a result, structures with a durability of 30 years, which should have been dismantled and reassembled back in the mid-70s of the last century, are still standing among structures with normal durability, not differing in any way from them.
There are 46 such houses in Izhevsk, they stand right among similar houses, where columns are exposed along the outer walls, so their standard durability is far from being exhausted, and the building itself has a normal microclimate.
Today, residential large-panel buildings with an incomplete frame pose a huge threat to residents.
By the end of the 1980s, all these structures were in a pre-emergency state. The destruction of these buildings can occur at any time according to an unpredictable scenario - due to the brittle fracture of metal embedded parts that have significantly corroded over the period of operation. Such buildings were supposed to be reconstructed in the first place in the mid-80s of the last century.
At present, they have not yet been reconstructed, although all the allowable dates have been missed. At the same time, the authorities are deliberately demolishing not these houses, but similar ones that have normative term 150 years old, but located in more attractive places for modern development.
According to the results of external examinations carried out in Soviet time, the indicators of standard durability for horizontal protruding elements were significantly reduced - up to 25 years. These are peaks, balconies and loggias.
In the first mass series, a metal fence was used at the protruding elements. Practice has shown that in the process of heat exchange it is on contact with the "cold bridges", which will be all metal constructions, the main concentration of freezing condensing moisture occurs. When freezing, condensate droplets expand, forming shells and cavities. After 10-15 heating seasons, irreversible damage occurs.
Without taking into account these data, today attempts are being made to strengthen the protruding reinforced concrete elements precisely with the use of metal parts and reinforcement structures.
The main advantages of the 1-335 series
The minimum number of load-bearing internal elements, which allows the principle of "flexible planning" to be implemented;
High manufacturability of manufacturing and installation of structures;
Designing a technical underground, which made it possible to put housing into operation rhythmically throughout the year in the northern regions of the country.
General information about houses of the 1-335 series
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Purpose |
Residential building |
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number of storeys |
5 floors, ground floor, basement |
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dimensions |
67.2 m / 12.0 m |
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Space stiffness |
Longitudinal direction - longitudinal load-bearing walls, ceilings. Transverse direction - external end, transverse walls |
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Wed apartment area |
39.7 m2 |
Description of load-bearing structures of the 1-335 series
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Foundations |
Belt prefabricated reinforced concrete |
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Walls |
Double Layer Heavy Concrete Wall Panel |
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Partitions |
Plaster t=80 mm |
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Overlappings |
Reinforced concrete hollow core slabs |
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Coating |
pitched, by wooden rafters from boards "on edge" |
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stairs |
Precast concrete marches |
Disadvantages of the 1-335 series
Insufficient rigidity of the embedding unit of the balcony slab in the wall panel, floor slabs;
Wrong arrangement of layers in a two-layer wall panel;
Unreliable waterproofing of the seams of wall panels, due to which the examination confirmed the leakage of the seams;
Discrepancy between space-planning and constructive solutions apartments to modern requirements.
At the moment, these structures are no longer subject to disassembly and require urgent reconstruction measures with the strengthening of the entire building as a whole:
External frame devices with fastening of the crossbar support unit for strengthening and unloading the existing building frame;
Cutting worn out balcony slabs;
Expansion of openings in external wall panels, sealing of vertical and horizontal platform joints in them;
Replacement of floors, window frames, door frames.
In addition, the planned reconstruction of the entrance groups with the arrangement of ramps for baby and wheelchairs, the installation of attached passenger elevators and garbage chutes is required.
In the course of reconstruction work, all residents would receive significant benefits, except for the residents of the first floors. For them, back in Soviet times, special reconstruction projects were developed with the arrangement of separate entrance groups.
It is easy to see that the installation of attached entrance groups with elevators and garbage chutes, attached loggias along the contour of the building - expands the body, allows you to unfasten the frozen junction of the crossbar to the fence.
Such a solution allows not only to strengthen the incomplete frame, but also to create new heat-efficient enclosing structures, dry and repair old fence structures, and restore a normal microclimate in the building.
Projects of redevelopment of the 1-335 series with an incomplete frame during reconstruction with the installation of attached entrance groups with elevators and garbage chutes and attached loggias
Exist various solutions, providing for partial disassembly of the fencing panels and the installation of attached structures that expand the body of the structure along the entire longitudinal contour. There are more economical options, where only attached entrance groups and attached loggias reinforcing the incomplete frame of the building from the outside.
When expanding the building, problems arise with insolation of the premises due to the low floor height of the first mass series. However, this issue is resolved with the construction of two-level apartments with a hall having a "second light".
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| Reconstruction project of the microdistrict of large-block houses building in 1964 in Izhevsk with a significant compaction of buildings by connecting three residential buildings in the most worn-out end part - into a single residential ensemble with two-level apartments |
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The current approaches to the reconstruction of large-panel buildings with external insulation did not give positive changes. In the structures, an increased growth of black mold was observed in the upper corners of the living quarters, that is, the process of freezing and destruction of structures did not slow down, but intensified.
Attempts to strengthen the angle of support of the crossbar on the outer panel of the fence from within, with similarity device inner frame- didn't work either. In Soviet times, there were attempts to strengthen these nodes with the help of logs installed in the corners.
Internal frame without own foundation, based on floor slabs, only cosmetically solves the problem of a frozen one, provided that it is upholstered with sheets of drywall. It should be borne in mind that most of the examined crossbars had an unacceptable deflection back in the 80s.
In structures of the semi-frame type of the series 1-335 during the installation of attached loggias, it was planned to perform a fastening unit for the crossbar head to transfer the load from worn units to the outer frame along the perimeter of the entire structure. Due to the fact that the reconstruction activities scheduled for the end of the 80s were not completed, currently in the course of reconstruction activities balcony slabs and visors must be dismantled.
The device of heated loggias had to perform the following functions:
- creation of an additional thermal protection belt before repair and sealing of panel joints;
- improved insolation interior spaces due to three-sided natural lighting;
- improving the comfort of living quarters;
- creation of a rigid outer frame around the entire perimeter of the building.
All these activities must be carried out within a short period of time. complete eviction of residents on a permanent or temporary basis. Their implementation would contribute to reducing social tension in society and solving the housing problem in an economical way, beneficial for all participants in the reconstruction process.
