Common plum diseases and effective treatments. Why are plum leaves in a small hole Spotting on plum leaves
Plum is one of the most commonly planted crops in the country. Not all gardeners succeed in caring for it properly, which leads to the occurrence of diseases. Some of them are typical of many fruit trees, others are peculiar only to the plum. Another misfortune is pests. To successfully deal with both problems, an accurate diagnosis of the reasons for the change in the state of the tree is necessary. However, the most The best way to avoid them - to take comprehensive preventive measures.
Plum yield depends on the health of the tree
plum diseases
Plum diseases and their control are an essential part of gardening. Among the diseases, there are those that are found everywhere, others are extremely rare. You can defeat them as proven folk remedies, and modern effective drugs.
Clusterosporiasis
Clusterosporiasis is considered the most common disease of plums. Its causative agent is a fungus that hides in the natural holes of the tree from the outside and in the resulting wounds. Second name
The name of the disease - perforated spotting - speaks of its characteristic feature: brown spots on leaves of various sizes with torn edges. Gradually, their number increases, the leaves in these places dry out, holes form. If the process has gone far, then the leaves fall off. Klyasterosporiosis often affects the fruits and branches, from which the gum leaves. The rapid spread of the disease is caused by the high speed of movement of spores of the fungus along the tree.
Bordeaux liquid helps to defeat the disease, which is applied to the affected and still healthy areas of the tree in several stages, including after harvesting. Depending on the degree of infection, in preparation for spraying, a different percentage of the substance is chosen.
As a preventive measure, high-quality leaf care brings tangible benefits: timely cleaning of dried sheets, processing with copper sulphate.
Moniliosis
The disease is otherwise called fruit rot, which appears as a result of a tree being damaged by a fungus. Its spores spend the winter on the damaged parts of the plant, and after warming, the fungus rapidly spreads along the branches, shoots, gets into the ovaries and spoils the fruits. Manifestations of moniliosis resemble a burn - the diseased area of \u200b\u200bthe tree looks like a scorched fire. Not only branches, leaves suffer, but also fruits that rot from the inside, outwardly this is expressed in the appearance of growths. In the future, the entire plum on the tree dries up, because the disease is transmitted from one leaf or fruit to neighboring ones.
You can cure plum trees from moniliosis if you spray the surface with one of the following preparations before the start of the flowering season:
- Bordeaux liquid;
- copper sulfate;
- iron vitriol;
- fungicides.
It is necessary to carry out processing with increased precautions - ripening fruits should not be touched. Before application special means you should get rid of diseased and old leaves, the same procedure is an effective prevention of moniliosis.
coccomycosis
One of the typical plum diseases is coccomycosis, colloquially referred to as red spotting, which indicates its main symptom - red spots, although they can be brown and gray. At first they look like small dots on the leaves, then their size grows. Also a sign of coccomycosis - white coating on sheets.
The nature of the disease is fungal. The spores of the fungus infect all parts of the tree, even on the fruits, which causes the cessation of their growth. Leaves always dry and fall off. The fungus tolerates frost well, it can spend the whole winter in old leaves that have not been destroyed since autumn. One of the causes of the disease is improper care, often the disease is found on a young plum.
The fight against coccomycosis includes:
- plowing and digging the earth under a tree;
- complex spraying with Bordeaux liquid;
- lime treatment;
- a thorough inspection of the leaves and, if necessary, the destruction of old ones.
Coccomycosis develops on the leaves
Sharka
Smallpox, or sharka, is viral in nature. The first symptoms of the disease are observed on young foliage - these are light spots or stripes. The virus quickly spreads to fruits, which change their appearance and taste in a short time - they cannot be eaten, they die if they do not ripen in time. It was believed that smallpox was spread by aphids.
Fighting sharka is unproductive - all that remains is to get rid of infected trees. Scrupulous processing of inventory, clothing, and all items that come into contact with plum trees helps prevent the onset of the disease, since any item can be a carrier of the virus.
plum pockets
The source of this plum disease is the marsupial fungus, which attacks not only the plum, but also the cherry plum. The course of the processes of normal formation of fruits is suspended, they change shape, color, become unsuitable for human consumption. The marsupial fungus is especially active during the rains, and in the cold season, fungal spores hide in the kidneys. For treatment you need:
- remove all infected parts of the tree;
- apply 3% Bordeaux liquid before flowering;
- repeat the procedure after the appearance of flowers, but with a 1% solution;
- apply fungicides.
Preventive measures to combat pockets are to carry out sanitary pruning, treatment with special solutions.
Rust
The name speaks for itself: the disease manifests itself in the form of a brown plaque that forms on the leaves on the eve of flowering. The reason is the defeat of the fungus, which easily adapts to any climatic conditions, including winter. If you do not fight the disease, then instead of spots in the spring, large pillows of fungal spores will appear. The consequences can be disastrous - the tree can become barren.
Fungal infection is manifested by rust on the leaves
Rust treatment consists in applying any fungicide 20 days before the first fruits appear, this will help get rid of the fungus. After fruiting, it is advised to treat the tree with Bordeaux mixture. The same method is suitable for prevention. Another option is to grow varieties that are resistant to rust.
Dwarfism
The disease is identified by the changed appearance of the plum, but often this can only be done at an advanced stage. Then it is quite difficult to cure the tree. Gardeners should inspect the tree for:
- growth retardation and proportion reduction;
- the formation of small leaves;
- drying, falling leaves;
- the appearance of underdeveloped flowers;
- reduction in the number of ripe fruits.
If dwarfism progresses, then there are almost no leaves on the tree. The fight against the disease is the complete disposal of infected leaves and fruits. Preventive measures to exclude infection with dwarfism consist in the complete destruction of plum pests, cleaning dry and old foliage.
Gum treatment
Plum diseases are not only infectious in nature, a prime example this is a gum treatment. The speaking name shows that its main symptom is the flow of gum from the tree. The second name of the disease is gommosis. The root cause of infection is a fungus, which spreads especially actively with excess moisture and improper fertilizing. Also, any violation of the integrity of the tree bark leads to gum disease. Gradually, the gum hardens, small traces in the form of a drop remain on the trunk. Lack of plum treatment can be an impetus for the onset of cancer.
If the foci of the disease are numerous, then it is recommended to fight them with the help of vitriol and treatment with garden pitch. It is necessary to completely get rid of infected branches. Proper care helps to prevent the occurrence of the disease.
Gum disease appears on the branches and fruits of the plum
root cancer
Some plum diseases are serious, such as root cancer. It is characteristic not only for plum trees, but also for many other fruit trees. Cancer is caused by bacteria that enter from the ground into the root of the tree through existing gaps in the roots. The development of the disease is facilitated by the wrong choice of soil for planting or insufficient watering during the hot period.
Methods for dealing with root cancer:
- careful examination of the roots when planting, getting rid of weak root processes, growths;
- complete destruction of the diseased plant;
- careful treatment with copper sulphate of an infected piece of land;
- formalin disinfection of all garden tools with which the seedling was in contact.
plum pests
In addition to diseases, pests cause serious trouble to the owners of plum trees. Gardeners need to know the typical insect pests by sight. To combat them, there is a whole range of special means, but the best way out is the use of preventive measures.
fruit mite
fruit mites - dangerous pest, which is a creature less than 1 cm in size with a round brown torso. With its limbs, the tick clings to a plum tree, sucking out all the juices from it, and especially often feeds on young foliage. Ticks live on the tree all year round, laying eggs on the entire surface.
You can get rid of the fruit mite with the help of insecticides, infusions with a strong odor - from mustard, garlic, onions, they must be diluted with water. As a preventive measure, they should be used in the spring. It also requires a qualitative inspection of the leaves and burning dried ones.
gall mite
This pest settles not only on the plum, but also on the turn. According to the description of appearance, it looks like a worm. The peculiarity of the gall mite is that by sticking to a tree, it becomes like warts.
Ticks overwinter well on a tree in order to feed on fresh leaf juices in spring, then they can be clearly seen by their red color. In summer, ticks become similar to tree bark - it becomes difficult to detect them.
It is necessary to get rid of the parts of the plum tree infected with gall mites, it is useful to treat the diseased tree with sulfur.
Ants
Ants are another misfortune of plum owners. They feed on delicious fruit juice, and are not averse to eating kidneys. Ants are dangerous because with their activity they provoke the spread of aphids through the tree. Also, these insects dig the ground, damaging the roots. You can overcome them in several ways:
- construction of a protective barrier from improvised materials, the cavities of the barrier must be filled with water;
- applying tar to the trunk of a tree;
- placing a belt around the trunk, smeared with a thick layer of glue;
- special toxic substances of chemical composition.
Aphid
Often summer residents wonder who eats the leaves on the plum, in most cases the answer is unambiguous - it's aphids. Due to its impact, the leaves wither, curl, dry and fall to the ground. These insects have different colors, often disguised as green foliage. One tree can attack a whole horde of aphids.
Aphids - the most frequent "guest" on plum trees
The fight against aphids must begin in advance - until the buds appear. With the defeat of aphids, the following methods are suitable:
- watering with a solution of dried marigolds;
- the ash is mixed with soap, the resulting mixture is infused for a couple of days, then regular spraying is carried out;
- solutions from citrus peel and laundry soap, a bucket of which is poured onto the bottom of the tree.
Most gardeners are aware that red spots on plum leaves are an aberration. But often, relying on their knowledge, they make a wrong diagnosis, because of which the tree dies. Correctly chosen treatment tactics are extremely important for the future prevention of other diseases.
What affects the color of plum tree foliage
The usual color of plum leaves is green, but during the development of the tree it can change.
Not always a different color indicates problems, it can be the norm. So, some varieties of plums have a different color from green leaves and are considered decorative.
But always a bad sign can be called the case when spots appeared on the leaves. They can be of different colors - brown, orange and even black. The spots change in size over time. You need to start fighting the cause of their appearance while they are small. The choice of method depends on many circumstances. Sometimes gardeners are zealous in using a large number of funds at the same time. This practice causes great damage to the plum.
What can cause stains
Spots on plum leaves in most cases are due to crop diseases. By their color, in combination with other symptoms, you can find the source of the problem. Some of them are solved by similar methods.
Lack of nutrients in the soil
All parts of the plum tree are interconnected: a failure in one immediately makes itself felt with unpleasant symptoms in the other. Poor soil or insufficient fertilizing with phosphorus fertilizers is reflected in the color of the foliage: it turns red or brown and dries up soon. After this flowering is not worth waiting, or it will be short-lived. Even if the fruits are tied, they will be very small.
Another important element for the development of plums in the earth is magnesium. Without it, the foliage turns red, withers and curls. If these symptoms are detected, fertilization should be urgently applied to the soil and included in a regular feeding schedule.
Root problems
The root system is the basis of the tree, this also applies to plums. Root care begins immediately after the acquisition of seedlings. If it proceeds with errors, then this is immediately reflected in the state of culture. But the human eye first of all sees not the roots, but the leaves, which change color to red, brown, red. It is worth paying attention not only to the color of the crown, but also to the number of dry and old branches near the tree before the cold season.
Typical root system problems occur for several reasons:
- planting in swampy lowlands near groundwater;
- planting a tree with a diseased root system;
- improper soil preparation for planting;
- a large dose of applied fertilizers.
The leaves will turn green again if the influence of these factors on the plum is eliminated or reduced.
coccomycosis
A dangerous plum disease caused by a fungus, its spores quickly occupy the entire surface of the leaves, which manifests itself in the form of light red spots on inside leaf, gradually increasing in size. Then the foliage rapidly falls off, the disease also captures the fruits, the development of which is suspended.
Plum coccomycosis - dangerous disease requiring immediate treatment
The main ways to combat the causative agent of coccomycosis:
- complete destruction of infected leaves;
- thorough loosening of the soil;
- cultivation of the earth, trunk, foliage with copper sulphate.
Rust
Seeing rusty spots on the leaves at the height of summer, gardeners panic and do not know what to do. The spores are extremely easy to spread, and the plum tree is not immune to rust. First, small dots appear that increase, and in autumn the leaves swell, dry and fall off. Solution: plant varieties that are slightly susceptible to rust, treat the plant with copper sulphate.
Polystigmosis
Gardeners note that brown, orange, brown, yellow, red spots appear in spring, summer, after heavy rains often they swell. A preventive measure is the treatment of a tree before flowering with Bordeaux mixture.
Moniliosis
This disease is also called gray mold and monilial burn, because appearance the same as with burns - swollen red, brown and brown leaves dry, fall off. The disease can also affect neighboring trees.
Another side effect- gum treatment.
The cause of moniliosis is a fungus that is activated during sudden changes in temperature. Bordeaux liquid and the drug "Horus" will save you from the disease.
Stone fruit plant plum is one of the most common garden crops. As the others fruit trees, the plum is susceptible to attack by pests and various diseases. In order for the cultivation of this crop to bring only pleasure, and the harvest to be of high quality and plentiful, every gardener must know plum diseases "by sight" and be able to deal with them. This article provides examples of the most common diseases and pests, as well as effective methods of dealing with them.
When a plum is affected by brown spotting, or gnomoniasis, small spots begin to appear on its leaves from spring, which can be from reddish-brown to yellowish-ocher, with a purple border. With the development of this disease, black small dots appear on both sides of the leaves - spores of the fungus. Subsequently, the spots increase, turn brown and occupy the entire leaf plate, then the leaves curl and fall off.
The fruits do not ripen, and more ripe plums become ugly in shape. As a treatment, before flowering, the soil and trees are sprayed with a solution of copper sulfate 1% (100 g per 10 liters of water). 14 days after flowering, trees can be treated with 1% Bordeaux liquid (100 g per 10 liters of water) or Hom fungicide (35 g per 10 liters of water). In case of severe infection, repeat the treatment 2-3 weeks before harvest. As preventive measures, it is necessary to remove and destroy fallen leaves in time and dig up the soil around the tree trunk - in the place where fungal spores hibernate.
Perforated spotting (clasterosporiasis)
Klyasterosporiosis (perforated spotting) - this disease is similar to the previous one. It differs in that after the formation of red-brown spots, the tissues of the leaf plate inside the spot fall off, forming through holes. Such spots can even appear on fruits, deforming them. On the branches, the disease manifests itself as red spots, which lead to cracks in the bark and the flow of gum. With a severe damage to the plum, the leaves partially or completely dry out and fall off, the buds die off, the flowers crumble.
Control methods are similar to those used against brown spotting - treatment with copper sulphate or "Nitrofen" before flowering. Immediately after flowering, spray with Bordeaux liquid 1% (100 g per 10 liters of water). Repeated spraying can be carried out 14-18 days after flowering, and the third - 2 weeks before harvest. In case of severe infection, one more treatment is permissible in the fall after the leaves fall off with a 3% solution of Bordeaux liquid. For prevention, it is necessary to remove and burn fallen leaves in time and dig up the soil around the tree trunk.
Red spotting (polystigmosis)
Polystigmosis, or plum leaf red spot, is also known as mushroom blight. Yellow or light red spots appear on the leaves on both sides, which thicken over time, become brighter and shiny. Trees affected by polystigmosis weaken, their flowers fall and winter hardiness decreases. To combat the disease, the trees and the soil around are sprayed with copper sulphate or Nitrafen (300 g per 10 liters of water) before bud break.
Immediately after the flowering of the trees, Bordeaux liquid can be used for processing (100 g per 10 liters of water). If necessary, spraying the plum is repeated a couple of weeks after flowering. As a preventive measure, it is necessary to collect and burn all fallen leaves in time and dig up the soil near the trunk circle.
Bacterial burn manifests itself primarily on the flowers of trees - they become dark Brown color and fall off over time. Young shoots are affected by watery dark spots, turn black, as if burned, and bend. The leaves also darken, become covered with necrotic spots, curl and look like burnt. Spots affect the whole tree: leaves, trunk, branches. The disease can quickly spread throughout the garden and in a short period of time infect all stone fruits.
As a result of illness, the garden takes on the appearance of a "fire". The fruits turn black and dry. The bark softens, becomes covered with small amber-yellow drops, then bubbles, cracks and acquires a marbled reddish-brown pattern. On the branches, wedge-shaped ulcers are formed, passing to the trunk.
To cure a plum from a bacterial burn, before the formation of buds, the tree is sprayed with a 1% solution of copper sulphate (100 g per 10 liters of water). Azofos fungicide (5%) and Streptomycin antibiotics (50 mcg / ml) are also effective. , "Gentamicin" (50 μg / ml), "Rifampicin" (50 μg / ml), "Chloramphenicol" (50 μg / ml), "Nalidic acid" (20 μg / ml), in the amount of 1-2 tablets / ampoules for 5 liters of water. The solution is enough to process 8-10 trees. Plum treatment for diseases should be carried out in late spring - early summer, during flowering, three times a season, with an interval of 4-6 days.
Preventive measures to prevent fire blight include:
- uprooting wild fruit trees within a radius of 150 meters from the garden. These plants are potential carriers of pathogenic bacteria;
- regular treatment with insecticides;
- constant inspection of trees, leaves, branches for symptoms of the disease, upon detection of which the branches are immediately removed and burned.
Did you know? Previously, the people called a bacterial burn "Antonov's fire." The first cases of damage to garden trees by this disease date back to the 18th century.
Witch's brooms are separate parts of the crown of trees with abnormal development of shoots. The tree infects a pathogenic fungus that takes root in the crown of the tree and leads to mutation and pathology. further growth. In the place where the fungus "settled", many thin, barren shoots begin to grow en masse. Due to their abundant branching, the affected crown of the tree resembles a tuft or ball of hair. The leaves on the affected branches are small, pale or reddish, dry quickly and fall off. By the end of summer, the leaf is covered with a grayish bloom - these are spores of the pathogen fungus.
When a witch's broom is found, the affected shoots are immediately cut and destroyed. As a protection against the witch's broom disease in the spring, before the formation of buds, the trees are sprayed with 3% Bordeaux liquid (300 g per 10 liters of water). It is also sprayed again after flowering with Bordeaux liquid, but at a lower concentration - 1%. Fungicides "Kuprozan" and "Kaptan" are also effective.
Did you know? The name "witch's broom" is associated with numerous beliefs. For example, that it is witches who send diseases into the gardens to people they want to harm.
Gommosis (gum disease)
Gum disease, or gummosis, is a common non-infectious disease of stone fruit horticultural crops. Plum can get sick with gum disease as a result of unfavorable wintering or as a result of damage by other diseases, such as clasterosporia, moniliosis, etc. Trees growing on acidic, waterlogged and highly fertilized soils suffer the most from gommosis. Symptoms of the disease: the release of gum on the trunks, which hardens and resembles floating wax.
the affected areas of the tree that secrete gum should be cleaned and treated with a 1% solution of copper sulfate and rubbed several times with fresh sorrel leaves at intervals of every 15-20 minutes. Then the "wounds" are smeared with garden pitch. It is also recommended to carefully furrow the bark in places where the gum flows. As a preventive measure for gum release, it is necessary to follow the agrotechnical rules and recommendations when growing plums: increase the winter hardiness of the tree and resistance to fungal diseases, properly fertilize and monitor soil moisture.
Sick trees grow poorly and die. Unfortunately, viral diseases plums are almost not treated, if an affected tree is found in the garden, it must be uprooted and burned. There are only preventive measures to reduce the risk of contracting dwarfism. When planting, you need to use only healthy, proven seedlings, treat plants against sucking insects in a timely manner and carry out preventive agrotechnical measures.
Plum pockets (marsupial disease)
Marsupial disease, or plum pockets, manifests itself in an increase in the fleshy part of the fruit, which at the same time becomes bag-shaped. The disease can be promoted by high humidity of the air and soil around the trees. Sick fruits are stretched in length up to 5-6 cm and do not form a stone. IN initial stage marsupial disease, plums turn green, then turn yellow and turn brown, while they are tasteless and inedible.
A white waxy coating appears on the fruits, consisting of a layer of the fungus. Then the plums fall off. With a massive defeat, crop losses amount to more than half. To deal with plum pockets, it is necessary in early spring, before the appearance of buds, to spray with 3% Bordeaux liquid (300 g per 10 liters of water). Suitable fungicide "Horus" (2 g per 10 liters of water), which needs to be treated with a tree before flowering and immediately after it. Diseased plum fruits should be immediately collected and burned before a wax coating appears. Severely affected branches are cut and burned.
Plum coccomycosis –
it is extremely dangerous fungal disease fruit and fruit trees. It mainly affects leaves, sometimes young shoots and fruits. In summer, usually in July, purple-violet or red-brown small spots may appear on the surface of the leaf plate, which increase and merge together. On reverse side a white-pinkish bloom appears on the leaf - spores of the fungus. The leaves turn yellow, turn brown and fall off.
The fruits do not develop and dry up. The disease progresses in conditions of high humidity and leads to a decrease in the frost resistance of the tree. As a preventive measure, it is imperative to collect and burn fallen leaves, where pathogens of coccomycosis overwinter. The soil in autumn trunk circle must be dug up. After harvesting the plum, the tree should be sprayed with 1% Bordeaux liquid or copper oxychloride (30-40 g per 10 liters of water).
This disease appears mainly in trees that have suffered in winter and have wounds on the bark. effective means from this disease, unfortunately, does not exist. For the prevention of milky sheen, it is very important to increase the winter hardiness of the plum, whiten the trunk and skeletal branches with lime in the fall, and feed the trees after a frosty winter. Open wounds and cuts on the bark and branches should be covered in a timely manner. If a milky sheen is found, the trees must be uprooted and burned.
Monilial burn (gray rot)
Gray rot, or moniliosis, on the plum affects the shoots and branches, which turn brown, wither and look like burnt. The causative agent of gray rot is a fungus that hibernates on affected fruits and branches. Moniliosis spreads during the flowering of trees by spores that are carried by the wind and insect pests. The disease actively spreads in conditions of high humidity. With the course of the disease, small gray growths appear on the fruits of the plum and the bark of the tree, randomly located. First of all, gray rot affects fruits that have damage (from insects).
Affected branches become covered with cracks, from which gum flows. Diseased branches gradually die over time. To combat the disease, before flowering, trees and soil are sprayed with a solution of Nitrafen, iron or copper sulfate, as well as Bordeaux liquid 1% (100 g per 10 liters of water) or fungicides Zineb, Kaptan, Ftalan, "Kuprazan". Re-spray the tree immediately after flowering with the same preparations. For prevention, it is necessary to follow elementary agrotechnical rules: remove and burn the affected fruits and branches in a timely manner.
Concentric circles appear on the surface of the plum - grayish-brown pads with spores. These spores are easily carried by the wind throughout the garden and infect other fruit trees. To combat fruit rot, trees are sprayed with a 1% solution of Bordeaux mixture before flowering. As a preventive measure, all affected fruits should be buried or composted. You also need to deal with pests that damage the fruit, which increases the risk of fruit rot.
Important! After the destruction of infected fruits, you need to disinfect tools and hands and in no case touch healthy fetuses untreated hands. They remain spores that can easily infect healthy fruits.
Fungal disease, especially active in July, which affects mainly the leaves of the tree. On the outer side of the leaf plate, brown, “rusty” spots appear between the veins, rounded and swollen. By the end of summer, dark pads form on the spots. Infected leaves weaken, die off and fall off ahead of time, the frost resistance of the tree decreases. Before flowering, the plum should be sprayed with a solution of copper oxychloride (40 g per 5 liters of water), 3 liters of solution per tree. After harvesting, you need to spray the plum with 1% Bordeaux liquid. For prevention, it is necessary to destroy the fallen leaves in which the fungus hibernates in time.
Cytosporosis, or infectious drying, is a very dangerous plum disease that affects individual branches, and sometimes leads to the complete drying of trees. Infection usually occurs in orchards with a poor level of agricultural technology, through patches of dead bark. The infection appears in damaged areas of the bark, develops in wood and causes the death of living tissues. Under the dead bark, small shiny, black tubercles appear - sporulation of the fungus.
Plum infection occurs during the dormant period of the tree: in the spring before the growing season and in the fall after the foliage has fallen. In the fight against the disease, a solution of 3% Bordeaux liquid is used, which is used to treat young and pruned trees at the very beginning of the growing season. For preventive purposes, annually, in autumn and spring, in a potentially dangerous period, spraying is also carried out with a solution of 3-4% Bordeaux mixture. In autumn, it is imperative to whitewash boles and skeletal branches, as well as burn dead branches.
Important! All varieties of plums are very sensitive to copper, therefore, when treating a tree with copper-containing preparations (copper oxychloride, blue vitriol, Bordeaux liquid etc.) prescriptions and dosage must not be violated.
Sharka (pox) plums are chaotic spots in the form of rings and curved lines on young leaves of a tree. The causative agent of the disease is a virus - the smallest particle of a living protein substance. Spots appear in spring, with the development of sharka, the leaves become “marble”, light green and dark green areas of the ornament are clearly visible. The pulp of infected fruits becomes dense, brown-red and unpleasant in taste.
Most often, plum trees are attacked by such insects:
- fruit mite- leads to redness and death of the leaves, slows down the process of laying flower buds;
- slimy sawfly- skeletonizes leaves;
- yellow plum sawfly- its caterpillars eat away the fruit stone and eat the pulp, and young larvae damage the ovaries;
- plum aphid- feeds on young shoots, which leads to a weakening of growth and twisting of the leaves, which turn yellow and fall off;
- moth-skinned- caterpillars of this butterfly gnaw leaves, buds, flowers. With their massive invasion, only veins remain from the leaves.
300
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In our gardens. It's time to talk about what plum diseases can deprive us of the long-awaited harvest.
Colorful, perfectly shaped, intact plum fruits are a gardener's dream. With maximum yield.
We see these on tags attached to seedlings, on supermarket shelves.
To see healthy, beautiful plums on your own grown tree, you have to work hard.
Juicy sweet fruit we love not only. There are many competitors.
The garden pet is attacked not only by offenders visible to the eye, it is also affected by microorganisms of various types.
They cause plum disease.
What is sick plum
Like any living organism, the plum tree is susceptible to disease.
It affects him, like a person, pathogenic flora of three types:
- Bacterial;
- viral;
- Fungal.
Non-infectious diseases in trees also occur.
During the years of revelry of any of the groups of diseases, not only the garden can lose its crop.
The owner, who has not taken timely measures to protect and treat plants, may lose the garden itself.
Plum Infectious Diseases
Transmitted (infectious) from other plants of the same species or interspecific diseases require the vigilance of the gardener.
From an oversight, they can flare up in the garden like a fire.
Viral infections
Smallpox (sharka)
Distributed in all areas of plum cultivation in Russia.
Favorable conditions for the development of the disease, the climate suitable for it, coincide with the beloved plum in the southern region.
But it withstands sharka and harsh conditions of winters in the middle zone.
Smallpox is a common disease of stone fruit crops. Apricots, cherries, cherry plums, and other stone fruits suffer from this virus.
You can first notice the defeat of the sharki virus on the leaves.
Lightened rings of leaf tissue and stripes on it, depleted in chlorophyll, are a reason to be wary.
The first signs of smallpox are such marks on the leaves. They are lighter than healthy tissue, visible through the light. Later the spots and lines turn yellow.
The fruits are also affected. It is noticeable from afar but anomalously early ripening- color changes.
Ring-shaped depressed spots also appear on the fruits. This is probably why the disease is called smallpox.
There may also be linear dark stripes. Diseased plums are ugly deformed.
The flesh is affected to the bone, brown. A sticky transparent gum accumulates in the lesions.
Plums fall early, they are unsuitable for use. Treatment of a plum diseased with sharka does not give a result.
Plum trees infect smallpox - aphids. They carry the virus from other plants.
Sharka is "polyphagous" and settles not only on fruit trees. It can also get on the plum from ornamental (clover), medicinal (melilot), weeds (nightshade).
Grafting, planting material may contain the virus. Another way to transfer is garden tools.
When processing several trees, it is worth considering the disinfection of budding knives, secateurs, and other equipment - after each.
Our garden wards will be grateful for the sterility. And they will thank you: health and harvest.
Chlorotic ring spot
The disease also causes leaf discoloration.
These are rings or a blurry pattern. In the middle of the border, a hole is formed from the ring: necrotic tissue falls out.
A mosaic patterned border remains around the holes.
Leaves with this plum disease become smaller, become narrow, hard and wrinkled.
Characterized by a slowdown in the growth of foliage and the whole tree.
Ring spot spreads through untreated inventory.
Maybe through pollen and seeds of infected plants. Through weeds - only in transit: they are temporary carriers of the disease. Springboards for pollen.
Like smallpox, it can be transmitted with grafting material, seedlings.
group of fungal diseases
Fungal plum diseases are widespread, especially in dense plantings or when crowns are thickened.
Warm humid climate- an additional risk of damage to the fungus of the tree.
Outbreaks of fungal diseases are companions of a wet summer in any geographical area. Dry years inhibit the development of the fungus.
Clusterosporiasis
It affects the aerial parts of the plum: buds, branches, leaves, flowers, the fruits themselves.
You can recognize the disease by brown spots on the leaves. The spots have a reddish border.
They crumble, holes are formed - holes on the leaves. Hence the second name of the plum disease is perforated spotting.
Shoots become covered with spots, the bark cracks. If the kidneys are affected, they turn black. Flowers fall off.
Affected leaves dry up. Spots also form on the fruits: at first, small, depressed, differing in color (reddish) from the rest of the surface.
Later they swell, gum oozes out of the spots. The fruits dry up.
Since the disease is fungal, there is an active production of spores. They are small, volatile, and spread rapidly.
Stone plantations are infected by the transfer of spores by wind, insects, through inventory.
Productivity is greatly reduced - to the point of complete loss. Sick trees are weakened.
Moniliosis
The plum disease moniliosis also has names: gray rot (reflects the process in a nutshell) and the official one - monilial stone burn.
The consequences are really similar to a burn. Branches dry out quickly, but not all. Leaves and flowers do not fall off.
If the tree is strongly captured by the infection, closely spaced branches dry, as if a fire was made under them and scorched them. Therefore, the name contains the definition: burn.
The surviving flowers set fruit. But spores from diseased branches fall on them.
Plums become infected if the skin is damaged: by mechanical friction against branches, insects, or microcracks are obtained from temperature changes.
Close contact with a sick fetus also causes disease of a healthy one.
On the plum, moniliosis manifests itself more often as fruit rot.
With this disease, plums deteriorate quickly, right on the branch.
The biology of moniliosis provided for its wintering in plant fragments damaged by the disease.
If the dried "burned" shoots went uncircumcised into the winter, or the mummified fruits were not removed, this is an ideal "hostel" for the fungus.
wait in the spring gray rot visiting early.
In rotten plums, moniliosis overwinters both on the ground and on branches.
At spring bloom spores will fall on the pistils, and from there they will already carry out destructive work in all parts of the plant.
plum pockets
The set fruits take on a strange shape.
They are drawn out in the form of sacs, do not form bones (or form only rudimentary ones).
Plums are not like ordinary plums, they are also called puffy, and the disease is marsupial.
The length of such a bag can be Matchbox or even more. The color remains green for a long time, then turns brown, inedible fruit dry up, fall off. The harvest is lost.
Spores hibernate on a tree where they can attach themselves. Under the scales of the kidneys, in the cracks in the bark.
Infection in spring occurs through flowers, only fruits are affected.
During the season, the mushroom gives one generation, one cycle of its development goes through.
coccomycosis
Leaves and fruits are affected.
Small spots of purple-red, sometimes brown, color form on top of the leaves.
Their number and size increase until the entire sheet is covered with spots.
The bottom side is a platform for disputes. They are located in whitish tubercles - pads.
Affected fruits acquire an ugly shape, they are unsuitable for food.
Leaves fall, turning yellow or turning brown. The tree goes into the winter weakened, it may not overwinter.
Young plums are especially vulnerable.
Fungal infection overwinters in leaves that have fallen and not harvested.
milky shine
The beautiful name is deceptive: the disease is dangerous for the plum and often affects it.
Unusually silvery sheen of leaves, air bubbles in their tissues - feature this plum disease.
Like all fungal scourges, milky sheen loves wet weather, settles in any damage to the plant.
The color of the leaf changes from damage: cavities with air are formed between the tissue and the epidermis (surface film).
The veins and the terminal border of the leaves die. Brown spots appear on the branches and trunk. Later, the entire bark darkens, falls off in strips. With the development of the disease, the leaves dry, the tree dies.
The fungus that has settled in the tissues of the tree is active when the plum is in a dormant period.
It penetrates into the wood through wounds on the bark, after pruning wintering trees - through cuts.
Poplar infection is transmitted - unwanted plum neighbors. A milky sheen enters the garden and with planting material or through vaccinations.
Gardeners are looking for information on how to process plums, how to treat this disease.
Milky shine is not treated, only prevention is possible.
Polystigmosis
Plum also becomes ill with red spotting - polystigmosis.
This is another "burn", only with the definition - mushroom.
Blurred spots cover both sides of the leaf. The spots are red, initially pale. Later color intense red, smooth convex glossy surface.
The spots are convex above, concave below the sheet. Their shape is similar to pillows. To the touch, the formations in the leaf tissue are dense.
In wet years, the leaves fall off already in the summer - the mycelium develops quickly. In drought, the leaf lasts longer, dark formations - spore storage - in the concave side of the spots have time to form.
The carriers of the infection are fallen leaves and leaves of nearby trees infected with polystigmosis.
Small, light, flying spores spread easily.
Curly
The sheet is deformed, corrugated, changes color to yellow or reddish. It twists - hence the name.
Gradually, the leaves thicken, covered with bloom.
Shoots are also deformed, acquire a curved shape. Internodes are short and thick.
Then the leaves turn dark and fall off. The fruits are not tied.
If the plum is not badly damaged, the fruits are there, but the shape is ugly, the pulp is inedible.
With this disease, plums can rarely overwinter.
Trees are infected with spores wintering under bark scales. The kinky cycle begins with kidney damage.
Rust
Common, especially in the south, plum disease.
The spots on the sheets are located between the veins, the color is brownish, with a rusty tint.
By autumn, the spots take the form of pads, darken. Spores overwinter in leaf litter.
Interestingly, the original host and distributor of rust is a perennial garden flower anemone (anemone).
Anemone rhizomes are an ideal "winter hut" for the fungus.
If the anemone contains the causative agent of rust, yellow spore receptacles form under its leaves in spring.
There are no plum varieties resistant to rust, but their susceptibility varies.
It is easier to save the Anna Shpett variety - it is not very susceptible. It is also possible with careful prevention Renklod green.
sooty fungus
The surface of the leaf is covered with a black, soot-like bloom.
The pores of the leaf are clogged, air exchange is disturbed, the formation of chlorophyll - from a lack of sunlight.
The disease has a fundamental difference from others - the fungus is located superficially, erased, washed off.
After that, the plum can be completely cured by treating it with an antifungal drug.
Bacterial diseases
Bacterial spotting
It appears first on the leaves as rounded small spots.
Later, the spots lose their roundness, they are bordered by broken dark lines. Inner part spots dry, crumble, outside, around the border, the leaf is yellowish.
On the fruits are black convex spots, edged with white. As they grow, they change color to brown. The surface is scaly with a depression in the middle.
The infection penetrates through damage to the epidermis. Progresses rapidly in the warm, wet season.
The disease weakens the plum, deprives the gardener of the harvest.
Witch's broom
Thick thin branches that have grown wildly in different parts of the crown are not a mistake in the formation of the crown.
This is mycoplasma (provoked by the smallest microorganisms) disease.
They call it the witch's broom. Barren "extra" branches take away a large part of the nutrition, thicken the crown.
The leaves on this bunch of branches are covered with bloom from below. These are the spores of the fungus - a hotbed of disease.
Once upon a time, the inquisitors considered a fire to be a radical cure for witches.
For witch brooms, even today there is no way invented - better. They are cut and burned.
Noncommunicable diseases
Gum therapy (gommosis)
Plum, like all stone fruits, is prone to gum disease.
Drops of the color and transparency of amber flow from the wounds of the trunk, freeze on it. So the plant tries to seal the damage.
Gum - tears of a tree. The culprit of the disease is often the gardener himself. Careless or untimely pruning, untreated bark wounds, unhealed cracking of the stem surface - these are all reasons for the expiration of gum, the formation of hollows.
Gum therapy weakens the plant. It is not capable of healing wounds, the entrance gates of infection remain.
The risk of diseases increases, infection of the plum with pathogenic microflora.
Plums affected by gommosis are stunted, emaciated, and may die.
Gum therapy is a scourge of stone fruits. With this in mind, try to warn him with careful plum care.
shrinkage
A disease leading to the death of a tree.
The reason is non-compliance with agricultural technology. Stone fruits often dry out, plums are no exception.
A plum can die very quickly, a month of adverse factors (this is soaking, freezing, gum disease) is a disastrous time for it.
Drying factors:
- Planted in a site where groundwater is high, the drain runs the risk of being flooded and getting wet. The plant dries up.
- Plum will also die on acidified or strongly alkaline soils.
- Salt marshes are also unsuitable for plums.
- The surface root system freezes slightly in years with severe winters.
- Heavy pruning in autumn does not give the tree time to recover by winter. It dies in winter, and sometimes “pulls” until spring, tries to wake up and immediately dries out.
- Gum flow, not stopped, not cured in time, is another factor in drying out. The plant simply expires, weakens, does not survive.
Treatment of plum diseases
It is not enough to plant, water and “feed” a tree. He still needs to be protected from ailments, protected from misfortunes. Take care like a child.
Protection begins with the choice of location. Plum is thermophilic, loves moisture too.
But she needs to provide the sun and moderate blowing with a gentle wind, otherwise all kinds of diseases, especially fungal ones, will overcome the plum in dampness.
We treat plums for fungal diseases
Fungal diseases of plums are similar both in group and in optimal conditions for development.
Feel free to them in the gardens, where:
- Plums planted closely;
- Poplars grow nearby;
- High standing of waters under the soil;
- Increased air humidity;
- Tree branches are thickened;
- Pruning is untimely or excessively strong;
- A fallen leaf is not burned, especially a sick one;
- Bark wounds do not heal;
- Mummified fruits are left in the crown.
From this list it is easy to calculate: what are the agrotechnical (mechanical) measures that get rid of the annoying fungus of various types.
- Do not thicken either the planting or the crown itself. It should be ventilated, blown by the breeze, which the fungus will not like. The sun will also dry and heat the tree, protect it from diseases.
- If the milky sheen of plums is not uncommon in the region, and you love both poplar near the fence and plum fruits in your garden, you will have to sacrifice one of these addictions. Which - choose yourself.
- Do not plant the plum "on the water." Where the water layer lies close to the surface, spring floods or rains will easily destroy the plant.
- The humid climate will not let you relax. You can save the plum. This will require regular inspections, fungicide treatments - preventive. If necessary, medical.
- Take care of a living organism - a plum tree. Cut it neatly and according to the rules.
- Disinfect inventory.
- Do not take planting, grafting material in dubious places. Visit the nursery, enlist the guarantee of the health of seedlings.
- Take your time and do not delay pruning. If possible, it is better to minimize it: break out extra shoots in the summer. Thin green twigs are easily twisted without leaving wounds. After lignification, the risk of infection increases.
- Cut without stumps.
- Handle cuts. You can rub them with sorrel, then paint over. Untreated, they "catch" the infection.
- Burn the cut branches.
- Remove the mummified fruits from the branches, shake off the remaining hanging leaves.
- Gather autumn leaf litter from the garden and burn it together with infected material removed from the plum tree.
- Dig up the trunk circles, digging in the spring - repeat.
Plum plant protection products will require a minimum. But it will require.
This is Bordeaux liquid. A kind old friend, at the same time - a formidable warrior against the fungus.
Spray several times
- In autumn, after leaf fall and garden cleaning: the aerial part of the plum tree and the near-trunk circle;
- In the spring, before the opening of the kidney - "along the green cone";
- Immediately after flowering.
You can use vitriol (copper) by adding soap to its solution. Soap disinfects and increases the ability of the solution to adhere to the treatment surfaces (leaf, branches, trunk).
The nuances of the types of fungus. There are also features in getting rid of a harmful fungus of different types:
- If there is rust on the plum and an anemone in the garden, the anemone will have to be removed;
- Trees sick with a milky sheen are uprooted and destroyed.
Fight against bacterial, viral and non-infectious diseases
All measures of agricultural technology that prevent infection with a fungus are observed.
They will also save you from other troubles - the ways of infection are similar.
But if fungal diseases are treated with fungicides (antifungal drugs), this method will not remove viruses. The main thing is not to bring them into the garden, to prevent plum disease.
If this happened:
- The witch's broom is cut to a healthy tissue, disinfected and painted over the cut. The broom itself is burned.
- Having discovered a quarantine disease - smallpox, the diseased plum must be uprooted, the affected material must be burned.
- Young purchased seedlings can be warmed up - viruses do not withstand a temperature of 46 ° that is safe for draining. Warm up by immersion in water. 15 minutes is enough to disinfect the material. Make such a bath for beginners who are preparing to settle in the garden, they will not bring the virus.
Non-infectious diseases (gum disease, drying out) are prevented by eliminating the factors provoking them.
As you can see, many diseases threaten our pet, so keep a close eye on your garden.
Take action on time, save yourself from time-consuming laborious work later. In the next article, we will get acquainted with plums.
See you soon, dear readers!
For a gardener, there is nothing more annoying than watching how years turn into dust in just one season. painstaking work and expectations. Information about plum diseases and their treatment will allow beginners to avoid death fruit crops, and for experienced summer residents to expand their knowledge base.
Plum Diseases Threaten Others fruit trees. This is due to the fact that stone fruit and pome crops are prone to common ailments. Such species pickiness of fungal life forms threatens the integrity of all plantations, even if one plant has been affected. Regarding the spread rate, some diseases can compete with scab and in a short time deprive the gardener of the crop.
brown spot
The essence of this disease is reflected in the eloquent name: the symptoms manifest themselves in the form of brown, reddish and ocher spots that form on the tissues of the leaves. Also, the plates are affected by dark dots - spores of the pathogen. In the later stages, the color of diseased areas becomes brown. The spots spread on the leaves of the plum, leaving not a single healthy patch.
Covered by an ailment and deprived of nutrients, the plates curl up and fall off. In addition, the danger of the disease lies in the fact that the fungus spoils the fruits - the development of brown spotting provokes deformation of the plums and prevents them from ripening.
A distinctive feature of clasterosporiasis is plum leaves in a hole. First stage the development of the disease is similar to brown spotting. However, in this case dry, depleted areas of the leaves crumble, forming holes. The disease covers different parts of the tree. The fruit shape characteristic of the variety is lost, and the affected areas of the branches turn red. All this is accompanied by cracking of the bark layer and can provoke an active release of resin.
Attracts attention with its brightness. The vital activity of the fungus that causes this ailment stains the affected areas of tissue in a red-yellow gamut. Over time, these formations become denser, become shiny and turn into growths on plum leaves. Falling of inflorescences is observed, which directly affects the yield. A feature of polystigmosis is that it negatively affects the winter hardiness of the plant.
Bacterial burn
The causative agent begins its activity with inflorescences, drying and coloring them brown. Further, the disease spreads throughout the body of the plant, covering the leaves, branches and trunk. The affected crown darkens and becomes curly, the bark cracks and becomes covered with ulcers. At first glance at a diseased plant, it seems that it has suffered from a fire. A bacterial burn spreads quite quickly, so that in as soon as possible settle on all stone fruits of the garden.
A fungal disease that got its name due to a deviation in the development of the crown. The vital activity of the pathogen causes a mutation and subsequent growth of bunches of thin shoots. They are barren and covered with weak and small leaves with an unnatural color for healthy areas.
There is no single reason for the release of a viscous sticky substance by a plant. Gommosis does not have an infectious origin and is most often the result of exposure to adverse factors. Resin secretion is often accompanied by diseases such as plum blight. In addition, gum disease can be provoked by:
- severe wintering;
- non-compliance with the rules for caring for culture;
- unsatisfactory soil condition (increased acidity, excess fertilizer and moisture).
Plum dwarfism
A viral disease, the source of which is mainly insect pests. Once in the sap flow system, the pathogen inhibits the development garden culture. The characteristic symptoms of infection are manifested in slowing down the growth and deformation of the sheets. They become narrow, and on the tops of the shoots form clusters in the form of rosettes. Both the skeletal part of the plant and the deciduous part are rapidly dying off. Unfortunately, it is impossible to save an infected tree - it is uprooted and burned.
In addition to the crown and integumentary tissues, plum diseases have a detrimental effect on the fruits. In this case, the fungal infection is clearly manifested directly on the fruit, distorting their appearance. A crop prone to disease builds up fleshy tissues and deforms. At the same time, such specimens are characterized by the absence of a bone, and they themselves become like a bag.
Depending on the stage of development, the fruits change color from green to brown, after which they are covered with fungal spores that look like a wax coating.
coccomycosis
The activity of pathogens of coccomycosis occurs in the middle of summer. The disease manifests itself in small spots that form on plum leaves. The color of foreign inclusions can vary from brown to purple. As the affected areas grow, the leaf plate turns yellow, darkens and dies off completely.
A characteristic feature of the disease, which makes it possible to distinguish coccomycosis from other fungal diseases, is the presence of light pink spores on the back of the leaves. The fruits of a diseased culture are not able to develop and dry out.
milky shine
Beautiful in appearance, but fatal to the tree, an ailment that affects both leaves and branches with bark. The latter darkens, and fungal colonies form on its surface in the form of lilac, orange or brown plates.
The crown acquires a silver hue, the leaves begin to shine or shimmer with mother-of-pearl. In this case, the gradual death of the branches and the further death of the tree occurs. Treatment is not subject.
The disease, known as moniliosis, has several stages of development. At first, the activity of the fungus covers the flower-deciduous part of its prey. The inflorescences dry out and fall off, and the dark shriveled crown looks like it has been burned. The next stage is characterized by damage to the fruit by rot. Brown round spots dotted with pimples form on them. gray color- spores of the pathogen.
Signs of plum moniliosis can also be found on the bark of a diseased plant in the form of accumulations of monil spores and gum streaks. Due to the rapid spread, it is quite difficult to fight the disease.
fruit rot
A disease similar to moniliosis, accompanied by massive rotting of the crop. Growths of fungal colonies also form on the fruits, but the infection process occurs differently. Fruit damaged by birds or insects most often suffers from rot.
Rust
Plum infection is accompanied by the appearance of reddish elements on the leaves. This disease is characterized by a rounded shape of the spots, as well as their location between the skeletal veins. to completion summer season red marks darken and thicken, after which the leaves dry out. Rust, like polystigmosis, significantly reduces winter hardiness.
sooty fungus
As well as powdery mildew, this fungus almost completely covers part of the plant with spores, forming a thick layer of plaque. Due to the peculiarities of color, this ailment is also called niello. Pathogen colonies covering leaf plates interfere with photosynthesis and plum adaptation. Hence, general state tree deteriorates: immunity decreases and growth slows down.
Cytosporosis
The infection can affect both individual parts of the crop and the entire plant. The activity of the pathogen that has penetrated the tissues through cracks and other mechanical damage, causes necrotic processes and drying of the infected specimen. The presence of shiny black formations under a layer of dead bark is a characteristic sign of cytosporosis.
Sharka or smallpox
The first signs of smallpox are the symptoms characteristic of chlorosis, namely: a change in deciduous color in the form of acquiring a marble pattern. Dents appear on the surface of the plums, the pulp darkens, thickens and loses its nutritional value. Since sharka is caused by a virus, it is useless to treat it.
Video "Signs of plum moniliosis"
From this video, you will learn about plum moniliosis and how to treat it.
Control measures and prevention
Almost all curable diseases of fruit trees are caused by various microscopic fungi. Therefore, if holes, specks, seals and unnatural plaque suddenly appear on plum leaves, then it is appropriate and effective method will be the removal of all infected parts, followed by antifungal treatment.
In the case of this culture, care and strict adherence to the instructions are required, since the plum is highly sensitive to copper and its compounds.
Experienced gardeners have experienced by example the rule that best wrestling is prevention. Compliance with the minimum requirements of agricultural technology will allow minimum effort keep the garden healthy. This requires:
- properly "feed" the plant;
- to prepare for winter;
- control pest populations;
- hold regularly preventive treatment fungicides;
- if necessary, thin out the crown and process the sections with pitch;
- keep tools clean.
