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Diseases of fruit and berry crops and their control. Healing tea from the leaves of fruit trees Diseases of fruit trees

In order for the garden to please with a rich harvest of fruits, the summer resident will need more than one year of hard and painstaking work. It is not enough just to plant seedlings, water them and loosen them in time. You need to carefully monitor the health of apple and pear trees. After all, diseases of fruit trees can quickly destroy both young and adult plants.

Causes of diseases

Prevention is always easier than cure. Therefore, it is important to know the causes of the occurrence and development of diseases in fruit crops.

The most common of them is mechanical damage to the shoots, leaves and bark of fruit trees. Such damage occurs at any time of the year. In winter, this is due to heavy snowfalls and freezing rain. In the cold season of the year, rodents are a great danger. The bark and young shoots suffer from their sharp teeth.

In summer, leaves are torn and branches are broken from strong winds, rain and hail. The green parts of the plant and the root system are destroyed by pests. The person himself often becomes a dangerous cause. For example, the trunk of an apple tree is easily damaged by careless processing in the spring; branches may suffer during harvesting.

Important! Even a small crack in the trunk of a plant can become a favorable environment for the penetration of pathogens.

Another cause of disease and even death of trees is thermal damage. They occur as a result of high or low temperatures. For example, in frosty winters with little snow, the wood of the trunk and branches freezes. As a result, it destroys vascular system trees. In spring, the mineral nutrition of plants occurs sluggishly, which leads to its death.

Summer heat, as well as frost, can lead to the disease of fruit trees. Under the scorching sun, burns form on the bark and leaves. They lead to the development of necrosis. This, in turn, reduces the rate of photosynthesis, respectively, reduces the quality of organic nutrition. The fruits in this case develop poorly. They are small and often ugly.

One of the main causes of disease of fruit trees are pathogenic microorganisms: fungi, bacteria and viruses. This leads to the development of such dangerous diseases as putrefactive necrosis, powdery mildew, infectious chlorosis, rust, scab, and vascular mycosis. Dangerous pathogens inhibit the vital activity of the plant and disrupt metabolic processes. As a result, crop yields drop sharply.

May contribute to lower yields

Numerous agricultural pests - insects, molluscs, spiders and mites - en masse affect gardens. Voracious caterpillars, bark beetles, codling moths, leafworms and silkworms damage everything. As a result, the development of trees stops, which can provoke death. If the apple tree survives, you should not expect a rich harvest from it next year.

To provoke dangerous diseases of fruit trees can be a deficiency or excess of minerals in the soil. So, the pale green small leaves of the plant are a signal of a lack of nitrogen. Weak chlorosis between the veins of the leaves will tell the gardener about the lack of soil potassium. Brown spots on the leaves indicate copper deficiency.

Signs of diseases

In fruit crops, the following groups of diseases are distinguished:

• fungal (phyllostictosis, septoria, moniliosis, milky sheen, cytosporosis, etc.).
• bacterial (root cancer, bacteriosis, bacterial burn and etc.).
• viral (proliferation, chlorosis, etc.).

In order to successfully treat the disease, you need to accurately diagnose. Each disease is characterized by certain signs, for example, a change in the color of the leaves and bark, the appearance of a white or black coating on different parts plants, putrefactive changes, etc.

The pear often suffers from rust. It can be recognized by the round orange spots that appear on the leaves of the crop. The spots grow rapidly, darken and become covered with a gray moldy coating. Rust growths form on the reverse side of the leaf, in which spores ripen. Behind short term leaves dry and fall. If measures are not taken in time, the tree will cease to bear fruit and die.

Phyllosticosis affects the leaves of the apple tree. It can be recognized by small oval spots that are predominantly brown in color. The spots are surrounded by a black rim.

leaf phyllosticosis

Moniliosis is one of the most common diseases of fruit crops in places with a temperate climate. It is very easy to recognize it by continuous brown rot, which almost completely covers the fruits of apple and pear trees. The pulp becomes pasty. Concentric circles appear on the affected part of the fruit. In appearance disputes dangerous fungus resemble miniature light gray beads.

A bacterial burn can be recognized by characteristic lesions that resemble severe burns. Shoots and branches of plants quickly blacken. The bark on young branches swells with bubbles and becomes wet. A yellowish liquid with a sour odor is released at the sites of injury. Unripe fruits rot.

Fruit tree seedlings can be affected by bacterial cancer. Pathogenic bacteria penetrate the roots of a young plant from contaminated soil. They cause rapid division of root cells, which contributes to the growth of dense woody formations. This inhibits the work of the root system. The tree begins to dry and quickly dies.

For your information! Bacterial cancer spores are able to remain viable in the soil for many years.

Methods of treatment and prevention of diseases

Today, the description of diseases of fruit crops is easy to find in the specialized literature. Most diseases are successfully treated. With the help of timely prevention, the development of many ailments can be prevented. Therefore, it is important to highlight common methods control of diseases that every gardener should know and apply. The most effective among them are:

• annual sanitary pruning damaged and old branches in spring and autumn;
• careful collection and destruction of infected fruits;
• defence from mechanical damage;
• preventive treatment of fruit trees in the spring;
• careful collection and burning of leaf litter, dry and damaged branches;
• storage bookmark only healthy fetuses.

Means for the treatment of fruit trees

fruit and gray rot, white spotting, alternariosis, leaf curly, klyasterosporiosis, scab, mildew and oidium - this is a far from complete list of diseases of horticultural crops. The most effective way to combat dangerous microorganisms is to treat plants with fungicides.

The popular antifungal agent chorus is a broad-spectrum drug. Its use is possible at low spring temperatures (3-5°C). The active substance easily penetrates into the cells of the mycelium even at the stage of wintering and destroys them. The instruction recommends preparing a chorus solution only before processing plants. The granules of this pesticide are easily dissolved in water. It is impossible to store the prepared fungicide solution.

Often gardeners are frightened by the cobwebs that form on fruit trees in the spring. The reason for its appearance may be spider mites, apple moth, gypsy moth, winter moth or sucker.

Spider mite is a dangerous pest that damages all parts of the plant. If the cobweb is very small, and the leaves are covered with silver-cream spots, then this is a red tick. In this case, the apple tree must be treated with bicol or verticillin.

spider mite

Other types spider mite more aggressive. They suck the juice from the foliage, which leads to premature leaf fall and even death of the apple tree. That is why it is recommended to spray the orchard with a tobacco solution. For it, they take 1 kg of tobacco dust and fill it with 10 liters of water and insist for several days. Tobacco infusion must be filtered and the same amount of water and 45-50 g of laundry soap shavings added. Processing is carried out twice with a break of 7 days.

A common disease of fruit crops, scab, is known for the fact that the fungus settles on fruits and spoils them. appearance. First, cracks appear on apples and pears. Later they turn into a black lichen-like plaque. The leaves are covered with light green spots. Damaged areas quickly darken and die off, while holes are formed that look like raindrops. Affected fruit will not tolerate long-term storage.

Mosaic is a disease of a viral nature. Its distinctive symptomatology is the appearance of a yellow-green mosaic pattern on the leaves. Parts of the leaf, devoid of chlorophyll, begin to dry out quickly, which leads to disruption of metabolic processes. The wood softens, the branches become brittle and break easily under the weight of the fruit. The infection contributes to the development of bunches of fattening shoots. Fruits crack, become covered with a dense crust, lose their taste and presentation.

Unfortunately the treatment viral diseases fruit crops with chemicals brings no success. Therefore, simple agrotechnical rules will help to reduce the risks of infection of apple trees with a mosaic virus:

• pruning can be carried out only in the phase of deep dormancy of plants (February);
• for feeding should be used complex fertilizers, and nitrogen and phosphorus must be discarded;
• zinc sulfate reduces the effect of the virus, so you should fertilize with zinc microfertilizer;
• it is necessary to increase the immunity of plants to viruses by spraying fruit trees with epin or zircon phytohormones.

Folk recipes for the fight against diseases of fruit crops

You can also fight dangerous diseases in the orchard with the help of proven folk remedies. This is especially true during fruit ripening.

One of the most common diseases of fruit trees is powdery mildew. The leaves are covered with a white powdery coating, which gradually turns brown. At the same time, the leaves dry out, the fruit ovaries form poorly and crumble. In order to save the crop, gardeners can try several good recipes in the fight against this fungal disease.

• For 4.5-5 liters of water 1 tbsp. a spoonful of soda, 0.5 teaspoons of small shavings of laundry soap, 20 ml vegetable oil and 1 aspirin. The solution must be thoroughly mixed. Spray trees every 10 days.
• Whey is a good remedy for powdery mildew. Lactic acid bacteria that are safe for fruit crops quickly crowd out fungal infections in competition. For processing the culture, an aqueous solution of whey is used in a ratio of 1:10.
• Medicinal phyto-infusions based on marigolds, calendula, wormwood and celandine are prepared at the rate of 3 kg of grass per 10 liters of water. Plants need to be crushed well, pour warm water and insist 10 days. Spraying of fruit crops is carried out once a week.

Important! If you plant pyrethrum (Dolmatian chamomile) in the garden between fruit trees, then the likelihood of infection cultivated plants powdery mildew decreases many times. In addition, the plant is not demanding to care for and will delight gardeners with its bright colors all summer and autumn.

A dangerous pest of horticultural crops, aphids form entire colonies on the shoots of plants. The result of a massive pest attack can be a complete loss of the crop and even the death of the plant. Get rid of dangerous pest not easy, but the usual help can come wood ash. To prepare the product, take 2 tbsp. ash and pour it 10 liters hot water(70-80°C). Add 1 tbsp to the mixture. a spoonful of liquid soap and insist a day. Spray the plants with a strained solution in warm weather. The terms of processing coincide with the period of flowering and the formation of ovaries.

Another effective way to deal with aphids is to treat black henbane with infusion. It will take 1 kg of dry crushed raw materials, which should be poured with 10 liters of water and insisted for 12-15 hours. Strain the finished infusion, dissolve 40-50 g of soap chips in it and spray the plant.

Important! Treatment with black henbane infusion should be carried out strictly before flowering. All parts of the plant are poisonous and contain alkaloids dangerous to humans, so you need to work with it carefully: allow it to come into contact with the skin of the hands and mouth, keep it away from children and pets.

With a dangerous codling moth that can destroy a rich harvest of fruits, you need to start fighting in the spring. This prolific pest hibernates in the soil and in the bark of apple trees. With the onset of heat, it begins to actively multiply. To combat voracious larvae, a decoction of wormwood is best suited. Fresh grass (0.5 kg) should be finely chopped and poured with water (8-10 l). Bring the mixture to a boil and simmer for 30-40 minutes over low heat. Cool the broth, dissolve 30-45 g of grated soap in it and spray horticultural crops. Terms of processing coincide with the end of flowering plants. Spraying should be repeated after 6-7 days.

look after orchard difficult but interesting. A caring owner must be patient and attentive to his plants. After all, only timely work and preventive measures can prevent crop loss and the death of fruit trees.

Diseases of fruit crops that damage the trunks and branches of fruit trees are extremely harmful and very dangerous. With their strong development, the trees weaken and are not able to resist other fungal diseases and bacterial infections and often die.

Black cancer

• When infected, diseased shoots die off, and if the bole is damaged, then the whole tree dies. Leaves, flowers, bark, fruits are affected.
• Spots form on the leaves, on which the dead tissue is divided by concentric circles.
• The fruits shrivel and dry out, covered with numerous small black tubercles.
• On the bark there are reddish-brown, later darkening spots, which gradually expand and encircle the damaged part of the tree with a ring of dead tissue, which leads to the death of individual branches and the crown. On the affected cortex, correctly located concentric zones in the form of circles are visible.
• The disease develops in old neglected gardens. It is promoted by periodic freezing and cracking of the bark. Apple trees growing on heavy loamy soils are highly susceptible to black cancer.

Causes rot of trunks and large branches, often leading to the death of the tree. Symptoms of the disease are similar to black cancer.

Control measures

• Spraying trees against scab contributes to the fight against desiccation diseases;
• cutting out the affected areas of the cortex with a sharp knife, capturing healthy tissue and lubricating these places disinfectant solutions(1m blue vitriol, 2% nitrafen);
• good care, rational fertilizer application system, annual whitewashing of boles with a 20-25% solution of lime with the addition of 1% copper sulphate.

Brown spot of apple and pear (phyllosticosis)

Rounded brown spots form on the leaves, on the upper side of which small black dots form - spores of the fungus. With a severe infection, the leaves fall prematurely.

Control measures

Affects stone fruit crops. The injury is similar to a burn. Appears early in spring. The flowers turn brown, droop, after them the leaves wither and dry, annual shoots and the tree becomes, as it were, burnt. Shoots and flowers are covered with a gray fluffy coating. Infected fruits rot, become covered with ash-gray fungus sporulation pads, shrink and dry out over time. Cracks appear on the bark, from which gum flows.

Control measures

• Spraying with 3% nitrafen in early spring before bud break;
• before flowering, spraying with 1% Bordeaux mixture (100 g of copper sulfate and 100 g of lime per 10 liters of water) or 0.4% polycarbacin.

Klyasterosporiosis or perforated leaf spot

All bone breeds are affected. The causative agent is a fungus. Leaves, buds, flowers, fruits, young shoots are affected. Small spots appear on the leaves in early spring, first reddish-brown, then brown, with a blurry raspberry border. The spots grow rapidly, up to 2-5 mm in diameter, the fabric of them crumbles, forming holes. The leaves become "leaky", dry out and fall off. Gum is secreted in places where leaf petioles are damaged. When young shoots are affected, reddish spots form, the tissue in the spots cracks, gum is released from the affected shoots, which flows down the shoot and solidifies in the form of a light yellow, vitreous mass. In diseased fruits, the pulp of the fetus stops growing and dries up to the very bone.

contributes to the development of the disease high humidity air. A severe defeat leads to damage to the fruit, weakening of the trees, and a decrease in yield.

Control measures

The leaves and fruits of cherries and sweet cherries are affected. Small rounded or irregular brownish-red spots appear on the leaves. Affected leaves dry up prematurely and fall off in mid-summer. The fruits form large Brown sunken spots. The fruits become tasteless, watery, low in sugar. With a strong defeat, premature leaf fall begins in the trees, and young trees are completely bare. Such trees freeze in winter.

Control measures

• Early spring spraying with 3% nitrafen, spraying with 1% Bordeaux mixture after flowering and after harvest.

The fruits become ugly, elongated, bag-shaped, there is no stone inside. The surface of the fruit in the middle of summer is covered with a whitish-grayish bloom (waxy) - the fruiting of the fungus.

Control measures

• Early spring cutting of affected shoots, burying fallen leaves;
• spraying trees during the budding period with 1% Bordeaux liquid or 0.4% copper oxychloride.

A widespread and dangerous disease. The causative agent is a fungus that infects the leaves, fruits, branches of a fruit tree. Blurry spots appear on the upper side of the leaves, with a velvety greenish-olive coating. With a strong infection, leaf fall is observed. Dry, leathery spots form on the fruits, under which the flesh cracks, and the fruit itself, with early infection, takes irregular shape. On the bark of shoots (especially in pears), spots first appear, and then the bark wrinkles and cracks. In some years, scab renders up to 50% of the crop unusable.

Scab is especially pronounced in years with wet and warm summers. A stronger development of the disease is observed in low, damp and poorly ventilated areas, on trees with a dense crown.

Control measures

• Spraying in early spring before bud break with 5% urea (treatment of trees and soil with fallen leaves), 3% nitrafen or 4% oleocuprite;
• in summer, spraying with 0.4% polycarbacin, 0.4% copper oxychloride, 0.4% polychom is effective (treatments should be carried out before flowering and 17-18 days after flowering of the Antonovka variety);
• autumn raking of leaves, their destruction (burning) and digging of trunk circles contributes to a significant death of the infection.

A disease caused by a fungus, ubiquitous on apple and pear trees. It begins with the appearance of a small brown spot, which grows very quickly and covers the entire fruit. The affected tissue of the fetus becomes loose, loses its taste and nutritional qualities. Large grayish-brown pads appear on the surface of the fruit, arranged in regular concentric circles. In the future, the infected fruits fall off or remain hanging on the tree, acquiring a brilliant black color - they become mummified.

The spread of the disease is facilitated by mechanical damage to the fruit - insect injections, hailstones. The disease is most pronounced, like scab, in years with wet and warm summers.

Control measures

• Spraying trees with fungicides used in the fight against scab helps to destroy fruit rot;
• collection and destruction of diseased fruits in summer.

The causative agent is a fungus that affects leaves, inflorescences and the ends of young shoots. In the affected areas, a white powdery coating is formed, which at first is easily erased, later on it is quite dense. With a strong infection, the shoots stop developing, the leaves curl and dry out.

Control measures

• Pruning and destruction of affected shoots and branches;
• spraying in the rosebud phase with 1% colloidal sulfur.

In the spring, the trees are carefully examined and identified various damage aerial parts (whitening areas of trunks and branches). The degree of damage may vary. Of particular danger to the tree are ring damage to the trunk bark. It is necessary immediately after detection to tie the damaged areas with burlap or better with plastic wrap so that the plant does not dry out. Later, a “bridge” vaccination is carried out.

Other diseases of fruit crops

In vain it is believed that apple trees are the most unpretentious trees and behind them ...

The main preparatory work to preserve the health and protect the fetus...

Powdery mildew, white and black spotting, rust are widely spread...

Widespread in Russia and the most dangerous are such raspberry diseases, ...

Apply chemical means of protection on collective and individual...

Timely control of pests and diseases the main task garden...

Despite the fact that there are many different fruit crops in nature, there are diseases and pests that cause the same damage. different trees. At the same time, almost every gardener-gardener faces them. Miscellaneous diseases significantly reduce yield. Severely weakened plants may die altogether. That is why it is so important to observe preventive measures and the rules of agricultural technology for fruit crops.

To combat diseases and pests, we use various fungicides and insecticide preparations, which we dilute in water before the process itself according to the recommendations in the instructions attached to them.

milky shine

The disease affects many fruit trees. With it, a silvery coating appears on the leaves. The top skin can be easily removed. When cutting down the branches of a diseased plant, the cut wood has a brown or purple hue.

Cropping and processing

Sick branches are cut 10-15 cm below the darkened wood. Slices are treated with garden pitch.

Moniliosis

This fungal disease can occur in most trees. Brown spots appear on the fruits with concentric circles of white sporulation.

Methods of treatment

We burn diseased fruits. We spray the plants with Planriosis (50 ml / 10 l of water) every 10-15 days.

leaf curl

This fungal disease appears on peaches and nectarines. Leaves are deformed. Bubbles form on them. The disease affects fruit trees before bud opening.

How to treat

Sick leaves are destroyed. Plants are treated with Bordeaux liquid before bud break, after harvest and before leaf fall.

Scab

This fungal disease develops on apple and pear trees. A sign of its appearance are olive spots on the leaves and brown scabs on the fruits.

We regularly spray trees with Kaptan, Skor, Horus, Sistan, Benomyl, Integral, Ditan, Rubigan. We burn diseased leaves in a timely manner. At the beginning of the growing season, we treat the plants with 1% Bordeaux mixture. Root circles are sprayed with 10% ammonium nitrate. We process boles and skeletal branches with lime milk (1 kg of lime / 10 l of water).

perforated spotting

This disease can appear on plums, peaches, sweet cherries and cherries. With it, holes and dark spots form on the leaves.

How to treat

We regularly water and fertilize the trees. We spray the plants with copper-containing fungicides.

bacterial cancer

The disease develops on cherries, cherries, plums. With it, oblong outgrowths form on the trunk of fruit trees, from which gum oozes. With this disease, the leaves quickly wither.

Pruning and spraying

Cutting branches in summer period. We spray the affected plants with Bordeaux mixture.

Black cancer of fruit trees

This fungal disease affects the trunks and branches of apple and pear trees. With it, elliptical growths appear on the trees, from which the bark dries out.

How to treat

We cut out the diseased parts with a sharp knife. The resulting wounds are carefully treated with garden pitch. Sick trees are sprayed with Benomyl and 1% Bordeaux mixture.

Bone splitting

This disease can occur on peaches and nectarines. At the same time, their bone diverges along the seam, and then the fetus also cracks.

Treatment and prevention

We regularly fertilize, water and mulch trees. In the presence of acidic soil we make its liming.

Cytosporosis

This disease affects apple trees. A sign of its appearance is the exfoliation of pale brown thin layers of bark throughout the entire growing season.

Cropping and processing

We cut out dead shoots in a timely manner, destroy the rotting tissues of the plant, cover the wounds formed on the tree with garden pitch.

bitter pitting

The disease develops on apple trees. Brown spots form on the pulp and peel of the fruit.

Spray treatment

We feed and mulch plants in a timely manner. In June, we spray the trees with calcium nitrate (4 tablespoons / 11 liters of water). Repeated processing of apple trees is carried out after 3 weeks.

sooty fungus

Easily erasable black fungal plaque appears on the shoots and leaves.

How to treat

We spray the plants with a copper-soap solution (5 g of copper sulfate, 150 g of soap / 10 l of water), 1% Bordeaux liquid, copper oxychloride. We thin out the thickened crowns of fruit trees in a timely manner.

Description of signs of pests of fruit trees and their control

Aphid

These pests suck the juice from the young tissues of the plant. They often endure dangerous diseases. Insects gather in large colonies, while shoots and leaves are twisted and deformed from tissue damage.

How to fight

We spray the trees with such preparations: Kinmiks, Fufanol, Lepidocil, Fitoferm and Bi-58 (in accordance with the instructions).

Red tick

These microscopic pests feed on the juices of the leaves of plums, pears, apple trees. At the same time, they become yellowish, wither and fall off.

Way to fight

We spray the places of accumulation of insects with Decis, Phytoferm, Bi-58.

pear sucker

On the shoots there are clusters of sucking small midges. These pests leave behind sticky marks. Young shoots suffer from them, which eventually become ugly.

Fight method

We spray the plants with Decis, Kinmiks after the flower petals fall.

plum sawfly

The larvae of this flying pest eat the fruits. They form holes and passages in them, from which dark sticky juice flows. Most often they infect trees in late spring.

Spray control

We spray the plants with Karbofos and Bi-58 after the flower petals fall off.

apple sawfly

Caterpillars of these flying insects eat away the core of young fruits. They fall unripe. They have sunken spots. Most often, these pests infect trees in May-June.

How to fight

We spray the trees Bi-58, Fufanol, Aktellik after the flower petals fall.

codling moth

The caterpillars of this small butterfly are the main cause of worminess in all varieties of apples. Due to the activity of pests, the core of the fruit rots. These insect larvae appear in June-August.

Fight them

We spray garden trees Zolon, Bazudin in the middle of June. We re-treat after 3 weeks.

winter moth

Caterpillars of this butterfly damage leaves, flowers and fruit ovaries. On the shoots affected by pests, leaves and small green caterpillars are visible entangled with silkworms.

We fight with spraying

We spray the trees with Karbofos or Fitoverm.

What is the expected outcome if we have this knowledge and, most importantly, apply it in our summer cottage? But what. In addition to the fact that we will enjoy the harvest of healthy fruits in time, it’s also possible for the winter to preserve, pickle (apples,) you can cook the most delicious, which I do with success.

Non-infectious diseases of trees - how to deal with them?

​Related Articles​

• This pest, resembling a small bee, cracks down on the middle of the ovaries. Its wintering takes place in the soil, and it flies out from there about five days before the blooming of apple flowers. Females lay eggs in buds and flowers - each with 80 pieces. Twenty-legged larvae crawl into the fruit, eating the seeds. Because of this, the ovaries fall and the crop is lost.
• The fungus overwinters in autumn fallen leaves. If the spring is rainy, then it is activated. And with a cool and humid summer, it rejoices at all. He also loves a dense crown. So we remove extra branches, fallen apples, burn autumn leaves. In autumn, we sprinkle copper sulphate on the crown, and in spring (before bud break) - Bordeaux liquid. More a good drug for autumn processing is a solution of nitrate with urea.
• On this I say goodbye to you, dear readers. She told only about some types of diseases of fruit crops. Those that she herself encountered.
• - the release of a jelly-like liquid with the formation of small hollows and sagging. Occurs due to increased reproduction of pathogenic bacteria. A factor contributing to the strengthening of external manifestations is insufficient care for wounds on the bark, high humidity, and cold summers. They get rid of it by cleaning the affected area with a knife, followed by its treatment with garden pitch. I don’t advise you to take gum treatment lightly: with amber “tears”, plums, cherries, cherries lose their strength and useful substances.
• It is best if wounds begin to heal in the spring. And the treatment of fruit trees of the trunk begins with a rough treatment of the wound. In autumn, the damage should be temporarily covered with a special mixture to avoid the influence of frost and sunlight.

• DNOC - 200 g for every 10 liters of water;
• Fight against disease of this type should begin in early spring and be carried out using the composition "Topaz" as follows:
• black cancer;

Fruit rot. It is not so difficult to notice it - brown spots appear on the leaves, which grow quickly and flow to the fruits. Fruits infected with this disease rot, change shape and fall or dry out. If the fruits remain on the tree, then next season they will begin to form spores that can infect a new crop. In this case, as in the case of scab, spraying with a solution of urea will help, as well as treatment with lime "milk", for the preparation of which you need to dissolve 1.5 kg of lime in 10 liters of water.

Another "mushroom" problem - "​

In the treatment of fruit tree trunks, hollows are of particular difficulty. Since ancient times, people have tried to help the tree, trying all sorts of ways. They all start with cleaning, disinfection measures. Then comes the resin treatment. After that, the hollow is filled with pebbles and cemented with a special composition. After all the procedures, when the filling dries, its edges are processed oil paint, necessarily on natural drying oil. It is impossible to use gasoline for processing, as it penetrates deep into the thickness of the tree and over time the hollow will become even larger. Properly carried out treatment of fruit tree trunks will help rid it of many diseases.

Suspension of colloidal sulfur - 100 g for every 10 liters of water.

Infectious diseases and their treatment

The substance is diluted in a ratio of 2 ml per 10 liters;

scab;

Leaf spotting. This disease most often manifests itself in the form of spots light color with black dots on the leaves. The tissue affected by the disease soon falls out, leaving behind holes in the leaves, the bark of the diseased tree cracks, wounds appear on the trunk, releasing gum. Young shoots weaken due to spotting, become more susceptible to cold and frost, and yields also decrease. If the plant is not sprayed in time, it may die.

To avoid such problems, we must not forget about the importance of carrying out agrotechnical measures in the garden, which will ensure the timely preparation of plants for cold weather.

Shoots stop growing and developing;

To prevent trouble, measures are taken in advance. So, when buying seedlings, they turn only to those nurseries whose goods are reliable and tested (otherwise you can buy an infected tree). When the apple trees take root, you need to take care of them regularly: loosen the ground near the trunks, weed weeds, cut off dried branches, remove leaves with apples that have fallen (and immediately). And thin out the crown regularly.

If a grayish coating appears on leaves, twigs, flowers, then it's time to sound the alarm. The spores of the fungus penetrate the tissues of the plant, preventing it from developing. Apples wrinkle and dry up before ripening. The ovaries may not appear at all.

My opinion: for a garden to be healthy, it needs to be looked after. Do not neglect pruning, processing, do not be lazy to destroy spoiled fruits. witch's broom

• Our company employs experienced, highly qualified employees who will not only be able to correctly diagnose a diseased tree, but also restore its health and youth.
• Another way to minimize the likelihood of a disease of this type is to collect all rotten fruits and systematically destroy them. This operation should be carried out daily. Apples should be disposed of as far from the site as possible. It is advisable not to bury them in the ground and not throw them away, but simply burn them. So you can completely destroy the pathogenic fungus, leading to the appearance of rot.
• Even before flowering, the tree trunk is processed with this composition;

powdery mildew;

The main problem is the resulting gum wounds, which are dangerous because another infection can get into them. That is why they need to be treated with a solution of copper sulphate (100 g of product per 10 liters of water), and at the end with garden pitch, which will protect the open space on the tree from diseases. Preventive measures are simple - thin out the crown in time. Before the buds swell, be sure to treat the plant with a solution of ferrous sulfate (500 g of the product per 10 l of water) and spray with a solution of nitrofen (dissolve 300 g of the product in 10 l of water).

So, for example, to prevent frost burns, clean the old bark from the tree, and treat the skeletal stems with a mixture of 20% lime milk and 3.5% copper sulphate solution. In the spring, the treatment is repeated again. So that the plants do not suffer from frost, before the winter cold, tree trunks are tied with spruce paws, straw and white paper.

Preventive measures against diseases

Drying leaves deprive the plant of important "building" elements - phosphorus and nitrogen;

The recipe for making Bordeaux liquid is here;

• This fungus also loves wet spring and warm summers. But when the frost is minus 27, he dies. It is necessary to remove all diseased shoots and burn. For treatment, colloidal liquid sulfur is taken. Buds are sprayed with a two percent liquid, ovaries - one percent. The third time we process the apple tree in a couple of weeks, also with two percent sulfur. Or use copper (iron) vitriol, Bordeaux liquid is also good.
• It is difficult for a bad owner to make out what happened to the trees: one sore clings to another. You look, and there is no harvest. But it's not about us.
• ​". From one area, weakened branches with small, fragile yellow-red leaves grow in a bunch. Closer to July, a matte gray coating appears on the wrong side - spores. Together with the wind, they fall on other shoots and infect them. To prevent the formation of panicles in spring and autumn, diseased bunches are cut and burned. At the same time, they preventive treatment copper sulfate.
• ​Prices for services tel. 8-985-996-59-95
• To avoid a situation in which the leaves on the apple tree become covered with brown spots, various kinds of preventive work should be performed.
• After flowering, the plant also needs to be processed.
• Fruit rot.

​Instead of fighting diseases of garden plants, it is better to provide high-quality protection of trees from diseases. In other words, you need to carry out preventive work, thanks to which you can save a lot of your time and effort.​

nasotke.ru

Diseases of apple trees in the photo and how to treat them

There are a lot of tree diseases, and their treatment is individual in each case. Experienced gardeners diseases can be easily distinguished by their characteristics, which allows them to accurately determine the method of treatment, but young gardeners first need to know these very signs. And only then spray the plants with suitable means for protection.

Varieties of diseases of the apple tree

After several fruiting seasons, when the fruits absorb the remaining moisture, the tree may die;

• We work in the field. We are building a booth for a dog: derevo-s.ru/budka-dlya-sobaki.​
• Chronic disease occurs after damage to the bark and branches caused by cold, pruning or rodent teeth. Infection is possible in weather from 2 to 30 degrees Celsius. A diseased tree does not develop and cannot fully feed. Its bark is cracking, branches and trunk are overgrown with growths. Infected parts die and wither.​
• What do you think? Are you doing well in the garden? Are you doing everything on time? Please answer in the comments. Recommend the article to friends on social networks. Someone else's experience will help to avoid mistakes!​
• Since apple and pear are related varieties, their diseases are also the same. I’ll only talk about those with whom I had to deal.

Find out the cost of work:

Black cancer

First of all, they include inspection of the tree trunk. The trunk should be as even as possible, the presence of any cracks and other defects is not allowed. This also applies to leaves and fruits. Even if the symptoms of any diseases appeared only on one or two leaves or apples, the whole range of measures should be taken to disinfect the plant. Perhaps this will save him from death.

• Also, instead of the drug "Topaz" you can use "Hom". It should be diluted in an amount of 40 g per 10 liters of water and sprayed on the plant stem before and after flowering. Excellent results gives colloidal sulfur, which is diluted in the amount of 80 g per bucket of water. It is very important not to overdo it with the compositions indicated above. This can lead to a burn of the bark and foliage.
• Each disease is dangerous in its own way. When the slightest signs of disease appear, it is necessary to immediately begin to treat the plant.
• Basic rules for protecting the garden:

Scab. This disease is considered one of the most common. It is quite simple to determine the scab - brown spots form on the leaves, and after a few weeks the leaves begin to fall off. The fruits lose their appearance - black blotches appear on the apples. Blisters can be seen on the shoots. The main problem with scab is that an infected tree develops very slowly, it can freeze in winter and bloom very poorly.

• Leaves begin to fall prematurely;
• And in the spring, the trunks of all trees should not be too lazy to whiten. AND Bordeaux mixture cook by spraying apple trees with it until they bloom. You can also use copper sulphate for this purpose. And one more thing: all wounds and cuts on branches and trunks must be treated without fail - for example, with garden pitch.

We treat the apple tree like this: carefully cut out all the sore spots, and treat fresh sections with an antiseptic composition (you can use copper sulphate). Top with garden pitch. No pitch - take oil paint. And in winter, so that the hares do not eat the trunk, we wrap it with corn or sorghum tops - it helps well.

Scab

Ruddy and fragrant apples are an excellent delicacy, and also very healthy. And pectin in them, and iron, and a host of other minerals with vitamins. And in order to taste pure fruits, where there are guaranteed no nitrates, it is best to grow an apple orchard yourself. By the way, on our planet the area of ​​such gardens is only slightly less than that of vineyards and olive groves. They take the third place - they even got ahead of the orange plantations.​

scab

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• Growing an apple tree is quite difficult, despite the unpretentiousness of most of its varieties. That is why it is necessary to carefully monitor its condition. Since with untimely treatment for the described diseases, you can lose not only the crop, but also the tree itself.
• A disease such as powdery mildew is dangerous because it damages young shoots and buds of an apple tree.
• Diseases of apple trees and their treatment (photos can be found on the Internet) are very diverse. The most common is "black cancer". Such a disease can be identified by the following symptoms:

never bring it into the garden fruit bushes and other plants that are already infected;

powdery mildew

The fight against this disease must be serious. In March, gardeners carry out an eradicating spraying of the soil near the trunks with a solution of sulfate (1 l) and urea (700 ml). A solution of nitrophoska is also suitable (dissolve 1 kg of the product in 10 liters of water). The consumption of the mixture for spraying an adult tree is an average of 4 liters. You can use Bordeaux liquid for spraying the garden. In this case, the processing is carried out twice a year - in early spring and after the petals fall. The main thing is to prepare the solution correctly. So, for the first spraying, mix 300 ml of copper sulfate and lime in 10 liters of water, for the second - 100 ml each in the same volume of water. Such treatment will be very effective.

The tree becomes more susceptible to diseases and pests.

- fungal origin, looks like spots, yellowish at first, small size. Over time, the foliage turns black, falls off. If you do not fight the scab, it goes to apples. This is especially noticeable in old gardens: they met fruits covered with dense gray-brown spots with cracked skin. To prevent the spread of the fungus, every autumn, damaged shoots are cut out and burned on old plantings, and the ground around the trunks is dug up. Starting in spring, spraying is carried out (about 6 times per season with the same frequency), alternating Bordeaux mixture with other preparations.

Greetings, dear readers and subscribers! Autumn has come. It's time to start working on the site. Remove and burn the foliage, cut off excess shoots, form a crown. And carefully inspect the property: diseases of fruit trees and their treatment is the most relevant topic for me at the moment.​

Trees are living organisms and therefore can also get sick. Timely treatment of diseases of fruit trees will help save the plant from death. Often the disease occurs because the integrity of the cortex is broken, there is not enough water or, conversely, there is too much of it. Even minor injuries and improper care can lead to illness.​

This type of apple leaf disease is characterized by an extremely rapid spread. A tree under the influence of a fungus that causes a disease can die in just one month. It also often happens that the mycelium survives a cold winter in the trunk of a plant and, after a thaw, begins to act with renewed vigor, destroying the fruit tree from the inside.

The appearance of black spots on the leaves - their number and size are growing every day;

• Be sure to remove the excess crown and diseased shoots, also avoiding dense plantings;
• However, the best protection for trees is preventive measures Any gardener will tell you so. So be sure to practice foliar top dressing plants with a solution of urea - about 60 g of the product per bucket of water. It is also necessary to collect the fruits affected by the disease in time and destroy them. Be careful in the spring - as soon as the snow melts, scrape off the remaining foliage with shoots and burn them. And during the season, cut out the branches that you think are diseased so that the sore does not transfer to healthy parts of the trees.

​garden plants with decorative leaves

In addition, there are special ready-made products that save you from pests and fungal diseases. There are many varieties of them - it is important to have time to do the processing on time. It is carried out in two steps:

Flower beetle

And now about the most delicious - apples. They appear 8-12 years after planting and can be either round or laterally flattened, varying in weight. There are fruits reaching up to a kilogram, but there are also small varieties, the size of a nut or cherry. The color shades of ripe apples are also varied, which include the entire yellow-green and red-orange gamut. Only cold colors of fruits are not found - blue, for example. Or purple.

How to fight apple cancer - video

glav-dacha.ru

Treatment of fruit trees

Powdery mildew

I spent all the summer months in the battle for the harvest: I got rid of aphids, whiteflies, garden ants. And now I found signs of infection on the bark. So, the fight continues!​

Tree disease control measures

The most common diseases today are varieties of spotting, cancer (root and black), scab, fruit rot, etc.

For the treatment of apple trees from a disease of the type in question, the following drugs can be used:

The presence of black rot on fruits;

Try to avoid mechanical damage, protect trees from severe frosts and sunburn;

Black cancer is another disease of fruit trees that requires effective treatment. This sore affects the bark, stems, shoots, leaves and fruits. The disease is quite easy to see - black spots form on the leaves and fruits, red spots on the bark, which eventually become covered with pores. The main problem is that as a result of the appearance of pores, the bark can crack and as a result fall off, forming wounds. If the disease is not treated, it will lead to the death of the tree.

How to treat wounds on a tree?

Spraying grapes in autumn iron vitriol​

Initially, trees are sprayed before they bloom. The level is a green cone. At the same time, pests crawling out of the ground and from under the bark die, and the development of diseases is stopped.

This is a dark brown bug with a long proboscis nose. Wintering in the bark and fallen leaves, it lays larvae inside the tender buds and buds of the apple tree, eating them from the inside along the way. Signs: juice dripping from the kidneys, buds with leaves that have not opened.

Can a hollow be cured?

Apple trees grow everywhere, preferring a temperate climate. They can be seen high in the mountains (up to a thousand meters) and on the edge of the forest in middle lane, V Central Asia, in the Crimea, in Europe (where apple trees are found in the wild). IN natural conditions trees grow from seeds, and cultivars are propagated by seedlings living in special nurseries. The age of trees can reach 100-150 years, but active fruiting usually lasts no more than 60-70 years.

- for me, a resident of the southern region, the most familiar disease. It's hard to get rid of her. The fungus easily passes to other species. It affects more often young shoots, blossoming buds, then fruits. The photo shows how the infected areas look like: the green mass, covered with white bloom, curls, fades, crumbles. Prevention and treatment are the same as for scab.

Fruit crops are quite vulnerable. Moreover, often the same misfortune destroys related varieties. For example, the following diseases appear on plums, cherries and cherries.

Every gardener can try to prevent diseases in his garden. To do this, it is necessary to rake fallen leaves every autumn and preferably burn them. You can, if desired, put it on compost.

"Topaz";

doctor-forest.ru

Diseases of fruit trees and their treatment: how to improve the garden

Darkening of the bark of a tree, the appearance of multiple cracks on its surface, its eversion in the opposite direction.

In the autumn it is necessary to dig up the soil, and in the spring it is necessary to loosen the soil;

Damage to stone fruit crops

If you notice black cancer on a plant, immediately spray the trees with Bordeaux liquid (1%). But the most important thing here is to heal the wound. First of all, we clean the bark - carefully cut the bark with a knife until healthy wood appears. Then the cleaned place must be disinfected using a solution of ferrous sulfate (we dilute 20 g of the product in 1 liter of water) or copper oxychloride. After the bark dries, we treat the wound with garden pitch.

• Spraying the garden in winter The second time they do this, when the apple trees have faded, and the ovaries of fruits are visible on the branches. At the same time, insects are again destroyed (this time we protect the ovaries) and fungal spores that can scatter.
• To deal with the villain, we will pull up the sheet and shake off the bugs when the buds swell. And then we drown them in water. You need to do this four times, until the thermometer shows plus 10. Then, when the buds begin to open, we take a weak (0.2%) solution of chlorophos - and on the crown. By the way, if you wish, you can get strong seedlings from apple seeds yourself. To do this, we will use the method of monks growing apple orchards near the Valaam Monastery. You need to take ripe grains, be sure to rinse thoroughly and plant in the ground. This is done at the end of summer, and well-hardened seedlings will germinate in spring. We immediately remove the wilds - they are noticeable by their too bright green color and thorns on the trunks.

big trouble

The development of especially dangerous infections is prevented by timely treatment for powdery mildew and scab. That is why in unkempt plantings there are trees with ugly trunks, basal growths.

• Gray rot After all the leaves have been removed from the site, the trunk circles are dug up. In addition, the treatment of fruit trees involves spraying with special agents on dormant buds. You can treat the soil in the same way. Features of the treatment of fruit trees in the fall are spraying tree trunks in order to destroy pests. How many times and how to carry it out will be prompted by a specialist after an examination.
• "Skor".​​Treatment of black cancer of an apple tree must be carried out with the help of Bordeaux liquid - it processes the affected areas on the trunk. But this operation is necessary only after flowering trees. In order to avoid the occurrence of a disease of this kind, it is worth conducting preventive work. This will make it possible to save a maximum of plants. Black spots on the leaves of the apple tree cannot be eliminated, but you can simply prevent their appearance: Try to collect fallen leaves every evening;

"Mushroom" problems

Powdery mildew. The main feature is white coating, which at first can be removed quite simply. If you do not provide high-quality protection to fruit trees, the infected areas will begin to die off, the tree will stop developing, the leaves will fall off. The infection usually strikes first lower leaves, slowly flowing upwards, gradually affecting the fruits, which leads to their rapid decay.

• We recommend you check out To diversify varieties, ennoble wilds and breathe new strength into old trees, they are grafted. To do this, you need a cutting from a healthy apple tree: a branch about 30-35 centimeters long, growing upwards. It is cut at an acute angle, doing it in the fall or early winter (in extreme cases, very early in the spring, before the juice appears in the kidneys). They store the scion stalk where it is cold and damp.
• Codling moth Apple trees are unpretentious and grow on almost any soil. However, most of all they love well-manured soil with enough potassium, as well as the sun in good doses. Slight frosts and lack of water are not able to harm. But what is detrimental to the apple tree is the close presence of groundwater. At the same time, the roots rot, and the tree cannot be saved in any way. If you have such a situation on your site, and you want apples, then choose dwarf varieties that have small roots.

dangerous neighbor

These are different types of cancer.

(moniliosis, monilial burn) - a fungus that affects shoots and buds immediately after flowering begins. Externally, the plant looks like it has been scorched by fire. In summer, a gray coating forms on the fruits, the berries fall off or dry out. Favorable conditions - cool, rainy summer. Treatment is reduced to sawing and burning damaged branches and all parts of fruit crops. It inhibits the spread of rot by early spring and autumn spraying with Bordeaux mixture.

• Spraying must be done several times a year: The compositions in question should be diluted in a quantitative ratio of 2 mg for every 10 liters of water. In this case, the processing is best done using a special spray gun in early spring, before flowering. After that, without fail, it will be necessary to treat the tree with copper chloride, for which a drug called "Hom" is perfect. It should be diluted in the amount of 40 g per bucket of water.
• fight small pests; Do not over-fertilize the soil - this can also lead to diseases;

The development of powdery mildew occurs mainly in the warm season in conditions of sharp fluctuations in temperature and high humidity.

However, an excess of moisture can also adversely affect the development of plants. The most known disease caused by excess fluid is called dropsy. Its main symptoms include:

It is necessary to graft when the juices in the tree are most active - in spring or summer time. There are dozens of methods for this. The easiest way is to graft behind the bark (into a cut made in depth) or into a split (splitting a prepared branch cut). They try to press the cutting tightly against the stock, and then they coat everything with garden pitch and wrap it with a tape of soft material.

A gray inconspicuous striped butterfly emerges from the cocoon in June, immediately laying eggs on the inside of the leaves, after 10 days pink caterpillars appear from them. They are our apples and spoil, climbing inside. And then (about a month later) they go to winter in a cocoon. Fallen under the bark or under the leaves.

In order for the apple tree to please you with its wonderful fruits every year (by the way, they can be harvested from an adult tree up to 300 kilograms per season), you need to take care of it. Water when dry, protect against rodents, feed. And protect from diseases and all sorts of harmful caterpillars with worm bugs. More on this later.​

sait-pro-dachu.ru

Diseases of apple trees and their treatment: photos and signs of diseases, pests and their control

​Black​

Acquaintance with the apple tree

Hole spotting

1. Blue spraying in the green cone or budding phase. 2. If necessary, the trees are treated after they have faded. 3. The last spraying is carried out 20 days before harvesting.​

Sometimes, after performing the above actions, the plant visually looks normal, there are no signs of the disease on it. It is mandatory to collect all the fruits. To minimize the likelihood of recurrence of the disease, treatment should also be performed with Bordeaux liquid - a 1% solution. A solution of copper sulphate is also perfect. It should be mixed in an amount of 50 g per bucket of water, while adding 20 g of liquid soap.

Fertilize and disinfect the soil appropriately.

Do not leave plant debris and heaps of garbage in the garden.

Often the disease appears after overfeeding the plant nitrogen fertilizers. One of the most important conditions in the fight against powdery mildew is the removal of diseased shoots. The second stage of protection is the use of phosphorus supplements and organic fertilizers. Be sure to spray the trees with fungicides, the most effective of which is Topaz. There are also several folk recipes that can protect against powdery mildew:

Sudden fall of healthy leaves;

How to properly vaccinate in a split in the spring, look at the video:

Scab on an apple tree - how to fight?

We fight like this: before the buds swell, we clean the tree from the dead bark, which must be burned. And when the tree fades, we prepare a solution (water 10 liters plus lime 40 grams plus arsenic-acid calcium 30 grams). We spray twice - how the apple tree will bloom and how the extra ovaries will fall off.

Do you want to get fruits earlier - five or six years after planting seedlings? There is one way, which consists in the regular feeding of young animals with weak nitrogen fertilizers (certainly liquid). A tablespoon of ammonium nitrate goes to a bucket of water. In June, trees are fed weekly, and in July - twice a month. So until they begin to bear fruit.

- apple trees get sick more often than pears. The beginning of the current is accompanied by the formation of brown dents on the bark, in the forks of branches. Over time, the trunk acquires a “burnt” appearance, the stem crumbles, flakes off, exposing black wood. The ovaries, foliage darken and fall. After 3-4 years, the whole tree disappears. Treatment and prevention - careful care of the garden, in the early stages - autumn cleaning of wounds with a knife, followed by disinfection with copper sulphate and treatment with garden pitch. By by and large, it is better to cut out and burn the infected parts.

powdery mildew

(klyasterosporiosis) - the name makes it clear what kind of green shoots it takes on. One summer, the peach looked riddled with shot. Then all the greens with flowers and ovaries simply fell off. I was left without a crop, but I saved the garden. The fungus receded the following year after repeated spring treatment at the bud stage with ferrous sulfate, after the appearance of buds with Bordeaux liquid.

All work on the treatment of fruit trees associated with the use of solutions is best entrusted to specialists. They will determine exactly when to conduct them and at what interval.​

Apple bark disease - common cancer (European)

Why do apple tree leaves turn yellow in June? The reason for this may be the most common fruit rot. Despite the name, it affects not only the apples themselves, but also the leaves. However, the main sign of the presence of this type of disease is the presence of severe damage to the fetus.

Often, this kind of event becomes enough to prevent infection of the tree with black cancer. If there are any plants on the site that were nevertheless affected by this disease, it is necessary to cut off the black sections of the bark and branches, and then burn them outside the site.

Pests of apple trees and methods of dealing with them: codling moth, flower beetle, sawfly

But, if you suddenly find any signs of infection in the garden, be sure to carry out tree spraying activities to prevent the development of diseases and preserve the crop.

• Pour 100 g of ash with a liter of boiling water and insist the mixture for a day. After that, strain and add a little soap diluted in water. Spray the trees with this solution twice at weekly intervals;

Death of shoots (if you do not start fighting the disease, the tree itself will die in a couple of years);

If rodents have severely gnawed your apple tree, grafting with a “bridge” can save it. Why take several cuttings aged 1 year. They need to be inserted below and above the place where there is damage. Then everything is smeared and fixed. In a month there should be the first leaves.

• Not bad help from the codling moth unbelted in the summer, special trapping belts. They can be used from July. A good bait for caterpillars is dried fruit compote or kvass. You can also pour whey from milk.

Let us dwell on the three diseases of this plant, which are most common. All of them are caused by different types of fungi.

Bacterial

The infection settles not only on the branches, but also on the trunk.

• Trees can have various kinds of damage, depending on them, and the wounds are divided into groups. Without dwelling in detail on small details, we can say that all wounds are of two types: those received as a result of infection and as a result of mechanical damage.​

A disease of this type is the most dangerous, since its presence can only be detected after the end of the flowering process, when spoiled fruits are found. Fighting fruit rot is quite difficult - it damages apples even before they ripen. The best way out of the situation is to simply prevent the onset of the disease.

One of the most common questions of gardeners: scab on an apple tree - how to deal with it? This disease is easy to identify. It appears almost immediately after the plant is infected. The first sign of infection is rust on the leaves of the apple tree. If possible, it is necessary to start fighting the disease as soon as possible.

We carry out prevention

Rust on the leaves of an apple tree, as well as other defects on various parts of the plant, indicate the presence of a disease. If such symptoms are found, urgent measures should be taken.

• Fresh mullein may also help. To prepare the solution, take 3 liters of manure, fill it with water and leave the mixture for a couple of days, stirring occasionally. After this time, strain the solution through a cloth and dilute again with water in a ratio of 1:10. It is advisable to spray the trees with such a solution in the evening to avoid sunburn. It must be remembered that only fresh mullein will be effective, and therefore the solution must be prepared before each use;
• The fruits become tasteless and quickly deteriorate;

So, apple trees are not capricious trees and do not require anything special. If you treat them carefully and protect them from misfortunes, then for decades they will gratefully delight with apples - sweet and delicious. And enough for jam, and for marshmallow, and eat fresh.

Sawfly

It is this infection that most often attacks apple trees. It is not fatal, but can affect yields. Yes, and affected apples are not stored at all and do not have a presentation. The disease begins with spots on the underside of the leaves. They are greenish brown. And then brown spots appear on the fruits, turning into a hard crust over time.

• - ugly growths form on the roots and in the root region, they grow over time. Caused by a bacterium that lives in the soil. It is difficult to get rid of it, seedlings with signs of cancer are burned. Prevention - disinfection garden tools in a formalin solution, the use of potash and phosphorus fertilizers that increase immunity.
• Gum treatment

Grafting an apple tree in spring or summer into a split is the second youth of a tree

It is best to just try to prevent the appearance of this kind of disease on fruits and trees. It is quite simple to do this: preventive treatment should be performed using a conventional nitrafen emulsion - this substance is diluted in an amount of 200 g per 10 liters of water. The following drugs are also excellent for combating the disease of the type in question:

The disease of this type is the most common fungus. It is possible to save a tree only if the sites of infection are detected in a timely manner. If you start the disease too much, then you can say goodbye to the plant. It is best to familiarize yourself with the signs of apple disease in advance from a photograph.

To date, there are a very large number of diseases of the apple tree. The most common are the following varieties:

The use of curdled milk. In the fight against powdery mildew, yogurt helps - dilute it with water in a ratio of 1:10. After that, spray the plants with the resulting mixture.

Plants can become covered with lichen.

Leaves- the most important organs of the fruit tree. In the axils of the leaves, new buds are laid annually. New leaves, shoots, flowers, fruits appear from them! The leaves nourish the aerial part and the root system of the tree. They take an active part in the development of the whole organism and new organs.
The plant is a leaf. In the leaves, the most important biological process takes place - photosynthesis, as a result of which carbohydrates and other organic compounds. Through the leaves, transpiration and gas exchange are carried out in the plant, which in turn increases the winter hardiness and drought resistance of the tree; thanks to the activity of the leaves, reserves are deposited nutrients and so on.
According to the morphological structure, the leaves of fruit and berry plants divided into simple and complex. Simple leaves have one leaf blade. A compound leaf consists of several plates and can be trifoliate, odd pinnate, paripinnate, palmately compound, etc.
In most species of fruit trees, the leaves are arranged in a spiral. For every two full turns of the spiral, five leaves are placed; the sixth sheet is above the first, the seventh above the second, the eighth above the third, etc. In this case, the leaf arrangement is indicated by the fraction 2/5. There may be such leaf arrangements: 1/2, 1/3, 3/8, 4/11, 5/13, etc. It happens that there is one leaf arrangement cycle in the lower part of the shoot, and another in the upper part.
According to the number of leaves in the crown, trees are strongly, medium and slightly leafy. The largest leaves have fatty and basal shoots. On annual vegetative growths, the leaves are larger than on fruit formations. On young trees, the leaves are larger than on fruiting ones. Due to the low level of agricultural technology, the growth and size of the leaves are decreasing. Depending on the external conditions and the nutrition of the tree, the number of stomata on the leaves and leaf nerves (network of veins) also change.
Flowers and inflorescences. The flower is a modified, very shortened shoot of a generative
type. The collection of flowers held by a simple or branched axis is called an inflorescence.
The reproductive organs are placed in the flowers in different ways. In some breeds, the flowers are bisexual, in others they are unisexual or dioecious. Bisexual flowers have stamens ( male organs) and pistils ( female organs). Dioecious flowers have either stamens (staminate) or pistils (pistil).
Plants are also distinguished by the placement of flowers on them. Among fruit species there are monoecious dioecious, dioecious dioecious and monoecious bisexual. Monoecious dioecious on the same tree are male and female flowers; in dioecious dioecious on some trees there are only male flowers, on others - only female.
Most fruit species are monoecious - apple, pear, cherry, plum, sweet cherry, apricot, peach, currant, gooseberry and others. Such flowers are pollinated mainly by insects and are called entomophilous.
Dioecious plants include walnut, hazel, edible chestnut, real pistachio, pecan. These plants are pollinated by wind and are called anemophilous. Dioecious species include some types of strawberries, figs, actinidia, sea buckthorn.
There is also a transitional group of plants with flowers various types. So, in mulberry, there are also monoecious specimens - with male and female flowers, and dioecious, on which there are either male or female flowers. The Japanese persimmon on the same plant has most of the female flowers and a small part of the male ones; in other persimmon plants, on the contrary, male flowers predominate.
Most bisexual flowers have equally well developed stamens and pistils. But there are flowers with underdeveloped stamens or pistils. Flowers with underdeveloped stamens are called functionally female, with underdeveloped pistils - functionally male. A different number of flowers develops from one flower bud: a peach, apricot, almond, quince - 1 flower each, an apple tree - from 3 to 8 flowers, but most cultivated varieties have 5 flowers each. A pear develops from 3 to 11 flowers from one bud. 2-3 flowers develop plum buds, walnut, hazelnuts.
Flowers differ in the number of carpels that make up the pistil. Cherries, plums, sweet cherries, apricots have one carpel, an apple tree has two to five, a pear has five, a currant has two to four, a strawberry, a raspberry has several dozen. According to the number of fertilized carpels, fruits develop.
The number of nests in the ovary is also associated with the structure of flowers and fertilization: stone fruits have one nest, apple and pear trees have two, chestnuts have three to six, and citrus fruits have many.
According to the type of branching, inflorescences are divided into monopodial and sympodial.
Monopodial inflorescences are distinguished by the long growth of the central axis and the gradual blooming of flowers from the bottom up. Sympodial inflorescences have several axes and orders of branching. Monopodial inflorescences are divided into simple and complex. The simple ones include a brush, a shield, an earring, an umbrella. To complex ones - a complex brush, a complex shield. Currant, raspberry, gooseberry, bird cherry, Magaleb cherry have a brush. Pear, mountain ash, hawthorn have a shield. The lower flower blooms first in the inflorescence. Umbrella have an apple tree, cherry, sweet cherry. Earring - at a walnut, hazel, hazelnut, pecan, edible chestnut. It contains only male flowers. After flowering, the earring falls off, and the fruits develop from fertilized female flowers.
Fruit are formed as a result of fertilization from one or more flowers. Some fruits can develop without fertilization - parthenocarpic, or seedless (some varieties of pears, tangerines, oranges and others).
If only one pistil took part in the formation of the fruit, the fruit is called simple. A fruit formed by several pistils is called complex or prefabricated (raspberry, strawberry). Fruits formed from a whole inflorescence are called seedlings (figs, mulberries). In some plants, the fruits develop only from the ovary of the flower (drupaceous rocks), in others, in addition to the ovary, both the receptacle and the calyx (apple, pear) take part in the development of the fetus.
The constituent parts of the fetus are the exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp.

1 - exocarp; 2-mesocarp - a) outer pulp, b) inner pulp, c) the border between the outer and inner pulp; 3 - endocarp; 4-vessels; 1 - seed; 6 - overgrown receptacle; 7 - fruitlets-nuts; 8 - stony cells

The exocarp is the outer shell of the fruit. It can be pubescent or non-pubescent, soft or leathery, lignified or non-lignified, thin or thick, colored or uncolored. So, the exocarp of a peach is pubescent, that of a cherry is not pubescent, that of a gooseberry is leathery, that of a hazel is lignified, that of citrus fruits is thick and soft.
The mesocarp can be edible - in apples, pears, inedible - in nuts, juicy - in grapes, dry - in hazel, single-layered - in stone fruits, double-layered - in pome fruits.
The endocarp in stone fruits is a hard shell, in apples - parchment-like plates of the seed chamber, in pears - stony cells, etc.
According to their structure, the fruits are divided into false, drupes, berries, nuts, citrus fruits, parthenocarpic. False fruits include apple, pear, quince. They develop from fertilized carpels and pericarp.
The figure shows the structure of the fruit of an apple tree, which shows an overgrown receptacle, calyx lobes, remains of stamens and pistil, inner pulp - endocarp, middle pulp - mesocarp, outer pulp - mesocarp, core and seeds.

1 - seed chamber; 2 - ovule vessel; 3 - vascular-fibrous bundle of the skin; 4 - vascular fibrous lumen of sepals; 5 - heart; 6 - one of the main vascular-fibrous bundles that feed the outer pulp of the apple; 7 - one of the main vascular fibrous bundles of the carpel

The fruits that form from a single fertilized carpel are called drupes. Their flesh develops without the participation of other parts of the flower. The exocarp of drupes is soft, the mesocarp is juicy, and the endocarp is hard. The hard shell, or shell, of the ossicle that protects the seed belongs to the pericarp, not to the seed. Berries include fruits with a juicy pericarp - currants, cranberries, lingonberries, blueberries, grapes and others. Berries also include polynomial or composite fruits - strawberries, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries. Berry-like fruits include lemon, mandarin, orange. These fruits have a thick outer shell - the endocarp, followed by a spongy mesocarp, inside which is an edible endocarp with and without seeds.
In a pomegranate, the entire pericarp is inedible, very dense, leathery. Numerous seeds are covered with juicy edible tissue.