Systemic fungicides: application, their role in plant cultivation. Fungicides - an overview of fungus control agents on plants Fungicide preparation application
Modern market agrochemistry offers a large number of all kinds of drugs for the prevention and treatment of plant diseases that have already arisen. As they say, for every taste and color. However, it is not so easy to rid the garden and garden of bacteriological problems. It is not enough to select the names of fungicides from the list and purchase them. It is necessary to correctly calculate how they will act and how well they will work against a particular disease. Let's take a closer look what are contact and systemic fungicides for plants.
The drug Maxim (the commercial name of the fungicide) and the like can be purchased independently and treated with seeds and bulbs immediately before planting in the ground.
Names of fungicides
Contact fungicides for plants These are preventive drugs. They protect very well, but usually cannot heal and show poor results if an infection has occurred. Therefore, they are used as early as possible, they start at the very beginning of the season, making a thorough spraying of all fruit and berry crops before the buds open. When flowering, processing is not performed (this applies primarily to copper-containing preparations, since copper accumulates in different parts plants, and when it comes into contact with flowers - in ovaries and fruits, but is excreted very slowly).
Contact and systemic fungicides
- Treatment with a contact fungicide is carried out only in dry weather, carefully, since the effectiveness of the preparations directly depends on what area of the plant was covered with it. One of the advantages of contact preparations is the slow development of resistance (resistance) to them from pathogenic microorganisms.
- The effectiveness of contact fungicides is highly dependent on weather conditions, the resistance of the drug to solar exposure, the degree of "stickiness" to the surface. If certain conditions worsen, a new treatment may be needed after 5-7 days.
Means of local action can be used throughout the season, for example, the treatment of plantings against phytophthora is effective if it is carried out systematically before the first manifestations of the disease appear in the district.
Systemic fungicides for plants
Systemic fungicides penetrate the plant itself and act on the pathogen from the inside. Funds can be applied to different stages plant development. Systemic fungicides for plants can be both preventive and curative. They are much less dependent on weather conditions, since they are not washed away by precipitation. However, temperature changes can reduce the immunity of the plant itself and, conversely, aggravate its condition.
Duration of action
The duration of action of systemic fungicides depends on the susceptibility of the fungus and the rate of development of resistance. Unfortunately, fungi and bacteria “get used” to the means of this group faster. Therefore, the effectiveness of drugs may decrease after 4-7 days. The way out of the situation is to change the fungicide to one containing another active substance, as well as the use of a complex agent (systemic + contact preparation).
In some cases, manufacturers combine two fungicides or a fungicide and an insecticide in one product. It turns out a set, the efficiency of which, as a rule, is higher, and the period of protection of plantings after processing is longer. Usually a mixture is made up of one contact fungicide and one systemic or two systemic. Such agents are called combined (contact-systemic), complex or mixed fungicides.
Some names of fungicides
Here are some fungicide names according to the nature of distribution in the plant.
- Contact medications: Abiga-peak, Bravo, Maxim, Ditan m45, Pennkotseb, Profit, Thiovit jet, Bordeaux mixture, Copper vitriol, Iron vitriol, Ordan, Khom, Rovral SP,
- Systemic fungicides for plants- these are, for example, Bayleton, Diskor, Impact, Rayok, Skor, Topaz, Fitolekar, Favorit, Fitolavin, Fundazol, Horus, Chistotsvet.
- Combined preparations (contact and systemic fungicides)- Amistar Trio, Vectra, Vitaros, Cabrio, Quadris, Consul, Ordan, Oxyhom, Prestige, Profit Gold, Spirit, Thanos, etc.
Other classifications of fungicides for plants
In addition to the classification described above, drugs with fungicidal properties also differ in other parameters, for example, in the nature of the action: curative, or exterminating; immunizing (elicitors) and prophylactic (protective).
Biological fungicides
Contact fungicides most often have a preventive and partially curative effect. Preparations of biological origin, in addition to prevention and treatment, have a pronounced immunizing effect. Some systemic fungicides also, in addition to protective and medicinal properties exhibit and immunizing, that is, affect the growth and development of plants, changing their metabolism.
Classification by nature of origin divides drugs into true fungicides, pseudofungicides and natural antagonists. The first group is toxic to fungi and bacteria outside of plants, by itself. The second type of substances interacts with the plant and outside it is not dangerous for the pathogenic group. Natural antagonists contain decontaminated strains of pathogens and help plants improve immunity.
Another criterion that is usually not reflected in the names of fungicides, but the instructions explain - the purpose of the drug. There are seed treaters (for example, Maxim, Vitaros, Credo), disinfectants closed ground(Thiovit jet), for the treatment of dormant perennials, as well as for the treatment of all plants during the growth (vegetation) period.
Biological fungicides are effective in the treatment of plantings for the purpose of prevention. They protect plants well from late blight, various kinds of rot, powdery mildew.
Worth keeping in mind:
Names of fungicides
Combined agents show high efficiency against a large list of diseases, but are often characterized by an increased hazard class. All the necessary information, instructions, including the method of disposal of containers and unused solution, the manufacturer puts on the packaging. You just need to read it carefully. And lastly, when processing plantings with any kind of fungicides, it is imperative to use elementary means of protection and observe safety precautions.
Having little experience in crop production, most summer residents are lost when they approach a stand with agricultural chemistry in a store. Such an abundance of names, types of packaging, dosages can turn anyone's head. However, do not panic. When shopping for garden protection products, you first need to imagine what this garden is to be protected from. As practice shows, the season preventive measures on site opens fungicide treatment.
Fungicides for plants
During the season, the garden and the vegetable garden enter into a huge number of relationships in their environment. Plants respond not only to weather, watering, top dressing, but also on contact with living organisms: bacteria, fungi, insects and mammals (moles, for example). Most of these relationships end badly. Unfortunately, what is natural for nature, from the side of the summer resident looks like an attempt on the harvest. Therefore, an extensive program is being carried out to reduce the number of unwanted "guests". The means used for this purpose are one large group- pesticides. Each separate subgroup is responsible for its own sector. So, insecticides fight insects, herbicides allow you to remove weed grass from the site. But the treatment with fungicides is carried out in order to destroy fungi, bacteria and prevent or treat the diseases they cause.
There are several classifications of fungicides for plants. Any grower, whether practicing active use of agrochemistry or seeking to reduce external impact, will find it useful to know the following parameters.
By origin, inorganic and organic preparations are distinguished. There is a separate list of biological fungicides, but they should be discussed separately.
Inorganic fungicides approved for use in personal subsidiary plots are copper- and sulfur-containing preparations. Mercury-containing ones were also previously used, however, due to toxicity to humans and, often, to plants, the latter type is no longer used.
The name of copper-containing fungicides is widely known. The most popular - blue vitriol, Bordeaux mixture and copper oxychloride are also most commonly used.
Copper preparations with constant exposure in increased doses are toxic to humans and warm-blooded animals. The element tends to accumulate in the earth and in fruits. Therefore, to work with such substances, it is imperative to follow the instructions and not exceed the recommended dose and frequency of use.
Fungicide treatment - a danger to humans
Preparations containing sulfur are ground sulfur, collodion sulfur and lime-sulfur decoction. They have proven themselves as prophylactic agents against scab, powdery mildew, and atracnose. Greenhouses and greenhouses are pollinated or fumigated with preparations.
Iron preparations also have a certain degree of fungicidal activity ( inkstone), manganese, potassium.
organic fungicides
Organic fungicides for plants are products based on various classes of chemical compounds. There are enough varieties of them. The compounds have different effects on the fungus, so their effectiveness in treating the same disease on the same plant will vary.
Information about which compound is the basis of the drug is quite specific. For most growers, when reading the instructions, it does not come in handy. However, it is still worth asking about the connection class of the selected agent, for example, if it turns out to be ineffective.
In some cases, fungi and bacteria can become resistant to the active substance, that is, develop resistance. Or the grower can delay the treatment, and infection will still occur. Then to achieve good results in the fight against plant disease, it is necessary to apply A complex approach. That is, alternate drugs that are different in origin, and in the active substance, and in the mechanism of action.
An integrated approach to plant processing
On sale you can find products that include nitrogen-containing derivatives of pyrimidine, pyrazole, phenol derivatives (chloro- and nitrophenols), etc. A separate class of fungicides for plants are non-medical antibiotics. Wide use received phytolavin (phytobacteriomycin) and trichothecin. They have not only fungicidal properties, but also to some extent immunomodulatory (stimulating the growth and development of plants).
Separately, it is worth mentioning the relatively new, but already popular and highly demanded biological fungicides. They have in their composition a bacteriological or fungal culture. The principle of action of such drugs differs from inorganic and organic compounds. They also behave differently bacterial cultures and with plant pathogens. Some strains can be dangerous for pathogenic fungi, since they themselves infect and destroy the pest. Others are a kind of "graft" to the plant, increase its immunity and make it resistant to bacteria. The drugs can be used for both prophylactic and therapeutic purpose, however, act better to prevent diseases.
Fungicide treatment
Biological fungicides
It already has several commercial names: bactofite, phytosporin, hamair, etc. At the same time, almost all products on the market are enriched with microelements and, often, humic acids, which additionally stimulate the plant and increase its stress resistance and immunity. In addition, for preventive purposes, the use of biological preparations is safe. These benefits of biological fungicides make them very attractive to organic farmers.
Fungicide treatment can be carried out both for preventive and therapeutic purposes. However, not all remedies that prevent the disease can actively treat it. To avoid infection or minimize the consequences of it, it is worth approaching the treatment systemically: use a complex of contact and systemic fungicides (about them), and also pay attention to the active substance of the selected drug.
Below are some names of fungicides and their active substance (a class of chemical compounds).
- ferrous sulfate - ferrous sulfate;
- colloidal sulfur and ground sulfur - sulfur (the first is finer);
- copper sulphate is sulfate, respectively, of copper;
- Bordeaux mixture contains two active substances - copper sulfate and calcium hydroxide (aka milk of lime or slaked lime);
- Hom - contains copper oxychloride;
- Thiovit jet - sulfur.
Organic fungicides for plants:
- means Amistar Trio, Amistar extra, Quadris, SK contain azoxystrobin;
- fundazol - the active substance benzimidazole;
- the drug Vectra - bromuconazole;
- a number of drugs, including the well-known Rayok, Skor, Diskor, Chistotsvet, contain difenoconazole;
- Pennkozeb, Ditan 45 - mancozeb;
- Topaz - the active substance is penconazole;
- Agrolekar, Prognoz and Chistoflor contain one active ingredient - propiconazole;
- Rovral - iprodione;
- The next group of drugs - Favorit EC, Foliant EC, Forus EC - have the main substance of the triazole class, triadimefon;
- Means for dressing seeds Maxim - fludioxonil;
- Bravo - chlorothalonil;
- Switch, Horus - cyprodinil.
List of biological fungicides
Separately, it is worth mentioning Fitolavin, the active substance of which is an antibiotic of the streptothricin group - phytobacteriomycin.
List of biological fungicides for plants:
- Alirin, Baktofit, Gamair and phytosporin contain a strain of bacteria Bacillus subtilis in different proportions;
- Glyocladin and Trichodermin are drugs whose active ingredient is the fungal culture Trichoderma harzianum.
- Agate 25 is a strain of bacteriological culture of Pseudomonas aureofaciens.
Fungi are a serious problem, they contribute to the development various diseases striking flowers, garden plants, vegetable and berry crops, soil. In order to protect vegetables and fruits from diseases, as well as to prevent re-infection, gardeners use biological fungicides for plants. Below we provide a list of biofungicides with names and descriptions.
Application of fungicides
Fungicides are used in several ways.
- Etching. Seeds and tubers of plants are treated with a fungicide (dry powder or preparation dissolved in water) before sowing / planting.
- Spraying and dusting. The aerial parts of plants are treated with a fungicide solution using sprayers. Often, spraying is carried out several times per season: as a rule, in early spring and late autumn. Also, greenhouses and storage facilities are often treated in this way.
- Incorporation into the soil. Fungicides in the form of a powder are applied to the soil during digging, and the soil is shed with preparations dissolved in water. This destroys pathogenic fungi living in the earth.
Fungicide toxicity
Types of fungicides
Depending on the form of the substance, such mixtures are sold in the form of powders, emulsions, liquid solutions or emulsions. Moreover, any of the forms is easily soluble in water, which simplifies the processing process.
Depending on the composition of the mixture, two types of fungicides are distinguished:
- inorganic;
- biological.
Inorganic are a mixture of various chemical substances(up to 4 hazard class for humans). The basis for such mixtures is ground or colloidal sulfur, mercury chloride, copper chloride or copper sulfate.
Biofungicide Abiga-peak
It contains copper chloride. Local biological preparation in the form of a suspension. It is characterized by the fact that it has a wide spectrum of action. Its purpose is to carry out the destruction of fungi that form on the vine, on vegetable, technical, fruit, ornamental crops ah, and also on plants medicinal use and flowers.
Possesses moderate toxicity, if to correspond to the recommended doses, it is not phytotoxic. Proportions: 40 g / 10 liters of water.
Biofungicide Hom
Hom, a systemic local fungicide containing copper oxychloride, will help fight the disease of vegetable, fruit and ornamental crops. Sold in bags of 20 and 40 g. Effective in the treatment of apple and pear scab, plum fruit rot, mildi vine, peach leaf curl. The working solution is prepared at the rate of 40 g of the substance per 10 liters of water. It is recommended to carry out 2-3 treatments for indoor plants and up to 5 treatments for horticultural crops.
Biofungicide Trichodermin
This biological fungicide is highly effective in combating pathogens of fungal and bacterial diseases. The composition of the biofungicide contains spores of the soil fungus Trichoderma lignorum and crushed grain substrate.
The drug is able to eliminate more than 60 varieties of pathogenic organisms that cause all kinds of diseases, including:
- root rot;
- seminal infections;
- fusarium and other troubles.
The action of active substances causes an improvement in soil fertility, rapid saturation of the root system with additional nutrients, as well as an increase in the germination of planting material.
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To prepare a suspension where the seeds will be soaked, it is enough to take 10 grams of the drug and dilute it in one liter of water. If the product is used by watering plants, then the optimal dosage will be the same as in the previous case. When watering, it is important to deliver the suspension directly under the root, using medium portions of water.
A ready-made spray solution is created as follows: 10 grams of the product is supplied per 5 liters of water.
Trichodermin has an excellent preventive effect during transplantation work. In this case, the consumption rate is determined as follows: on a 25-cm (in diameter) pot, such an amount of the drug is used that is placed on the tip of a knife.
Biofungicide Mikosan
Allows you to protect fruit and vegetable crops from fungi, bacteria and viruses. The mechanism of action is based on the penetration of fungi into plant cells and the destruction of cells affected by pathogens with pathogens. The active substance "Mikosan" was isolated from the cells of the fungus of the genus Trutovik. It penetrates into the cell tissues of plants and stimulates the formation of enzymes in plants. They have the ability to destroy the cell membranes of phytopathogenic fungi. It can be effectively used during the fruiting period. Useful properties a lot: Strengthening the immunity of plants Improvement of mineral nutrition of plants Safe for humans, insects and animals helps to increase the activity of intrasoil microorganisms defensive reaction plants from a wide range of diseases, increases the resistance of plants to adverse climatic conditions.
Biofungicide Alirin-B
Biological fungicide for the suppression of fungal diseases in the soil and on plants (soil microflora - Bacillus subtilis VIZR-10, titer 109 CFU/g), similar in composition and action to phytosporin. Recommended: as a therapeutic and prophylactic, effectively suppresses pathogens of fungal diseases on all types of horticultural crops and houseplants.
Hazard class: 4 (low hazardous substance). Safe for humans, animals, fish, bees, beneficial entomofauna and the environment
Biofungicide Gamair
Gamair is a biofungicide that is used against:
- bacteriosis, spotting, bacterial cancer and rot (bacterial diseases),
- scab and moniliosis (fungal diseases).
This drug prevents the development of bacterial and fungal diseases of seedlings and adult plants. Produced in the form of tablets.
Problems with insects and fungi are not only on garden bed. The greenhouse conditions of window sills and balconies are very fond of mold, especially when we carefully care for plants - regular watering, fertilizing the soil, indirect Sun rays. Such conditions are liked by both insects and fungi as well. Sometimes you have to seriously think about pesticides and fungicides.
In conditions home growing we have to approach the choice of potent agents very carefully - plants in the same room with us, how to calculate the minimum dosage, whether it is safe to eat processed herbs ... But for small "production volumes" of the home garden, there is a good and proven alternative to synthesized concentrates - natural pesticides and fungicides that can be prepared independently from plants and minerals familiar to us.
I tried to publish recipes with the greatest positive response, as personal experience I have little use - alcohol always saved me, about which there are also a couple of words below.
Milk and salt for powdery mildew
- A glass of milk
- Glass of water
- A teaspoon of salt without a slide.
The salt dehydrates the fungus, and the milk allows the salt to stick to the leaves. It is advisable to cover the soil so as not to salt it during the treatment. Treat every 2-3 days.
Rapeseed oil and soft-bodied insect soap
Mix a tablespoon of rapeseed oil with a few drops liquid soap and a liter of water. Insects really die from it. Rapeseed, like soybeans, is used as a natural effective pesticide.
natural essential oils
Citrus essential oils are excellent pest control. Especially effective: lemon, orange, bergamot, lemongrass. Conifers work worse.
Dissolve a few drops of oil and soap in 0.5 liters of water and irrigate the plants for prevention.
Himalayan pink salt
Himalayan salt is a natural inorganic pesticide. It contains 83 chemical element, some of which destroy the shells of soft-bodied pests and prevent fungal and mold spores from growing. This salt works better than rock and sea salt (so they say, but I am reserved about such statements. Still, the main working substance in this case banal sodium appears, and not the homeopathic amount of molybdenum, gold and something else in the Himalayan salt). 1 tablespoon per liter of water. You can also irrigate plants for prevention, but covering the soil can salt the soil. 
Hot pepper+garlic+onion
These natural pesticides in various combinations are most often found in recipes. Here is the basic recipe:
- 2 teaspoons ground chili ( hot pepper, cayenne)
- half an onion
- 3-4 garlic cloves
- 1 liter of water
Place the onion and garlic in a blender with a little water and grind to a paste. Mixing paste with a liter warm water and pepper, put in a warm place to infuse for a day. We filter, irrigate the infected plant with infusion every 2-3 days. The tincture should be stored in the refrigerator and will last for several weeks.
Natural laundry soap
Probably, everyone knows about the effectiveness of soap against, literally, everything. Apparently, the alkali in the soap is a good pesticide and fungicide, and the soap base helps the active substances stick to the plant.
Grate 10 grams of soap on a grater and dissolve in a liter of warm water. There are recipes with the addition of 2 tsp baking soda. But not only laundry soap appears in recipes for natural pesticides.
Liquid soap
Liquid soap variations are becoming more and more common, and I think that due to the huge amount of organic and inorganic salts, liquid soap is effective in its own way in the fight against insects and molds.
Dissolve a teaspoon of liquid soap in a liter of warm water, treat the plant with a spray bottle every 2-3 days. Soda can also be added to this solution. There are recipes for a solution of liquid soap with rapeseed oil: 1 tbsp of oil, 1 tsp of soap and a liter of water. It was with such a mixture that Benjamin's ficus was saved, which was ill with something unknown and shed its leaves. after processing the whole overgrowth.
tobacco leaves
This is actually a good pesticide, but with one significant drawback - a virus very often lives in tobacco. tobacco mosaic which I wrote about in the article. And it is not at all suitable for processing nightshade (tomatoes, peppers, eggplants ...). Infuse 0.5 cups of tobacco leaves in a liter of warm water for a day, strain and add a teaspoon of liquid soap (there are variations with milk - a glass of milk, 2 glasses of water). Spray every 2-3 days until the problem disappears.
chrysanthemum flowers
Chrysanthemum has a powerful paralyzing pesticide in its composition that copes with most garden pests. Pour 0.5 cups of dried or 1.5 cups of fresh flowers with a liter of boiling water and boil the chrysanthemum over low heat for 20 minutes. I don’t like to cook herbs, I steam them in a thermos, but in original recipe still cooking. Let the broth cool and strain. Water the diseased plant.
Update 07/11/2017 Recently I watched a lecture on chemistry, in which natural plant pesticides were mentioned. The substance in the chrysanthemum is a very powerful thing, in the production of a concentrate and use in the so-called "bio-farming" it harms the health of the people who work with it.
rhubarb leaves
Rhubarb works thanks to organic acids. Pour a glass of finely chopped rhubarb with hot (not boiling water!) Water and let it brew for a day in warmth. Strain, add a spoonful of soap. Irrigate until the disease or pest is gone. Suitable for prevention. 
Alcohol
I myself use alcohol when the heating is weak and damp in early spring. Just at this time, the protective properties of the plant itself are weakening, since it is time to replant and change the soil, and all sorts of scale insects and fungus on the surface of the soil are right there. I wipe the leaves of the plant with a cotton pad dipped in pharmaceutical alcohol, I do not breed. Can be irrigated with alcohol, including window sills and window frames. This is an excellent tool for literally everything except viruses. Irrigated thyme with alcohol when she brought spider mite- works.
Garlic+mint+pepper
It is a pesticide-insecticide that works great for both treatment and prevention.
- 5 garlic cloves, peeled
- 0.5 cups dried mint leaves (or a cup of fresh, the stems are also good here)
- 1 tsp hot pepper
- 1 tsp dishwashing liquid or liquid soap
- 1 liter of water.
Load everything except water and soap into a food processor and grind into a paste. Mix the pasta with water and bring to a boil, leave to cool for 12 hours. I would pour the pasta with boiling water, without cooking. Strain, add soap and water the plants.
Chamomile
Chamomile works well against fungal infections of plants and soil. Pour 1 cup of dried chamomile flowers into a thermos and pour a liter of boiling water. A thermos is a good alternative to a bain-marie, and if you have the option of steaming herbs in a thermos, it's best not to boil your herbs on gas. Let it brew overnight, strain. This infusion can be both irrigated and watered plants. If mold has appeared on the soil, we must first dry it, and then add additional moisture. 
Aspirin
About acetylsalicylic, you need to write a separate article, but for now, here is a recipe: 2 aspirin tablets (those that are 300 mg each) per liter of water - irrigate and water. This is one of the best means against powdery mildew, gray mold, black leg. I myself have not yet tried and understood the mechanism of operation of acetylsalicylic acid as a pesticide and fungicide, but I am already collecting material. Reviews for aspirin are good.
Lemon juice
Cut the skin from 5 lemons, pour 0.5 liters of boiling water and leave to infuse for a day. Squeeze the juice from lemons and add a glass of water, irrigate plants with fresh juice that are infested with aphids or other soft-bodied insects. Lemon juice is undesirable to get into the ground. Water the soil around infected plants with infusion of lemon peel, repeat once a month for prevention.
Why peels: lemon juice will acidify the soil, and not all plants like it. The zest also contains an active essential oil that the aphid does not tolerate. This applies, in principle, to most citrus essential oils.
Soda + oil
Good natural remedy from fungi. 1 tbsp soda mixed with 1 tbsp vegetable oil, stir in a glass of well warm water. Next, pour the mixture into 1.5 liters of water. Spray every other day until the fungus is gone. There is one drawback - soda salts the soil, so you need to use the product without fanaticism, and pay attention to the recipe with milk.
- Before treating the plant, try the product on a separate leaf or twig to make sure there is no side effects. Sometimes you can not calculate with the concentration, sometimes one or another ingredient may not be suitable for a particular plant.
- Apply mixtures to inside leaves and stems, work the soil if the product will not acidify or salt the soil.
- On processing days, keep pots out of direct sunlight.
- Do not forget that any spray substances, even if they are at least 100 times natural, have active ingredients that, when inhaled by a person, can cause serious discomfort (especially with hot pepper in the composition and essential oils) so use protection!
The authors of most of the recipes I have collected note that ladybugs and bees do not suffer from natural pesticides, since the concentration of active substances is significantly lower. This is very important, because by unwittingly exterminating these insects, we can leave our fields without pollination and natural protection against soft-bodied pests ...
Addition 07/11/2017 Modern means protection cultivated plants are tightly controlled for toxicity, biodegradability and effects on pollinating insects.
