Wooden beam. Types, sizes, application and price of wooden beams. What are the dimensions of the timber Bar maximum length
A building material that has been widely used since ancient times to the present day. A prime example this is the magnificently preserved monuments of ancient architecture throughout Russia. If earlier a log processed (planed) from four sides to obtain the same section along the entire length was called a wooden beam, then modern production this building material no longer limited classic look and form.
What will be discussed:
Types and forms
There are three main types wooden beam:
- solid (classic, even) timber;
- beam profiled;
- timber glued.
Their shape is only square and rectangular for all three types of timber, with flat surface all four ribs. So it is with grooves and protrusions of various shapes and sizes on two (opposite) sides of the profiled beam. Photo. Glued laminated timber can be either solid or processed profile plane.
Wood
By virtue of their natural properties and characteristics, not every tree can serve as the basis for obtaining from its trunk building timber. The main types of wood for building timber are:
- pine;
- fir;
- larch;
- cedar.
Much less commonly used: aspen and birch. The wood of these species, despite their low cost, is used only for auxiliary elements.
Dimensions, section GOST
By its length wooden beams(bar) are from three to nine meters, but lengths of 300 - 600 cm are considered the main ones. As the most optimal dimensions for transportation, storage and construction. In some cases, the beam can be made according to individual sizes(up to 9 m). This mainly applies to standard standard structures made of profiled timber.
The cross-sectional dimensions of a wooden beam start from 100 mm (10 cm) and reach 300 mm. With a square section, this is:
- 100 X 100 mm;
- 150 X 150 mm;
- 200 X 200 mm;
- 300 X 300 mm.
And correspondingly:
- 100 X 150 mm;
- 150 X 200 mm;
- 250 X 300 mm;
- Or another size (100 X 200 mm, etc.).
Standard dimensions of a wooden beam according to state standards(GOST) are mandatory for all enterprises producing such products and are indicated in the following table:
- GOST 8486-86 "Lumber conifers»;
- GOST 2695-83 "Sawn Hardwood";
- GOST 23431-79 “Wood. Structure and physical mechanical properties. Terms and Definitions";
- GOST 18288-87 “Sawmill production. Terms and Definitions";
- GOST 24454-80 “Softwood lumber. Dimensions".
In addition to the size of a wooden beam according to GOST, there are a number of tables with standards for its grade, moisture content, properties, and so on.
Technologies for the production of wooden, building timber
Solid timber
Today, due to the low cost, the most popular type of product. The low (relatively) price is formed due to the rather cheap and simple equipment used for its production. Availability and a wide range of applications not only in the construction of houses (baths, pavilions, etc.) make this material a sales leader.
Beam wooden profile (profiled)
Like the classic (solid) one, it is made from whole logs, according to the same dimensions and sections of a wooden beam indicated in the table below. With one but significant difference. Two sides, lateral, of such a beam are even. A 2 (top, bottom) have a groove and a protrusion (crest), respectively, for tight alignment with each other. The number and shape of grooves (ridges) depend on the width of the beam and design features common building from it. Thus, with more high cost in comparison with solid, profiled timber is much more economical. When working with it, there is no need to additionally seal (caulk) the walls. Increases the adhesion of the beam to each other. And what is not unimportant, the construction process itself is significantly reduced in time.
Glued wooden beam
Modern technological method production of timber, which appeared a little over 30 years ago. Home distinctive feature glued laminated lumber is that it does not require solid tree trunks to produce it. Depending on the desired thickness use N number of boards glued under pressure. An example is the production of plywood. Glued laminated timber, not only does not lose any quality characteristics in comparison with its analogue (solid), on the contrary, it receives a number of differences. Such as increased resistance to deformation and strength. Due to additional costs in production (glue, press), glued laminated timber is usually produced in profiled forms.
The advantages of building from a wooden beam
How are the advantages of house building from wooden beams various types First of all, it should be noted that it belongs to the so-called green building technologies. Technologies that cause minimal harm environment, both at the time of construction of the building, its operation, and in the case of its dismantling and disposal. It takes three to four weeks to build a house with a finished foundation.
When using profiled or glued beams, there is no need for external and internal finishing. The heat-insulating and noise-absorbing properties of wood have been known for centuries and do not need additional descriptions. the main problem of the past - fire danger, mold and various bugs - woodworms, today it is easily eliminated with the help of modern refractory and biological impregnations.
The service life of wooden buildings is not inferior stone houses, but for many economic indicators surpasses them. natural wood creates its own microclimate inside the premises, which has a beneficial effect on the physical health of residents.
Beams are made from saw logs and can serve as a ready-to-use building unit (building walls, frames) or as an element for creating beams, trusses, support posts, decking, battens, other load-bearing and enclosing structures in low-rise residential and public buildings.
Source material and regulatory documents
The beam is made mainly from coniferous wood - pine, spruce, larch, fir, cedar. In wooden structures, hardwoods are mainly used only for dowels, pillows, liners and other critical parts. Although for wall beams, excluding window sills, rafters and for the two lower rows, GOST 11047 allows the use of aspen and birch with a moisture content of less than 28%.
grade requirements, appearance, dimensions, physical and mechanical characteristics are set out in the following basic standards:
- GOST 8486-86 "Sawn softwood"
- GOST 24454-80 "Sawn softwood. Dimensions"
- GOST 11047-90 "Details and wooden products for low-rise residential and public buildings"
- GOST 20850-84 "Laminated wooden structures"
- GOST 2695-83 "Sawn hardwood"
- GOST 18288-87 "Sawmill production. Terms and definitions"
- GOST 23431-79 "Wood. Structure and physical and mechanical properties. Terms and definitions"
Production technology
Whole beams are made on circular saws longitudinal cutting from a log of 2-4 parts, followed by drying in natural conditions. Glued laminated timber goes through more difficult stages, but as a result it becomes the most durable of all wooden beams (50-70% stronger than solid timber):
- Sawing logs into boards, drying in special chambers to a moisture content of 10-15%;
- Treatment of boards with an antiseptic agent (it is also anti-corrosion), sizing;
- Splicing blanks, orienting them in the direction of the fibers so that the beam subsequently does not "twist" and does not "lead";
- The resulting lamellas are glued under pressure with wood glue;
- Profiling - The final stage, during which the beam acquires clearly defined parameters.
Wood beam classification
Other types of lumber can be edged or unedged, however, in relation to the beam, the degree of sawing of the sides is "measured" by the edges:
- Double-edged timber - two opposite faces are processed, two more sides are left in the form of log roundings;
- Three-edged beam - has three longitudinally processed surfaces;
- A four-edged beam is a bar in its usual sense, having planes on all four sides.
According to the structure, the bars are divided into:
- Whole - a solid wood array obtained by sawing a whole log;
- Glued - composite of specially prepared boards (lamellas).
According to the relief of surfaces:
- Simple (non-profiled) - with even longitudinal layers and edges;
- Profiled - have two opposite sides grooves and ridges, the front sides are perfectly smooth due to planing or milling of the surface.
The beam profile of different geometry allows to increase the contact area of the crowns, while the density of the beams is such that they form an inseparable monolithic array. Increases the rigidity of the wall, protection from blowing, precipitation, freezing.
Dimensions
Preferential for solid timber length - 6 m, the range is from 2 to 9 m. Since glued has a prefabricated structure, including in length, its length can reach 18 m. By the size of the cross section, the bars are usually (mm):
- Thickness 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250
- Width from 100 to 275
The manufacturer has the right to offer, and the customer to request products of other sizes: 188 × 140, 195 × 145, 400 × 400, etc. A product with parameters of 50 × 50 is called a half-beam. Among the square sections, a bar with a side of 150 mm is considered the most preferable:
- Requires fewer units to build structures. So, on a wall with a height of 1.2 m, 12 bars of 100 mm each or 8 bars of 150 each will go; the total number of crowns is reduced (one and a half times), therefore, the consumption of insulation, labor costs are reduced, the laying process is accelerated.
- With a wall thickness of 150 mm, the house retains heat better and absorbs sounds.
The use of a much heavier 200×200 beam complicates laying, increases the load on the foundation and total costs.
Depending on the quality, the beams are assigned a grade, determined by the presence and allowable number of wood defects. Products of 1, 2 and 3 grades are suitable for construction.
The building materials market offers two types of solid profiled timber:
- Normal, or natural humidity (82-87%)
- Dry (10-15%)
Reference. Lumber is dry - humidity up to 22%, raw - over 22% and raw antiseptic.
Ordinary timber turns into dry after being in a special drying unit. This increases the cost, but also the advantages of dry timber, as close as possible to an even more expensive glued competitor:
- Glued structures should contain moisture within 12 ± 3%, dry timber corresponds to this;
- Shrinkage ordinary timber occurs at 4-8%, and it is strictly forbidden to install partitions, finish walls for 12-18 months. The shrinkage of a dry timber is quite small (1.5-2%), and almost immediately after construction it is possible to produce a fine finish.
Characteristics of a wooden beam
Compressive strength along the fibers (average for all types of wood) 450 kg/cm²
Ability wooden products to resist destruction depends on the variety, cross-sectional area, operating conditions, on the type of wood, type, direction and duration of the load.
Volume weight, kg/m³
It depends on the species, age and humidity, it is characterized by the density of wood: fir - 375, spruce - 445, pine - 500, oak -700 (values are given for a dry state of 12%). The density of freshly cut coniferous and soft hardwoods is 850 kg/m³, hard hardwoods - 1000 kg/m³.
Thermal conductivity, W/(m °C)
For pine and oak in a dry state - 0.09-0.18 and 0.10-0.23, respectively. The heat-shielding properties of the timber improve with an increase in its thickness and decrease with an increase in humidity. A block wall 10 cm thick is comparable to a half meter brick wall.
Geometry violation
Temperature fluctuations, alternating absorption and evaporation of moisture by wood lead either to swelling or shrinkage and, as a result, a change in size, the appearance of twisting deformations (screw, bending), and cracking of the timber. Dry material is much less susceptible to volume changes, but overdrying can also result in similar negative consequences. The appearance of defects may be due to defects laid down during the growth of the tree, a violation of manufacturing and construction technology.
Disease susceptibility
An increase in humidity, temperature, lack of air exchange can lead to the appearance of mold, rot, fungus, biodamage. For disinfection, wood is treated with an antiseptic, both for individual beams in production conditions and after the walls have been erected. The spread of wormholes - wood-eating insect infestations - will prevent impregnation or fumigation of wood with insecticides. Structures damaged by house fungus are not repaired, but must be replaced.
Shrinkage, mm/m
- Solid timber 40-80
- Solid profiled 15-20
- Glued 5-10
Water absorption
More than 30% per day. The higher the moisture content of wood, the less liquid it absorbs. The value is given for absolutely dry wood.
Vapor permeability
Vapor permeability is 0.06-0.32 mg / (m h Pa) for pine and 0.05-0.030 for oak
fire resistance
Fire resistance group G. Wood has medium flammability and low smoke formation. Refers to combustible materials - flame retardants are used to protect against fire. Fire resistance limit wooden walls and partitions 15 cm thick (plastered on both sides) - 45 minutes.
timber cost
The cost is from 4200 to 23000 rubles / m³. Prices vary greatly depending on the material, types of timber, increasing as the manufacturing technology becomes more complicated. So, for one manufacturer, pine can cost 8500, and larch - 18500 rubles. per cube
The maximum number of storeys of the building is 2 (for glued it can be higher).
Advantages of a wooden beam
- High mechanical strength, elasticity combined with low bulk density;
- Excellent thermal insulation qualities - wooden house able to hold 6 times more heat than brick, and 1.5 times than foam concrete;
- Eco-friendly, "breathable" material - in houses made of timber there is always a comfortable microclimate;
- The beam is less prone to cracking than the log, since when the edges are removed, more loose wood is removed, leaving the hard part of the log impregnated with resin;
- The beam is cheaper than rounded logs due to more simple manufacturing;
- Profiled and glued beams do not require additional finishing;
- A short time for assembling houses from a bar: a dacha of 48 m² can be completed in 3 weeks;
- Aesthetic appearance.
Disadvantages of timber timber
- It is necessary to protect the walls from an unprofiled beam with finishing materials, otherwise there is a high probability of water getting into the seams between the beams. It will force out air from wood micropores - natural and most effective insulation, significantly worsening the heat-insulating properties of wood.
- Susceptibility, especially of solid timber, to the formation of cracks (successfully eliminated, however, by rubbing with special mastics). Glued beams are deprived of this disadvantage due to drying during the manufacturing process, although they lose air permeability.
- Anisotropy of wood - many indicators vary depending on the direction: thermal conductivity, strength, vapor permeability are not the same along or across the fibers.
- The use of paving structures is limited by the ambient temperature - they cannot be operated under conditions of prolonged heating at an ambient temperature above 50 ° C for structures made of non-glued and 35 ° C - made of glued wood.
Transportation
The bars are transported packed in transport packages or block packages of rectangular or trapezoidal section, formed in accordance with GOST 19041-85 and GOST 16369-96.
wooden beam refers to lumber. The length of the beam must be many times greater than the width. Must also be square or rectangular section. The first is considered classic. The configuration of the timber provides ease of laying "logs".
Glued wooden beam
Ordinary logs are known to be round. There are round ones. They are passed through the machine, aligning the diameter along the entire length of the barrel. More difficult with wild logs. They are only cut down, not leveled. The bar is not wild. It is always a product of standard sizes, even.
Types of wooden beam
timber construction popular because wood is lighter. You can save on. In addition, the tree breathes, passing oxygen and exuding useful, fragrant resins into the air.
In cold areas, the heat-saving properties of the material are appreciated. For builders and industrialists, ease of wood processing is important. Depending on this processing, by the way, the beam is divided into:
- Whole. The first one created by mankind. Enough to take round log and pass through the machine, cutting off the sidewalls. It remains a bar of square or rectangular section. wood saves natural humidity. The first 2 years, moisture actively comes out, leading to significant shrinkage. Even a tree without drying can be infected with a fungus.
The geometry of the solid timber leaves much to be desired. It does not comply with GOST in terms of evenness of the cut and uniformity of the cross section. The gaps between the bars in some places can be 4-5 millimeters. In addition, the "seams" themselves often "jump". Accordingly, the thermal conductivity of the masonry is enhanced. Saving on timber, you have to pay extra for insulation and finishing.
- Profiled wooden beam. Also solid, but made from dried logs. Such do not change the geometry after the construction of the structure, are not affected by fungi. Expenses not for equipment and space for drying wood are included in the cost of timber. He is considered elite. Therefore, the profiled goods have strict, accurate to the millimeter along the entire length dimensions.
wooden beam category is enough for a perfect “fit” at home, a bath, also thanks to the very profile after which the product is named. Its geometry in section is more complicated than a regular square.
Notches and protrusions are made along the lower and upper edges of the beam. They connect like a zipper. The groove enters the ridge. Such fastening of a wooden beam blocks the penetration of water into the interventional insulation.
This means that the profiled masonry does not care about rotting. The most dense masonry also enhances the heat-saving properties of the building. Attractiveness is added to it by the factory finish of the front surface of the timber.
It, for example, is often made round. This aesthetically brings the structure closer to the log. Being made from a solid array, a profiled beam, like a regular one, can crack over time. This is a minus of the material.
- Glued wooden beam. Consists of lamellas. Their number ranges from 2 to 5. This is how bars of one or another width are obtained. The composition of the "logs" is also regulated. The central lamellas are often pine. The material is porous, does not “shine” with durability, but it is budget-friendly. The front faces are made, as a rule, from larch. It is famous for its density. A minimum of pores makes wood resistant to moisture penetration, mechanical stress, and ultraviolet radiation. Larch literally covers pine, not allowing the latter to influence the quality of the product, but "allowing" to reduce its cost. The perpendicular alternation of fibers in the lamellas ensures the quality of gluing. It is done under pressure. The complexity of the technology for the production of glued laminated timber makes it more expensive than profiled and solid.
Gluing the lamellas along the perpendicular alternation of fibers compensates for the stress in the wood when changing weather conditions. Structures made of glued material are resistant to shrinkage and cracking. The slats, like logs for profiled timber, are dried.
However, due to the thinness of the strips, they give off moisture more evenly. As a result, the shrinkage of glued beams does not exceed 1%. However, the vapor permeability of buildings also decreases. It prevents them from breathing, laid between layers of wood. There are no additives in solid and profiled timber.
There is also a division of timber according to the nature of its surface treatment. There are two, three and four edges. The latter has all log faces cut off. A three-edged product has one side left rounded. A two-canton beam has two of them.
Double wooden beam
The degree of processing of the timber is also important. It is edged, that is, obtained in the process of sawing trunks, which makes the surface of the goods rough. The second type is planed and polished, which is not only sawn, but also devoid of roughness.
Do not forget about the class of timber. Occurs:
- selected, flawless
- first-class, on which tiny knots, cracks, chips occur
- second-rate, the damage of which does not fit into the norms
- the third grade, which is easy to recognize in the photo - a wooden beam riddled with multiple defects
Finally - an overview of the novelty of the market. We're talking about a composite beam. It's hollow on the inside. IN wooden block type heater is driven mineral wool or . This modification of the beam is also called package.
There is also a sandwich option - a layer of polyurethane foam is glued between two boards. Composite options warmer than usual. So the thermal conductivity of a sandwich 16 centimeters thick is equal to that of a 39-cm full-bodied timber.
Wooden houses from composite timber, as well as from glued timber, have not yet passed the test of time. There are no buildings standing at least half a century. The glue bar appeared earlier than the composite one, but it is also new. Perhaps, the cons of materials unknown so far will be revealed.
It should also be forgotten about the false beam. Otherwise, it is called eurolining or panel house. It creates imitation of a wooden beam. In fact, the product is a board. They make a facade out of it.
As a result, the house looks timber. For interior decoration, you can use the usual lining. It is thinner and mounted at any degree. The euro version is installed exclusively in the horizontal plane.
Wooden beam dimensions
The determining dimensions of the beam are its length and width. The latter is at least 10 centimeters, and in millimeters - 100. Wooden beam a smaller section is not provided by GOST. What then are thumbnails? These are bars. That is, the request wooden beam 50 50» in accordance with construction terminology is incorrect.
Typical square bars also include "logs" with dimensions of 15 by 15 and 20 by 20 centimeters. Rectangular beams are produced in variations of 15 by 20 centimeters.
Typical lengths of timber include three-, four- and six-meter. From the sum of the section and wooden beam length depends on the weight of the building material. The parameter is calculated per cubic meter. Wherein:
- A bar with a section of 20 by 20 centimeters and a length of 3 meters weighs 103 kilograms. There are 8.3 "logs" in a cubic meter.
- With a similar cross section, but a 4-meter length, a cube of material weighs 138 kilos, containing 6.25 bars.
- If a beam with a 20-centimeter section has a length of 6 meters, a cubic meter weighs 210 kilograms, containing 4.1 “logs”.
- A beam with a section of 20 by 15 centimeters with a 6-meter length weighs 156 kilograms. There are 5.5 pieces in a cubic meter.
- With a 6-meter length, but a cross section of 20 by 10 centimeters, the mass of building material is 104 kilograms. 8.3 bars fit in a cubic meter.
- A beam with a section of 15 by 15 centimeters with a length of 6 meters weighs 116 kilos. A cubic meter holds 7.4 pieces.
- Six-meter "logs" with a section of 15 by 10 centimeters weigh 78 kilograms. On cubic meter products account for 11.1 bars.
- The mass of a six-meter bar with a section of 10 by 10 centimeters is 52 kilograms per cube, in which there are 16.6 "logs".
Non-standard product sizes are possible. The minimum length for which some machines are “sharpened” is 2 meters, and the maximum is 9. The width is 125, 175 and 250 millimeters. These products are often made to order.
The use of wood beam
The material is used in the construction of private houses, baths, in the production of furniture, railway sleepers. Scope of application depends on the type and variety timber. Wooden baths from first-rate and second-rate are being built. For houses, if possible, take selective. Timber of the third grade is used only as an auxiliary raw material.
Wooden beam walls sanded is often left untouched. Rough "logs" are covered with additional finishing. Long bars are good for floors. Dried options are allowed at home, and with natural humidity they are often used for garden buildings, for example, gazebos.
Wooden beam house
They connect lumber parts, depending on their type and purpose, cutting and cutting into each other, overlapping and fixing with nails, screws, bolts. There is an option to plant a beam on glue. Another method of fastening is to fix with screws with metal plates. The latter are various shapes.
The notch is ideal for massive elements. These include rafters, beams, walls. In frames, windows, doors and other joinery, it is easier to use glue.
The use of timber is not limited to the construction of it or the manufacture of some object. It is important to complete the process with wood processing. Its main disadvantages are susceptibility to burning and decay.
Rescue stains and varnishes. Available with flame retardants. The antibacterial complex includes any compositions for wood processing. Most also saves from moisture. Varnishes fill the pores in the bars. There is simply nowhere for water to go.
In addition to improving the performance of the timber, its processing protective compounds adds aesthetics. You can, for example, change the color of wood and emphasize its texture. For beams, it is customary to use conifers.
They have more resin. It is both an antiseptic and a pore filler. Hardwood wears out faster. However, the color and pattern of pine or spruce may not suit the consumer. With the help of a stain, he turns products into wenge, oak, maple.
timber price
The price of a wooden beam depends on its type and size. So, a cube of glued larch building material with a cross section of 20 by 20 centimeters and a length of 6 meters costs about 27 thousand rubles per cubic meter. For a beam of a similar size, but edged from solid pine, they ask about 7 thousand rubles. This is the price of a premium product. You can buy a second-rate one for 5 thousand rubles per cubic meter.
The price of a bar partly depends on the season. To building cost soars. There is also a relationship between the cost of goods and the region of sale. Cheaper wood is grown and harvested within a region, republic or region.
Being once budget materials, wood goes into the category of elite. Deforestation leads to a shortage of material. If we take into account the cost of insulation, a house made of average quality timber is more expensive than a similar building made of aerated concrete or another type of foam blocks.
Various timber
Building a house from a bar raises a lot of questions from readers. The most frequently asked question is how to choose the material for construction. There are more varieties of timber every year, which one is better to use and how to distinguish quality material. How to choose a timber for building a house, we will tell those readers who do not want to throw money away and want to purchase high-quality material. Which timber to choose - profiled, glued, simple, cross-section and grade of timber in one article.
For building a house, timber is chosen from three main types: simple, profiled or glued. In terms of its heat-saving and sound-proofing qualities, it surpasses brick. The only downside is fire resistance. But using special formulations for processing, you can reduce the figure at times. It is environmentally friendly and outperforms brick and logs in price. And with the onset of a difficult economic situation in the country, the material generally took the first position in the choice of buyers. Each type has its pros and cons for construction.
simple cutting material
bar rectangular shape different section. Produced chamber drying and natural humidity. According to the price category, natural moisture timber is the cheapest. When choosing natural humidity for building your house, you need to understand that there will be additional costs for external and interior decoration, such as siding or clapboard. The fact is that when it dries, the material will crack and lose its aesthetically attractive appearance. Part of the heat-saving qualities will be lost during cracking, so you will have to insulate the walls with mineral wool or any other material. Choosing a chamber drying lumber, you can count on a minimum shrinkage of the house. But the walls will still not be attractive, since tape insulation is laid between the links. We recommend choosing a simple chamber drying for the construction of a small country house, so you can save on material, and the structure will turn out to be environmentally friendly, and you can assemble it yourself. For frame construction it is more profitable for a residential structure to acquire a simple edged appearance, since the walls will still have to be closed. If, nevertheless, natural humidity is chosen for building a house, then it is necessary to prepare for additional waste.
profile view
The second quality is profiled timber. It also comes in natural humidity and chamber drying. Has two technical aspects with a locking connection - thorn-groove. With the help of a lock, it is easy to fit and connect to each other. Houses made from it are warmer, since the walls will not be blown through. The quality and type of interlock connection determines how warm the walls will be. The “comb” is considered the warmest, where there are more than two spikes. A simple lock is less resistant to winds, especially in the corners of a masonry house. Choosing natural humidity, wall cracking cannot be avoided and used over the years finishing material still have to. It will not be possible to re-caulk the walls, since interlock connection won't let you do a good job. Profiled chamber drying after assembling the walls is easy enough to sand and cover with antiseptic and protective compounds. It is not necessary to perform other finishing. Suitable for the construction of residential buildings of any size, so shrinkage will not be large, only 3-4%. The biggest downside high price on chamber drying.
glued look
Glued laminated timber is considered the most suitable for the construction of a residential building. It consists of dried lamellae, which are glued together under pressure. The strength of the material is higher than profiled or simple, since the lamellas are connected in the opposite direction of the fibers. The more lamellae, the stronger the material. Internal lamellas can be spliced or solid, the second option is more expensive and better in quality. Among the main advantages of the glued look are its high thermal insulation characteristics. So, a section of 150x150 mm is equal in terms of thermal conductivity to an edged beam of 250x250 mm. It is easier to build a house from such material, since the weight of each beam is less. How to choose a timber for building a glued house, you can watch the video:
Among the shortcomings, one can single out the not quite environmental friendliness of the material. The fact is that adhesive composition for gluing the lamellas, a different one is used. The safest is expensive and domestic producers it is not used. The second and not unimportant drawback is the high price of the material.
Unusual timber
One of the recently introduced types on the market is the D-shaped type. Building a house from a D-shaped view is exactly the same as from a profiled one. Its difference is in the rounded front side. There is a material with two rounded sides - the front and the inside. Outwardly, the house resembles a log house, but in terms of thermal characteristics it is the same as from glued. Wall and facade decoration is not necessary. The new kind materials - warm timber.
Building a house from it is called Maxhouse. Inside, the beam is filled with a layer of insulation made of cellulose or polyurethane foam. The heat-saving properties of the material are higher, but environmental friendliness drops significantly. The main advantage - low price. External and inner side warm look may be from expensive wood, such as larch or aspen. And the price is 3-4 times lower than for a full-fledged view.
Construction lumber grade
When choosing building lumber, you need to pay attention to its grade. Moreover, there are no specific rules for determining one variety from another, so you can find timber of the same quality in different manufacturing companies, but various sorts. For the construction of your house, we recommend using grades A or Extra, AB and B. Other lower-quality grades may have bumps and damage by bugs, blue. You can distinguish one variety from another by knowing some character traits timber. Readers can read more about them in the table:
Not worth it in building a house for permanent residence use timber BC and C. For garden house or frame construction, in order to save money, you can buy cheaper varieties. But first you need to look at the material at once in several companies.
Varieties of the beam section
The thickness of the building timber is taken from 100 mm, but traditionally, a section of 200x200 mm is used for the construction of a residential building. For the construction of your house, a beam of section from 150x150 mm is selected. If a country house is being built in the southern region, then you can buy a smaller 100 mm. For a permanent residence in middle lane In Russia, you can choose glued or warm material with a section of 150x150 mm or 100x150 mm, where the working side will be large. Simple and profiled is selected with a section from 150x150 to 200x200 mm.
You can use a rectangular section of 150x200 mm, where the larger side is working. If you use a simple edged timber natural humidity and in the future the walls will be insulated, then a section of 100x150 mm can be used. It is important to choose the right thickness of the timber, because if you build a house from a profiled chamber drying and do not take into account thermal conductivity, then in winter it will be cold in the house. As a result, the walls will have to be insulated and it makes no sense to acquire a profiled chamber drying. The choice of section will envy the price of the material. Consider the price for a different section of timber in the form of a table:
To choose the right material for building your house, the material is not the cheapest, good quality, thickness from 200 mm.
Basic rules on how to choose a timber for building a house
From the foregoing, we can conclude how to choose a timber for building a house. We list the basic rules:
- For the construction of a house, a beam with a thickness of 200 mm is chosen.
- For construction country house you can take a simple natural moisture, for a residential building glued or profiled chamber drying.
- When choosing chamber drying, you can not be afraid of large shrinkage and cracking of the walls, taking natural moisture, you need to plan the costs of finishing the facade and interior.
- The shape of the material must be correct, curvature and color irregularities are unacceptable. Buy varieties A and AB, B.
- A D-shaped profile can be chosen instead of a rounded log.
- Warm timber is less expensive, but in appearance it is little different from glued timber.
When choosing a material, it is necessary to purchase it only from trusted manufacturing companies. Don't be suspicious cheap material, especially if we are talking about glued. Only in this way the construction of the house will be made of high-quality and correct timber.
Almost all rely on standardized sizes, in particular, on standard sizes timber in the process of designing and building wooden structures and industrial products. Why is standardization so important in an industry like woodworking?
The need for standardization
Mankind has long come to understand that it is necessary to voluntarily comply with certain rules and requirements in the course of its production activities, because it is:
- simplifies the exchange of information necessary for the development, design and manufacture of final structures and structures;
- makes it possible to use standard measuring equipment;
- allows the use of the same type of processing equipment in the process of wood preparation, its pre-treatment, warehousing and transportation;
- allows the use of unified methods for calculations in the design;
- allows for preliminary calculations places for storage, use of rolling stock;
- standardized dimensions of lumber provide the ability to easily calculate the volume and weight, which is essential for planning deliveries and warehousing;
- statistical data, grouped by type of wood in accordance with the standards, allow for long-term and strategic planning associated with the production of certain types of lumber.
Lumber, depending on the type of wood from which they are made, are divided into coniferous and deciduous.
The quality of wood is determined by the presence of knots, inclusions, decay, etc. Coniferous wood is divided by quality into 5 grades, and hardwood - into 3 grades.
The quality of wood is determined by the worst element and marked on the ends. The letter "O" denotes products of the highest quality.
Depending on the shape of the cross section, all lumber is divided into several large groups:
- Slab. It is made from the side of the log, and, accordingly, has 1 sawn side.
- Sleeper. A type of lumber obtained by cutting off all 4 side surfaces, but without the formation of edges.
- Bar. It is made from the central part of the log, and, accordingly, has all 4 sawn sides. The cross section of the beam is determined by the ratio of width and height less than 2.
- Board. It differs from timber by a ratio of width and height greater than 2. In accordance with the classification method, according to the method of processing, it is divided into one-sided edged, unedged and edged.
In accordance with the existing standards for our country (similar standards exist all over the world), all lumber is divided according to the processing method into the following:
- unilaterally edged lumber- wooden blanks, in which 3 surfaces are formed by sawing, and the fourth has retained its natural shape;
- edged lumber - these are wooden blanks in which all 4 sides are formed by sawing;
- unedged - these are blanks in which 2 sides are formed by sawing, and 2 sides have retained their natural shape.
Varieties of timber
Beam as an element building structure, is characterized by a ratio of width and height of the cross section of less than 2. A standard beam in accordance with GOST has a width selected from the following size range: 50, 60, 75, 100, 130, 150, 180, 200, 220, 250 mm. But the following sizes are most in demand in construction: 100x100 mm, 150x150 mm, 200x200 mm. It is under these standards that metal fasteners are made, the cutting tool is calculated.
According to the manufacturing method, the following types of timber are currently distinguished:
- Whole bar. Produced from the central part of the tree. Most traditional technology manufacturing by longitudinal sawing of a wooden blank, in which 4 unedged boards: slab and central part.
- Rounded bar. It is produced in a similar way, but the cross section of such a product is not rectangular. In appearance, the rounded timber resembles a sleeper, but has a greater length. Rounded beams are used as load-bearing elements of wooden structures.
- Glued beam. Modern technology craftsmanship pioneered by Finnish woodworkers. A wooden blank is dissolved into several thin boards - lamellas. These lamellas rotate relative to each other in such a way as to minimize warping during the drying process. After that, everything is glued under pressure. Such glued beams are practically not subject to temperature changes, the opposite direction of the boards compensates for this.
- Thermobeam. A modern high-tech solution that combines thermal insulation and mechanical properties. Structurally, the thermal beam consists of 2 boards interconnected by a filler based on polyurethane. To provide mechanical strength through a certain space between the sidewalls, a special insert is glued.
- Packet bar. Represents wooden structure assembled from a thermal beam. The connection is made using special polyurethane ties, which long time retain the ability to compensate for thermal expansion.
