In what water to dilute superphosphate for. Double superphosphate: application in the garden, composition. Video: Proper garden fertilizer superphosphate
Simple superphosphate is a fertilizer that belongs to the nitrogen-phosphorus group. There is little nitrogen in the composition, but without it, phosphorus is poorly absorbed by plants. A simple phosphorus fertilizer is obtained by enriching phosphorites - minerals in which the content of phosphorus oxide is 12%.
The composition of superphosphate is the remains of shells, caked in rocks, the main component of which was calcium phosphate, so calcium is also present in the fertilizer, which is also useful for plants, especially vegetables.
In addition to the main elements, iron and chlorine are found in phosphorites. Compounds of phosphorus with chlorine are called apatites. They are often found next to phosphorites and are mined in parallel.
Varieties of phosphate fertilizers:
- Boric superphosphate. Obtained by adding boric acid. Designed for crops that need boron fertilizing the most - cabbage, beets, fruit trees, green vegetables, potatoes. Boron content up to 0.3%.
- With manganese. Marganized superphosphate reduces the number of plants affected by brown spot. The increased content of manganese is useful for cotton. On soils with a low content of microelements, it affects the yield.
- with molybdenum. The content of this microelement in the soil increases metabolic processes - plants absorb phosphorus and nitrogen better.
- Ammoniated. Contains 3% nitrogen, sulfur and trace elements. Good for cabbage.
- With zinc up to 0.1%.
All five varieties of superphosphate fertilizer are used in the garden, starting with pre-sowing seed preparation and ending with the autumn application of phosphorus solutions for the next season.
Simple superphosphate due to the content of gypsum has a neutral or slightly acidic reaction, therefore, it is used together with organic matter- manure, compost, chicken manure. The “acidic” neighborhood is especially important for phosphate rock, which plants are not able to absorb without additional chemical reactions occurring in the soil, due to which phosphates are converted into an accessible form for plant nutrition.
It is necessary to strictly calculate the dosage of phosphates for use with the following types of fertilizers:
- ash;
- dolomite flour;
- types of nitrate - sodium, calcium, ammonium;
- urea.
After mixing, the formation of lumps occurs, which do not dissolve and the plants cannot get food from such a substance. Or substances neutralize each other's action.
What do phosphates do with?
Can be mixed with potassium sulfate, ammonium. Great importance has a soil type. The granular mix is suitable for all types of soil, but on acidic soils, you need to apply lime, chalk or dolomite flour – 0.5 kg per square meter otherwise it will be difficult for plants to get food.
Suitable for deoxidation ash - 200 g / meter.
Important! after the deoxidation procedure, at least a month must pass before laying regular or double superphosphate in the soil so that the fertilizer does not lose its strength
It is also impossible to overdo it with deoxidizers. The dosages indicated for fertilizers must be observed. Not all plants can grow well on alkaline soils, and it will take time to restore acceptable acidity.
Simple superphosphate is available in granular and powder form. Powder is less effective, but cheaper, which is why many gardeners use it. Granular contains up to 50% phosphates, but it costs more due to additional production measures.
Double superphosphate - how is it different from simple
Double superphosphate- concentrated fertilizer for use in the garden. The composition differs from the usual one by the absence of calcium sulfate. It is obtained by acting with sulfuric acid on natural minerals - phosphorites.
The result is a sulfur-containing mass with big amount phosphates, which is more profitable and economical when using double superphosphate in the garden and on large farms - up to 20% phosphorus oxides, double - up to 50%.
The substance is not combined with urea, ammonium nitrate. To use both fertilizers, you must first add phosphates to the soil, wait 7 to 10 days, then dig up the soil with urea. Even better - lay phosphorus in the fall for digging, and nitrogen fertilizers in the spring - in a root or foliar way.
A common question is how much potassium superphosphate or its salts are in the fertilizer. In this form mineral fertilizer no potassium - only calcium in the form of a salt of sulfuric acid. Therefore, when calculating dosages for plants, potassium must be added so as not to disturb the nutritional balance.
Why is phosphorus important for plants
Phosphorus top dressing is important for increasing the yield on lands that regularly participate in crop rotation. It is the second most important trace element after nitrogen. It is distributed mainly in the leaves. In the shoots of this mineral is less. Young growing crops are especially in need of top dressing, since 1 molecule of phosphorus is needed to assimilate 3 nitrogen molecules.
During the period of active growth, the lack of phosphorus sharply reduces the yield, so the soil is prepared in the fall or applied 2 weeks before the planned planting of plants in open ground.
Why do you need superphosphate fertilizer and how to apply:
- The growth of the root system in the first two weeks after germination due to the synthesis of amino acids and carbohydrates allows plants to fully assimilate nitrogen supplements and actively increase green mass, which subsequently affects immunity and health.
- Ammonized superphosphate stimulates flowering. Without additional top dressing, half of the flower stalks may fall off even before the formation of fruits.
- Due to the full synthesis of carbohydrates, the fruits have a sweeter taste, and more starch is formed in potato tubers.
- Affects the accumulation of moisture in plant tissues, so they are more resistant to drought.
- Controls the process of accumulation of nitrates, which makes the fruits environmentally friendly and safe.
- Magnesium is better absorbed in combination with nitrogen and phosphorus.
The use of superphosphate is more justified in liquid form - this way it enters plant tissues faster. But quickly dissolving superphosphate in water will not work. To do this, you need to increase the temperature of the liquid.
The recommended rate of granules is poured with boiling water and kept for a day, stirring occasionally - the mixture will not completely dissolve, but the granules will become smaller. In the instructions for use fertilizer rate superphosphate for 10 liters of water - 2 tablespoons. It is recommended to first make a working concentrated solution - dissolve the fertilizer in a liter of boiling water, and then add water.
Phosphorus deficiency in plants
Phosphorus deficiency is manifested in horticultural crops with signs similar to nitrogen deficiency - small leaves, thin shoots, plants are stunted. But if the leaves turn pale with nitrogen deficiency, then without phosphorus they turn blue and are pressed up against the stem at an acute angle.
In peaches, for example, the leaves become narrower and longer than they should be and curl down. A bronze color appears. Such foliage falls first, without waiting for autumn.
The process begins on old leaves, then moves on to young ones. With severe phosphorus starvation, deformation of shoots, flowers, fruits can be observed. This happens because in the absence of phosphorus, potassium is not absorbed, which is responsible for appearance fruits, their ripening and taste.
The situation when there are phosphates in the soil, but the plants are starving, also occurs. When soil pH is very low, or very high, phosphorus nutrition is not available to the roots. How to check the soil for acidity quickly with available funds- read below.
Some fruit trees can accumulate phosphorus, so the deficiency will not appear immediately, but the next year. The use of superphosphate in the fall can save the situation with the harvest next season.
How to Check Soil Acidity Quickly
There are several ways to independently calculate the acidity of the soil. They are simple and almost free, but you need to follow the procedure:
- you need to take samples from different beds;
- test twice a year - before the start of the growing season and after harvesting.
Method one - litmus paper, purchased at a gardening store:
- Drop a handful of earth into a jar of distilled water.
- Interfere.
- Dip the paper into the jar and wait until it changes color.
- Compare the result with examples of acidity.
Method two - vinegar:
- Divide soil samples from various beds into containers.
- Pour each of them with table vinegar.
If there is a reaction of soil and vinegar, then there is a lot of lime in the soil. Therefore, it has a neutral or alkaline reaction. The more hissing is heard, the worse phosphorus will absorb on such soil.
Conclusion! The optimum pH level for plants is between 6.5 and 7.5. With such indicators, plants receive all the necessary substances - nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus - and quickly absorb them. Provided that they are in the soil
If there is a slight shift towards alkalinity, this is not so problematic for superphosphates. The problem is solved by fertilizing with a weak solution of ammonium nitrate (it is important to slightly lower the pH, and not acidify the soil).
But in the case of strong acidification, phosphorus reacts and, as a result, iron or aluminum salts are formed, which plants do not accept and do not absorb, since the molecules of these substances are very large and cannot penetrate tissues.
Effect of Soil Temperature on Phosphorus Uptake
The element phosphorus is absorbed at a temperature of +15 - 18 degrees, because under such conditions, soil microorganisms wake up, which decompose the fertilizer. During a cold snap, the bacteria freeze, and at this moment, temporary starvation in plants may occur.
Most of the questions come from novice gardeners who are growing vegetables for the first time in their lives: why are there signs of a lack of phosphorus on the leaves, if fertilizers were applied correctly and at the right time. The answer is because low temperatures soil bacteria do not function. As soon as it warms up, the process of feeding normalizes.
Important! At this point, you do not need to try to additionally feed the seedlings, as there will be an overdose and the roots will get burned. The best way- cover the beds with polyethylene until warming. If the plants are in a greenhouse, turn on the heating or water the soil warm water
At low temperatures, you need to water only with warm water, which is especially important for cucumbers, eggplants - people from a tropical climate. The root system, weakened by frost, may begin to rot from cold water.
Methods and norms for introducing superphosphates into the soil
The most common way to use superphosphates - regular and double - is to apply for digging in the fall. After harvest, the fertilizer is spread on potato beds evenly and overturned. Enough 20g/ square meter.
For large fruit trees dig a hole along the trunk circle and pour 100 g of the substance. Cover with soil and water.
Grape fertilize with superphosphate with potassium once every 2-3 years. The norm is 50 - 60 g of phosphorus and the same amount of potassium. It is necessary to dig a hole near the trunk and pour the mixture into it.
Berry crops are fertilized with a mixture of humus, double superphosphate, a small amount of stove ash and water. In the fall, water the aisles of strawberries or raspberries with this mixture and mulch the roots.
For winter garlic beds are prepared in a month, laying superphosphate and potassium in them. Nitrogen supplements during this period are not needed, as they cause the growth of arrows and they freeze in the cold.
enough tomatoes and cucumbers 15 - 20 g of fertilizer per square meter in the form of irrigation. If you need to fertilize 4 times during the growing season, then phosphorus is involved only in the first two to prepare root system plants to bear fruit, the rest of the work is done by potassium.
How to use superphosphate for seedlings
Seeds are sown in soil prepared in advance:
- compost;
- superphosphate;
- potassium.
The components are mixed, moistened, but the seeds are planted later - in a week. This is necessary in order for the nutrients to be fixed in the soil.
At the germination stage, tomato seedlings are watered with a solution of granular double superphosphate, since they grow worse in idle time. Watering is carried out after picking, so that the root quickly settles into a new place. Phosphorus helps the growth of the root system to the sides, if a third of the length of the roots was removed during a pick.
Video: Proper garden fertilizer superphosphate
Two weeks after the first fertilization carry out the second watering. How to dilute superphosphate for feeding:
- take 1.5 tablespoons double phosphate;
- 10 liters of water;
- dissolve and pour each seedling 50 ml solution.
After landing in open ground after 2 weeks, the seedlings are fertilized with a complex mixture:
- pour a third of a bucket of manure with water and insist 4 - 5 days, stirring;
- add 25 g of double superphosphate.
Water under the root.
Foliar spraying with phosphate fertilizers
The issue of foliar application of phosphorus is discussed by all gardeners - both beginners and experienced ones. Some people think that it is of no use. Others, on the contrary, praise the method. The point here is the acidity of the soil, and it can be different on each bed. If the pH is low and it is difficult for the roots to feed natural way then quickly help the plants through the leaves. For this, an extract from superphosphate is made:
- granules or powder 20 g are poured with boiling water - 1 liter;
- insist day;
- then carefully merge without sediment;
- water is added to 10 liters.
The hood is poured into a spray bottle and used for its intended purpose.
If the acidity is acceptable, then spraying will not bring much benefit or harm. The need for foliar spraying should be discussed after testing the soil for acidity. The methods are described above.
Double superphosphate is a gray powder that does not caking under conditions of a given humidity. The composition contains phosphorus 20-25%, nitrogen 6-8%. As an additive, 35-40% calcium sulfate, 8-10% sulfur are usually present. Superphosphate double granular is produced in large volumes, including powders. Each of them has the properties of increasing productivity. The shape does not affect the properties of the product. Its cost is not high, because of this, its popularity has become higher over the years.
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Of course, you have seen the perfect lawn in the movies, on the alley, and perhaps on the neighbor's lawn. Those who have ever tried to grow a green area in their area will no doubt say that this is a huge job. The lawn requires careful planting, care, fertilization, watering. However, only inexperienced gardeners think so, professionals have long known about innovative tool - liquid turf AquaGrazz.
Simple superphosphate is used for soils:
- sandy and sandy;
- podzolic.
The product provides crops with the right amount of phosphorus and sulfur. It concerns leguminous plants, as well as cruciferous, cereals. Their development is faster, they look stronger in comparison with others.
Gardeners use simple superphosphate for beets, flax, radishes, potatoes, carrots, onions, and many more varieties. The use of phosphorus paid off. The result - the soil, moderately processed with its help, has the following advantages:
- increases the growth rate of seedlings;
- slows down aging;
- helps the formation of cabbage heads;
- enhances the taste of any fruit;
- reduces the content of nitrates;
- shows resistance to pathogenic elements.
The product does not dissolve well in water, therefore it becomes inaccessible. But still, it is considered an ideal substance, used as an additive for compost. For its manufacture, plant residues are collected, placed in layers, sprinkled with superphosphate granules.
The workpiece can be located in a pit, container, heap. Use 100 grams of granular fertilizer per 100 kg of compost. The result is that the next year the compost fully matures and is used. The efficiency of using the product is somewhat limited, but it has a reputation among farmers and gardeners.
Double superphosphate
The double form of phosphorus superphosphate contains 45-55%. It has an easy to digest look. In the role of additives, nitrogen is 13-18%, 6% sulfur.
Superphosphate in granular form dissolves in water, and in the spring and autumn it is applied to the soil. During the winter, double superphosphate is absorbed into it, disperses over the surface.
- Granules
For the manufacture of a granular product in bulk, it is moistened, only then it is rolled into granules. Production is carried out at specialized enterprises. Double superphosphate in granules is easier to use for Agriculture than its scattering. Phosphorus in granules 50%, gypsum - up to 30%. Cruciferous plants adore the component, they respond to its presence with large yields.
- Ammonized analogue
There are many superphosphate fertilizers, among them:
- boric fertilizers;
- magnified;
- molybdenum;
- others.
Only with the help of these components plants receive different types trace elements.
Extract from fertilizers
Phosphorus is poorly soluble in water, but if you still achieve its dissolution, the element will quickly get to the roots. This means that its state of aggregation must be changed.
To do this, you need boiling water. The result of exposure to boiling water is the dissolution of the granules. The quality of phosphorus from boiling water does not change, just the component becomes easily digestible. Its dispersed form will bring many benefits to plants. After processing, it has the appearance of full-fat cow's milk.
Solution preparation
To make a working solution, use 20 tbsp. spoons of fertilizer, three liters of water. Then to 10 liters clean water add 150 grams of working solution, 0.5 liters of wood ash, 20 grams of nitrogen fertilizer. The resulting solution is used for feeding. The presence of nitrogen in the solution is mandatory. Without it, phosphorus is not absorbed by plants.
Superphosphate fertilizers are used in early spring, with vigorous crop growth. It is at this time that plants need nitrogen. Phosphorus is supplied to plants gradually, its action stretches even for years. Superphosphate extract is a long-acting microelement. This is how the extract works on all cultures.
Another method of dissolution is the use of biobacteria. The product is mixed with Humate or other phytosporin solutions, this mixture is dissolved in hot water, incubated for 24 hours with stirring. Apply the solution, feeding the roots of plant crops.
Fertilizer is allowed not to be dug up with soil in autumn time. You can scatter it over the areas during the same period, observing the dosage.
What is used to make the product
Sources of phosphorus - natural ingredients, phosphorite, bones from animals. Phosphorite is treated with phosphoric acid before use. This sedimentary mountain rock is the main source of phosphorus. First, phosphoric acid is produced using phosphorites.
Extraction consists in processing the resulting element with sulfuric acid with a certain concentration. The resulting composition is applied to phosphorites, then the substance is transferred into granules, dried, and a benign product is obtained. Phosphorites are ground into small fractions.
The result of grinding is the production of phosphorus flour. Farmers use flour for agriculture. It is different from the concentrated product. The confusion of these means is fraught with consequences for people who do not have information.
The use of substances in the garden
Powder superphosphate is not mixed with some elements:
- lime;
- ammonium and sodium nitrate;
- chalk;
- calcium nitrate;
- dolomite.
As a result of compatibility, compounds of components unsuitable for use are formed. It is permissible to mix superphosphate with potassium chloride and potassium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, potassium salt. About component compatibility or incompatibility experienced gardeners know that beginners need knowledge.
Phosphate components are of several types. Although the components of this direction are made from phosphorites, their components are different from each other. Simple phosphate contains ballast. Calcium sulfate, for example, is used on acidic soils, because calcium can deoxidize them, it makes the soil neutral.
There are no ballast substances in superphosphate, it has a low cost. Its transportation, safety due to the lack of ballast are considered inexpensive manipulations. Double superphosphate contains nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus. Trace elements: copper, zinc, manganese, iron, molybdenum, other elements.
In production there is a fertilizer with grades A, B, they differ in the content of sulfur, phosphorus, nitrogen. The formulas of substances are the same, their difference is only in the percentage of substances. Ammonized superphosphate contains an increased composition of phosphorus and nitrogen. The element is used for black earth zones.
Double ammoniated superphosphate - a type of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer, with a certain concentration, contains calcium. The use of this product increases the recovery processes, normalizes saline, alkaline soils. The fertilizer contains no more than 32% phosphorus, 10% nitrogen, and 14% calcium. Phosphorites are also used to obtain it. It has many benefits for plants.
Dosage calculation
Each package with a substance has an annotation or instructions for use. In it, manufacturers indicate the dosage of the substance necessary for any particular crop. At the moment when the dosage is calculated, pay attention to the soil of this area.
If they plan to place vegetables, plants for greenery on the beds, add 30-40 grams of the substance. This dose is planned for 1 sq. m. If the soil on the site is poor, the amount of fertilizer is increased to 30%. For spring crops, grain products are also used. Recommendation for use - for 1 hectare of field area - 170 kg of fertilizer, for winter crops - for 1 hectare - 120-130 kg.
For corn, up to 120-170 kg of superphosphate is used per hectare. In autumn and spring, it is simply scattered over the surface of the field. Used per hectare 200-300 kg. At the time of placement of the substance, one should not forget: the component increases the acidity of the soil.
If this point was ignored, the acidity in the area may increase, because one of the constituents of the fertilizer is acid. If for alkaline fields you can use a lot of this substance, then for fields with acidic soils, rash use is fraught with negative consequences, here you need to make a small amount of it.
Plant nutrition
For an adult tree with fruits in autumn, 500 grams of the product is harvested, it is brought directly into the near-stem circle, the soil is dug up. When planting potatoes, seedlings place 3 grams of fertilizer in the nests.
- Recommendations instructions for use
Spring, autumn - periods of placement of fertilizers to the depth of the seeds. When scattering granules, it should be remembered that after making the soil requires digging. Due to the immobility of phosphorus, it can concentrate in one place, and digging will help the phosphorus to disperse throughout the soil, to go to the roots.
For the same reason, digging of the soil is required with the introduction of ammoniated superphosphate into it. It is scattered over the field after digging the soil. The nutrients of the component are mixed with it, then placed in a certain layer. Contact of granules with sunflower seeds, corn is undesirable. Substances reach the seeds through the soil layer. For them, this is enough.
Fertilizers do not affect the seeds of cereals, flax, hemp, they can be mixed before sowing. Fertilizers are used on all types of soils. But if they are acidified, the use of superphosphates loses its meaning. It is unlikely that superphosphate will dissolve in such soil. If the soil is acidic, it must be deoxidized. To do this, wood ash is added to it - 200 grams per 1 sq. m, sometimes lime - 500 grams per 1 sq. m. After that, superphosphate on such soil can be used only after 30 days.
- top dressing
Farmers usually use combinations of various mineral fertilizers, trying to ensure that their contents complement each other. For example, double superphosphate is used only with nitrogen-potassium fertilizers. Work with elements in autumn.
In the spring, potash fertilizers are applied to plants. The work is not done spontaneously, but based on the advice of specialists, instructions. Superphosphates, lime, chalk, urea are not used together. Otherwise, chemical reactions will occur between the components and turn the fertilizer into a useless remedy.
- Reasons why plants need phosphorus
This is where the synthesis takes place. The greatest use of the element occurs in the formation of color, fruits.
A sign of a lack of phosphorus: low fruit formation with sufficient pollination of flowers, their shedding.
Potatoes, all types of cabbage, carrots, cucumbers are the main consumers of phosphorus, they need it for normal growth and fruiting.
Everyone involved in growing plants knows that without top dressing there will be no harvest of either edible or ornamental crops. Plants lack the nutrients found in the soil, in addition, not all soils are nutritious, so crops need to be helped with fertilizers. In this article, we'll talk O superphosphate, its application and properties.
The role of phosphorus in plant development: how to determine the lack of phosphorus
The role of phosphate fertilizers for plants cannot be overestimated: thanks to this element, the root system of plants develops and strengthens, taste characteristics increase, fruiting increases and oxidative reactions in plant tissues decrease.. When a plant is sufficiently provided with phosphorus, it consumes moisture more economically, the amount of useful sugars in the tissues increases, the tillering of plants increases, flowering becomes more abundant and fruitful. With an abundance of phosphorus, active fruiting, accelerated ripening, high yield. Thanks to phosphorus, the resistance of plants to diseases, to changes in weather conditions, as well as the taste of fruits, increases.
Phosphorus for plants – it is a stimulant, it encourages the plant to go from growth to flowering, then to fruiting, activating all necessary processes vital activity. The lack of phosphorus reduces the processes of protein synthesis and increases the level of nitrates in plant tissues. The lack of the required amount of the element slows down growth, the deciduous mass of the plant changes color. With a lack of phosphorus, the plant becomes more susceptible to fungal and viral infections.
What is superphosphate
Consider what phosphate fertilizers are. This is a complex balanced composition in the form of powder or granules, used to provide the grown crops with all the necessary nutrients. By composition, the fertilizer is divided into groups: simple, double, granular and ammoniated. Superphosphate fertilizer contains phosphorus, nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, calcium and sulfur.
When and why superphosphate is used
Phosphorus, one of the main active elements, is involved in all life phases of a plant, in metabolic processes in plant tissues, in photosynthesis, in strengthening immunity and nourishing plant cells. In the soil, even in the most nutritious, there is no more than 1% of phosphorus, more fewer connections with this element, so it is extremely important to make up for this deficiency with the help of mineral superphosphate. The use of superphosphate fertilizer becomes mandatory if you notice that the deciduous mass has darkened, has become blue tint or rusty. These are signs of a lack of phosphorus, most often it manifests itself in seedlings.
Important! During the hardening period, there may be a reaction to a decrease in temperature, while the root system of the plant is not able to absorb the required amount of phosphorus from the soil. Seedlings are fed with phosphorus, and the processes of growth and development are restored.
Types of superphosphates
Superphosphate has many types, some compounds are enriched with magnesium, boron, molybdenum and other elements. Let's take a closer look at the most used of them.
Did you know? Phosphorus is one of essential elements life of plants, animals, humans and the Earth as a whole. The content of this element in the composition earth's crust equal to 0.09% of its mass, its content in sea waters- 0.07 mg per liter. Phosphorus is present in the composition of 190 minerals, in the tissues of animals and humans, in all tissues and fruits of plants, in organic DNA compounds.
Simple superphosphate fertilizer, or monophosphate, is a gray powder containing up to 20% phosphorus in the composition. The powder does not cake. However, compared to more advanced types, it is less effective. Due to the low price, it is widely used by farmers and in industrial agriculture. This fertilizer is applied during deep digging in spring and autumn, 50 g per square meter, combined with potash and nitrogen fertilizers. When planting fruit trees, add 500 g per hole, trunk circle growing tree - from 40 to 70 g. For vegetable crops application rate of 20 g per square meter.
Double
Double superphosphate is distinguished by the content of calcium phosphate, which is highly soluble in water. This fertilizer contains up to 50% phosphorus, 6% sulfur and 2% nitrogen. The composition is granular, there is no gypsum in the content. Let's apply on all types of soil and for all cultures. Fertilize in early spring or autumn. Using this composition, you will improve the quality and quantity of the crop, reduce the ripening period of fruits and berries. In industrial agriculture, double superphosphate is used to increase protein in grain crops, and fat in oilseeds. Fertilizer is applied both in spring and autumn in advance, so that phosphorus disperses in the soil before planting or sowing. Plants that have slowed down and weakened are recommended to be watered liquid solution double superphosphate. Apply this composition to all crops and on all types of soil.
Granulated
Granular phosphate is produced by industrial method, rolling into granules convenient for application, moistening the powder composition. The dosage of phosphorus in granulated superphosphate is up to 50%, the content of calcium sulfate is 30%. Cruciferous plants respond particularly well to granulated superphosphate. Granular superphosphate is well stored, because it does not cake, and when applied, it dissipates well. Another advantage: it is poorly fixed in soil layers, which is especially valuable on acidic soils with an increased amount of aluminum and iron. In acidic soils, fertilizer is applied by mixing with chalk, increasing its effectiveness. Most often, granular superphosphate is used on large agricultural areas.
Ammoniated
The main advantage of ammoniated superphosphate is that it does not contain gypsum, which is poorly soluble in water. In the composition of the ammoniated fertilizer, in addition to phosphorus (32%), nitrogen (10%) and calcium (14%), there is 12% sulfur, up to 55% potassium sulfate. This superphosphate is valuable for oilseeds and cruciferous crops, they have greatest need in gray. This fertilizer is used if necessary to normalize the indicators of salts and alkali in soils. The main advantage of the ammoniated composition is that it does not oxidize the soil, because the acid reaction is neutralized by ammonia. The effectiveness of this fertilizer is 10% higher than other formulations.
Compatibility with other fertilizers
Best conditions to convert superphosphate into forms accessible to plants - soil acidity indicators of 6.2-7.5 pH and a temperature of at least 15 degrees Celsius. To ensure these conditions and the availability of phosphorus to plants, preliminary deoxidation of the soil is carried out. Superphosphate interacts well with lime, wood ash and dolomite flour.
Attention! Deacidify the soil in advance: a month before the proposed introduction of superphosphate.
Increases the absorption of phosphorus combined with organic fertilizers: humus, manure and bird droppings.
Instructions for use of superphosphate
The use of superphosphate for plants is recommended in the form of application to the soil when digging in the fall or when sowing crops. It is also used as a top dressing during cultivation. horticultural crops, fruit trees and shrubs.
- in early spring or autumn, when digging, they add from 40 to 50 g per square meter;
- when planting seedlings - 3 g in each hole;
- as a dry dressing per square meter - 15-20 g;
- for fruit trees - from 40 to 60 g per square meter of the near-trunk circle.
For normalization growing season in agricultural and ornamental crops, homeowners use complex mineral compositions. One of the well-known phosphorus-containing mixtures used in the garden is superphosphate. The substance allows you to increase the degree of resistance to fungal infections, improve the quality of flowering and taste characteristics of the crop due to the accumulation of sugar in fruits. According to the instructions for use, superphosphate fertilizer should be applied in the fall.
Description and chemical composition
Often, novice gardeners do not know what superphosphate is and what it is for, provoking a shortage of this trace element in their plantations. Chemical formula looks long and confusing, because, in addition to the main substance (phosphorus oxide), other macro- and microcomponents are also involved in the composition - (CaH2PO4) 2xH2O + 2CaSO4 × 2H2O. The raw materials for the manufacture of superphosphate are minerals of natural origin - animal bones.
According to the description, superphosphate fertilizer contains:
- Phosphorus, which is the main active substance, is presented in the form of a water-soluble oxide. Due to this, the drug quickly saturates the plant, nourishing its root system, vegetative organs, leaves. The percentage of the component in the preparation can vary from 20 to 50. It all depends on the brand of fertilizer - A or B.
- Nitrogen, which is required for the active growth of the above-ground part of the plantations.
- Calcium sulfate (gypsum), which allows to neutralize soils with high acidity. The substance also helps to increase the strength of plant tissue and the resistance of plantings to negative factors. environment.
- Sulfur that prevents the formation of nitrates and nitrites and improves the uptake of nitrogen by garden plantings.
- Magnesium, which takes part in the process of photosynthesis and activates redox reactions. In addition, the element is able to accelerate carbohydrate metabolism.
Types of superphosphates
To obtain fertilizer, in addition to phosphorus, additional microelements (boron, magnesium, molybdenum, etc.) are used to enrich it and make it as effective as possible. Complex mineral composition presented in specialized outlets in several varieties, which makes it possible for each type of soil to choose suitable option. So, enriched superphosphate can be used on absolutely all types of soils. In order to correctly select one or another phosphorus fertilizer, you should familiarize yourself with the meaning of each option in more detail, since they differ in composition and purpose.
Simple
This variety mineral mixture consists of phosphorus (10-20%), nitrogen (over 8%), sulfur (within 10%) and other elements. Simple superphosphate is presented in the form of a gray powder with a characteristic strongly pronounced acid odor. The product does not lose working qualities even in conditions high humidity. Potassium monophosphate is used for fertilizing and increasing the amount of nutrients in composts.
When compared with double superphosphate and a granular product, it is significantly inferior to them in terms of performance.
Double
In this product, the phosphorus content is 43-46%, the substance, due to its easily digestible form, is quickly absorbed by crops. It contains calcium sulfate, monomagnesium, iron and aluminum phosphates in small doses. As a fertilizer, the agent is actively used to saturate nutrients all types of soil.
In accordance with the instructions, the drug is added to the ground during autumn or spring work during the treatment of the site. A distinctive feature of the product is a high concentration of nitrogen (20%) and a low sulfur rate (6%).
Granulated
A monophosphate product is made, which is first moistened, then passed through a press, and then shaped into granules. With this approach, the content of the main active substance increases to 50%, and the calcium sulfate index - up to 30%. The advantage of granulated superphosphate is its more convenient use and extended period actions. This is explained by the ability of the granules to slowly dissolve in a humid environment, thereby increasing the efficiency of the applied fertilizer. This type of top dressing is especially relevant for bulbous, legume, cruciferous and cereal crops.
Ammoniated
The complex mineral composition is especially useful for plants, the development of which directly depends on the amount of sulfur and calcium sulfate. In this variety of the drug, their content is increased to 12% and 55%. The product is perfectly soluble in water, forming an effective working solution. It should be used in the cultivation of cruciferous, oilseeds and other crops. Superphosphate ammoniated does not acidify the soil and is perfectly absorbed by plantings.
Scope of application of fertilizer
Use a complex agrochemical to enrich the soil nutrients making it as fertile as possible. The use of phosphorus in this form makes it possible to make this trace element available for absorption by horticultural and horticultural crops. Tomatoes and potatoes are especially acutely affected by the lack of this component. They need it throughout the growing season, as it supports cell structure and helps increase productivity.
This plant immunomodulator significantly increases the endurance of plant organisms and helps them quickly adapt to adverse conditions. weather conditions. Due to the high performance characteristics, the drug improves the taste of fruits on fruit trees. But you need to make it in strict accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
The role of phosphorus in plant life
The applied agrochemical has a beneficial effect on agricultural and ornamental crops. Plants need it for:
- to improve metabolism;
- increase productivity and quality characteristics of the crop;
- the formation of a powerful root system;
- accelerating the growth and development of plantings;
- effective formation of fruits;
- flowering induction;
- increase the level of resistance to diseases and harmful insects;
- prevention of oxidative processes in the soil;
- slowing down aging;
- saturation of plant organisms useful trace elements;
- improving the taste of the crop.
Signs of Phosphorus Deficiency in Plants
Among the obvious manifestations of an insufficient amount of this element in horticultural and horticultural crops, the following are noted:
- Changing the color of the green mass. The leaves become rusty or bluish in color, on reverse side plaque is formed purple.
- Darkening of the core of root crops.
- stem growth inhibition.
On what soils is fertilizer effective?
In the country, the use of an agrochemical makes it possible to grow not only a qualitative, but also a quantitative crop. It can be used almost everywhere, on any type of soil and for feeding all agricultural plantations. To increase the beneficial effects of the phosphorus composition, there are several options for applying:
- in the form of sparingly soluble granules;
- local addition;
- point use;
- row application;
- preparation of water extract.
Instructions for use
Depending on the type of crop, phosphorus-containing fertilizers are used in the appropriate dosage:
- For potato plantings, an agrochemical is applied either in autumn or in spring when digging the soil. Fertilize the ground with loose granular superphosphate at the rate of 3-4 g per well. If you sprinkle the nutrient mixture, then 20 g of the drug will go to 1 m 2.
- For tomatoes, the beds are prepared in a similar way: adding to the planting hole or scattering on the ground. The norm per 1 m 2 is 15-20 g.
- For pumpkin crops, it is better to use double superphosphate at the rate of 30 g per 1 m 2. When processing landings, the working fluid should not fall on the green mass of plant organisms.
- For trees and berry plantations spring top dressing carried out with a solution prepared from 15-20 g of the product and 10 liters of water. The consumption for each plant is 6 liters of solution. There is another method of application - the application of the mineral complex in dry form (1-2 tablespoons of the drug per 1 plant).
- For strawberries, fertilizer is applied in the form of a solution, where the agent and the amount of water are taken in equal proportions. It is added to the aisles. It is important to dilute the product correctly.
How to dissolve superphosphate in water
To prepare an effective solution, it is recommended to use hot water. Ingredients of fertilizers cold water dissolve poorly. Therefore, it is important to know how to make a potent remedy that increases the endurance of horticultural crops. To prepare top dressing, powder or granules are poured with boiling water or warm water, followed by placing the container in a sunny place. The drug is not afraid of exposure to high temperatures, its chemical composition is saved.
An extract from superphosphate is prepared at the rate of 300 g of the drug and 3 liters of water. In order for the substance to dissolve better in water, it is periodically stirred. liquid concentrate before use, dilute in an amount of 100 ml per 10 liters of water.
Compatibility with other fertilizers
Maximum positive result from the use of fertilizer is observed on neutral soils. In the case of using it on soils with high acidity, dolomite flour or lime should first be added. The agrochemical can be combined with nitrogen-potassium mixtures, organic fertilizers (manure, chicken manure, compost). But at the same time it is not recommended to add superphosphate and ammonium nitrate, urea, chalk. At least 14 days should elapse between the addition of these nutritional formulations.
Not all summer residents know how to replace this mineral complex. A good alternative would be fish bone meal, which contains 15-35% phosphorus and 3-5% nitrogen.
Superphosphate is a fertilizer necessary for the normal growth and development of garden plantings, which should be applied in autumn or spring in order to prevent phosphorus starvation of plants. When diluting the drug, the manufacturer's recommendations should be taken into account.
Superphosphate is a mineral fertilizer that is obtained by the decomposition of natural phosphates. These fertilizers are obtained during the process of mineralization of animal skeletons and tomasslags. It is a powdery or granular product that has a gray color with various shades from white to grey.
As the name suggests, the main component of this fertilizer is phosphorus. All plants need the obligatory presence of this mineral in the soil, and since it contains no more than 1% in the soil, it is vital for plants.
This mineral fertilizer affects all plants in several ways. The first link is the improvement of metabolism, as a result of which the level of yield will increase. The second link is to improve the quality of the entire crop, due to the effect on the root system, as well as due to the improvement of the development and flowering process. In addition to all of the above, this product will help rid your plants of many various diseases and slow down the aging of plants. This product is used in agriculture as a fertilizer for almost all crops on all types of soil.
Double Superphosphate is a highly concentrated water soluble phosphate fertilizer. It contains approximately 42-46% phosphorus, which is located in a form that is easily absorbed by all plants. In addition to the above, the composition also contains calcium sulfate, monomagnesium phosphate, aluminum phosphate, iron phosphate. Compared with other species, there is a difference only in the increased content of phosphorus, which is easily absorbed. This fertilizer is used for all types and types of plants and soils. This mineral fertilizer contains a small amount of ballast substances, which in turn helps to use it economically. This type of agricultural fertilizer is introduced in early spring before planting crops. 
The composition of superphosphate includes a large number of components. The most important component is phosphorus. It accounts for approximately 20-50% of the total composition. This element is often in the form of free phosphoric acid or in the form of monocalcium phosphate. Calcium salts of phosphoric acid are mixed with gypsum. Plus, molybdenum salts, potassium permanganate, boron, and other trace elements are added to this. In addition to those mentioned above, other trace elements, such as magnesium, potassium, calcium, and sulfur, can also be found in the composition. Depending on the type of fertilizer, it will contain a different amount of chemical trace elements. The original mineral is created during the natural processes of mineralization of the bone composition of dead animals.
Double superphosphate contains the same phosphorus-containing elements, but in different proportions. Outwardly, it is no different from simple superphosphate, but in this type of fertilizer there is double the amount of phosphorus, here it is 45-55%. Another difference is that it does not contain gypsum in its content. The nitrogen content fluctuates approximately in the range of 14-18%. There is also about 6% sulfur. Has good friability, low hygroscopicity. 
All gardeners or agricultural workers are very fond of feeding agricultural plants with irrigation. But fertilizers containing phosphorus are poorly soluble in water, or rather, practically insoluble. To change the state of aggregation of the fertilizer, it is necessary to increase the temperature of the water with which we directly dissolve the product. Two main methods are known - this is the filling of granules or powder with boiling water, or the location of the vessel with the solution in a warm place, in summer, for example, you can put it in the sun. High temperatures cannot lower useful properties product. To create a highly concentrated solution, you need to take 300 grams of fertilizer (this is about 30 tablespoons) and pour 3 liters of water. To grind and dissolve the granules or powder, you need to periodically stir the solution. Just before watering, you will need to shake or mix the solution. In spring, about 20 mg of nitrogenous fertilizer or about 500 mg can be added to it. wood ash.
Both professionals and amateurs of agriculture can purchase a variety of agrochemicals today. In connection with the expansion of the areas of use of soil fertilizers, several types of superphosphates have been developed, which are listed below:
- Double superphosphate. It contains the same phosphorus-containing components, but in a different proportion. There is almost three times more phosphorus here. Poorly passes into a liquid state of aggregation. It has one major advantage over other species. It lies in the fact that in this type of fertilizer there is a small amount of ballast, which makes it possible to reduce the costs of consumers for transportation, storage and packaging. It is used for application of various types of vegetable cultures and various soils.
- Ammonized superphosphate. This type has up to 55% potassium sulfate and about 12% sulfur. It dissolves very well in water and is easy to use. It is used mainly for fertilizing cruciferous and oilseed crops, which have a great need for sulfur.
Also, for the cultivation of some specific plant crops, other types of this fertilizer can be used, such as those that have a high content of molybdenum, boron, magnesia.
Instructions for use
To obtain the best and maximum effect from plant nutrition, it is necessary to understand and follow all the principles of interaction and the ratio of components for each crop. Detailed instructions for use can always be read on the product packaging. 
A simple composition is used for any type of soil when growing, both seedlings and seeds. But it has little effect on acidic soils; for this, you must first neutralize the pH of the soil.
Double Super Phosphate is added to the soil just before planting with a grain seeder or manual spreading method, as it is necessary to achieve maximum approximation in the root system of the crop. It can be used in combination with nitrogen-potassium and potassium compounds. Use them either in spring or autumn.
Fertilizer can be applied in several already known ways, which are listed below:
- Adding to compost heap.
- When planting, adding either to holes or rows.
- Application during spring or autumn digging of the soil.
- Scattering over the surface of the site.
- Preparation of the solution and watering the soil.
For seedlings
Often, young plants have a low percentage of phosphorus, and require its high content. Early seedlings that undergo hardening procedures, or are planted early in open ground, usually have low content phosphorus. In order to replenish the percentage of phosphorus, it is necessary to create top dressing of seedlings. In greenhouses, monophosphate is used at the rate of 100 grams per square meter, and it is applied when digging or loosening. When growing seedlings at home, it is necessary to create a concentrate based on 20 grams of fertilizer 3 liters of water. After that, the concentrate is adjusted with another 10 liters of water. Watering one young plant 30-50 grams of this composition. 
For vegetables
Top dressing of tomatoes
Superphosphates for fertilizing tomatoes should be applied approximately twice during the entire growing season: directly during planting, as well as during flowering. When planting under each plant, add 20 g of feed and mix with top layer earth. When flowering, such an amount of fertilizer is applied by loosening, or 0.5 liters of solution are watered. Such top dressing will positively affect the formation of fruits, as well as improve the taste of the vegetable. 
Potato feeding
When growing potatoes, it is imperative to feed the plants with superphosphate, because potatoes, like tomatoes, need a high content of phosphorus. It is necessary to apply fertilizer either in a continuous way when digging 20 grams per square meter, or by laying about 5 granules in each hole when planting.
Top dressing of cucumbers
When growing cucumbers, it is also necessary to observe the fact that they need a high content of phosphorus in the soil. For the entire season of vegetative growth, cucumbers need to be fed about 4 times. But superphosphate is used only in the first and second feeding, and not in the third and fourth. For the first feeding, you need to take 60 grams of superphosphate per 10 liters of water, and about 400 ml of this mixture must be poured under each plant. And the second dressing is more complex. For 10 liters of water, you will need to take 40 grams of superphosphate and about 20 grams of ammonium and potassium nitrate each. 
Top dressing of garlic
For this crop, it is necessary to apply fertilizers based on phosphorus about half a month before planting. The choice of neutral-alkaline soils will be preferable. The most optimal top dressing for garlic will be a combination of superphosphate and potash fertilizers. For 10 liters of humus, you need to take 20 grams of superphosphate, and 30 grams of potassium sulfate, and add about 500 mg of ash.
Often, the required amount for fertilizing is indicated on the product packaging. However, one thing must be remembered important rule: superphosphate should never be mixed with ammonium nitrate, chalk, lime, and urea. Such substrates are acids, therefore, with the simultaneous use of superphosphate and these substrates, on the contrary, acidification of the soil will occur. It is not necessary to dig this fertilizer with the soil. It can also be simply sprinkled on the soil of your site, subject to the exact dosage. To fertilize the soil with superphosphates in spring and autumn, it is necessary to apply approximately the same amount of top dressing, about 50 grams per square meter. If your soils have been depleted or are poor in origin, then the dosage should be increased to about 100 grams per square meter. If you use the product to add to the compost heap, then you need to use 100 grams of the product per 100 kg of organic matter. For planting tubers or seedlings, it is necessary to throw about 3 grams of fertilizer into the hole (this is a little less than a teaspoon), and for planting bushes - 20 grams. If used in rows for planting, then you need to take about 20 grams per square meter. For vegetables such as beets, potatoes, this fertilizer must be applied together with nitrogen or potassium fertilizers. 
Below are the average application rates of simple superphosphate for the most popular and commonly planted crops:
- Under fruit trees, when planting them in the spring, it is necessary to add about 500 grams per tree to the planting hole.
- When planting raspberry bushes, you need to wear about 90 grams per hole.
- For bushes such as currants and gooseberries, about 30 grams per square meter should be applied.
- Under coniferous trees you need to add about 70 grams of agrochemical under each hole.
- For potatoes, add about 3 grams per plant per hole.
- When sowing vegetable seedlings or root crops such as carrots, beets and radishes, use about 30 grams per square meter.
- For planting greenhouse plants, about 50 grams per square meter are used, but also with the addition of fertilizers of potash and nitrogen origin.
Many of you may be wondering, “What kind of soil are these products used for?”. This question leads to a stupor of every consumer, since the soil of your site may be different in composition. Superphosphates are used for neutral alkaline soils. On acidic soil phosphorus oxide will react, as a result of which iron or aluminum phosphate will be formed. That is why it is necessary to neutralize the pH of the soil before use. This is done in the usual way using wood ash or slaked lime. When using wood ash, it must be taken at the rate of 200 grams per square meter. And when using hydrated lime, it is necessary to take it at the rate of 500 grams per square meter. Soil pH neutralization should be carried out approximately one month before applying superphosphate. 
Fertilizer efficiency can be improved by using techniques that will reduce the chemical absorption of phosphoric acid into the soil. These methods are the use of a granular form of fertilizer, row application, or local application. According to the strength of the energy with which phosphoric acid is absorbed by the soil, all soils can be arranged in the sequence indicated below: red soils, podzolic soils, chernozems, gray soils.
Since phosphorus is very poorly soluble in water, and in dissolved form it gets into the root system of the plant much better, an extract from superphosphate was invented. To transfer phosphorus to a different state of aggregation, it is necessary to maintain high temperature. That is why it is necessary to fill it with boiling water. At the same time, the fertilizer will be able to retain its qualities and turn into a dispersed form, which is easily absorbed by plants. Next, the container in which you prepared this mixture must be kept warm. The solution should be prepared in proportion to 20 tablespoons of fertilizer 3 liters of water. In this case, you will receive the main working solution. Next, 150 grams of the working solution is mixed with 10 liters of water, 0.5 liters of ash, 20 grams nitrogen fertilizer. Do not attempt to bring this suspension to full liquid state, you won't be able to. You can achieve grinding of granules to small particles, but still do not expect complete dissolution. The solution looks something like thick and fatty milk. It is necessary to use this fertilizer in early spring, when there is an active growth of plant crops. Gradually, all trace elements penetrate the soil and act in it for several months. That is why cooking the hood will help you create excellent feeding for agricultural crops. 
Also, another way to obtain an extract from superphosphate is the use of live biobacteria. To achieve this, it is necessary to compost the agrochemical with various solutions of phytosporins. After obtaining this mixture, it must be diluted in water having room temperature, and stand for about one day, gradually stirring. But this method has one drawback - this is the time it takes to obtain a solution. This period is about a week, and sometimes more.
